i

PERANAN PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA

DALAM PEMBERANTASAN KELOMPOK LORD’S

RESISTANCE ARMY DI AFRIKA

Disusun sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana pada jurusan

Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik

Universitas Hasanuddin

oleh:

BAMA ANDIKA PUTRA

E 131 09 992

JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN

2013

ii

iii

iv

ABSTRAKSI

Bama Andika Putra, E 131 09 992, Peranan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam

Pemberantasan Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army di Afrika, di bawah bimbingan Muh.

Nasir Badu selaku pembimbing I, dan Burhanuddin selaku pembimbing II, Jurusan Ilmu

Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin.

Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengetahui peranan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam

upaya pemberantasan kelompok pemberontak Lord’s Resistance Army dan kendala yang

dihadapi dalam pencapaian tersebut. Untuk mencapai tujuan yang dimaksud di atas, maka

metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah tipe penelitian deskriptif. Teknik

pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah studi pustaka. Adapun untuk menganalisa

data, penulis memakai teknik analisis kualitatif, dan untuk pembahasan masalah penulis

memakai teknik penulisan deduktif.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)

sebagai kelompok pemberontak yang awal mulanya di Uganda Utara, kini telah menyebar

hingga ke Republik Demokratis Congo, Sudan Selatan, dan Republik Afrika Tengah. Motif

LRA yang tidak jelas dalam penyebaran teror, memberikan kesulitan tersendiri dalam

pemberantasannya. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa telah berkontribusi dalam membatasi

ruang gerak, mengurangi jumlah, dan telah melemahkan kelompok LRA secara signifikan.

Pendekatan politis, pendekatan militer, dan pemanfaatan radio lokal dan selebaran sebagai

anjuran melarikan diri dari LRA telah dijalani. Pasukan Perdamaian, dan negosiasi

kerjasama dengan Uni Afrika telah menjadi pendekatan militer utama, yang langsung

melakukan pengejaran terhadap LRA. Sementara kendala yang PBB hadapi diantara lain

adalah agenda LRA yang tidak menjadi prioritas, terbatasnya mandat dari pasukan

perdamaian, serta adanya kesulitan akses terhadap wilayah-wilayah terpencil tempat LRA

bertahan hidup.

v

ABSTRACT

Bama Andika Putra, 2012. Role of the United Nations in the Elimination of

Lord’s Resistance Army in Africa. International Relations, Faculty of Social

and Political Science. Hasanuddin University. First Advisor : Muh. Nasir

Badu. Second Advisor : Burhanuddin.

The objective of this research is finding the role of the United Nations in the

elimination of the Lord’s Resistance Army in Africa, and to find the obstacles

faced in elimination. The method of research used is descriptive research.

Technique of data collecting is library research. Qualitative analysis is used in

analyzing the data, and Deductive as the technique of writing. Result of the

research showed that Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) as a rebellion group

firstly based in Uganda, have spreaded in 4 different states which is South

Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African

Republic. The motive of the LRA and the horrid human rights abuse

conducted, have led United Nations to engage on several engagements to

eliminate the group. The research showed that United Nations had a central

role in limiting the movements of the group, decrease numbers, and overall

pressed the LRA significantly throughout 2008 until 2012. Engagements in

politics, military and other supporting mechanisms have been conducted.

Negotiation with African Union eventually led the direct engagement to

eliminate the group showed progress. Challenges though are still faced, like

the complication of the Security Council priorities, access towards LRA

affected areas, and the limited mandate of the peacekeeping forces.

Key Words: International Organizations, United Nations, Conflict,

Rebellion Group, Descriptive Research.

vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur ke hadirat Allah S.W.T. yang telah melimpahkan

rahmat, berkah, dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penulisan skripsi ini dapat penulis

rampungkan. Skripsi ini merupakan salah satu syarat yang harus dipenuhi

untuk pemerolehan gelar sarjana dalam Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional,

Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin.

Penulisan skripsi ini telah melewati berbagai rintangan dan

hambatan, mulai dari pengumpulan data dan saat-saat ketika harus

berkonsultasi dengan pembimbing skripsi. Tetapi semua rintangan dan

hambatan tersebut Alhamdulillah dapat penulis lalui dengan satu tekad,

skripsi ini harus rampung sesegera mungkin, meraih gelar sarjana, dan pada

akhirnya menghadapi kehidupan nyata di luar kampus yang tentu akan jauh

lebih sulit dibanding penulisan ini (welcome world of unemployment).

Skripsi ini penulis persembahkan sepenuhnya untuk kedua orang

tua penulis, Big Daddy Prof Asmuddin Natsir dan Mom Asiah Patu yang

tanpa kenal lelah melimpahkan kasih sayangnya kepada penulis. Dan untuk

Gita Vita Soraya the coolest sister evaaaa yang selalu hadir dalam

kehidupanku dan memberi warna, memotivasi, saling mengingatkan, saling

berbagi, God knows how much I love you all and don’t worry, I’ll find a job

soon enough, serta seluruh keluarga besar.

Menyadari sepenuhnya dengan segala keterbatasan ilmu dan

pengalaman yang penulis miliki, maka penulis mengatakan bahwa skripsi ini

masih memiliki banyak kekurangan dan masih harus dibenahi. Oleh sebab itu,

dengan segala kerendahan hati yang penulis miliki, kritik dan saran yang

membangun dalam perbaikan skripsi ini sangat penulis harapkan.

Saat-saat penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menyadari begitu banyak

yang turut andil di dalamnya, yang tanpa mereka semua, penulis tidak akan

sampai pada tahap ini. Oleh sebab itu, penulis ingin menghaturkan beribu-

ribu rasa terimakasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada :

1) Bapak Rektor Universitas Hasanuddin beserta jajarannya.

2) Bapak Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UNHAS beserta

jajarannya.

3) Bapak Muhammad Nasir Badu, S.Sos, M.Hum selaku Pembimbing

I sekaligus sebagai Pembimbing Akademik, Bapak Burhanuddin,

S.IP, M.Si selaku Pembimbing II, atas segala bimbingan dan

arahannya yang sangat membantu dari awal hingga rampungnya

penulisan skripsi ini.

4) Bapak-bapak dan ibu-ibu pendidik Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan

Internasional atas transfer ilmu yang luar biasa bermanfaatnya bagi

penulis sejak terdaftar jadi mahasiswa; Pak Aspie, Kak Gego, Ibu

vii

Puspa, Ibu Isdah, Pak Ucheng, Pak Adi, dan semua yang penulis

tidak dapat sebutkan satu persatu.

5) Staf akademik yang senantiasa membantu kelengkapan berkas

maupun administrasi penulis, khusus kepada Bunda dan Kak

Rahma, terimakasih untuk segenap bantuannya selama ini.

6) Richard Demas Aris My brother from another mother yoo. Thanks a

lot bro for all the support during college years. Best friend from high

school until now, I’ll see you in the top success of our careers dude.

7) Hubungan Internasional ’09. This name sucks, we should have had

a name, rather than being ‘not allowed’ by seniors. If you know what I

mean. Thanks to Satky my proposal and thesis defence partner. You

better be a model designer in future. PikarPakarPikir the lele

mustache. Great mate in competitions, and soon enough you’ll get a

girlfriend.. which is serious with you ofcourse. Aldy‘jhie’ the singer.

STOP SINGING, Thesis thesis thesisss! Benji my partner in crime

yoow, good luck with thesis. Slow but sure gangsta! Terimakasih

kepada semua boys of IR 09, Tio (Tukang batunya Buton ke

Amerika), Riri, Rizky YNWA, Faiz, angko’vinseng, khaliq,

langgam, izhaq, ikki, apip, ridho, efri, dan semua boys of IR 2009.

You guys rock! Terimakasih juga kepada semua girls of IR 2009 which

I can’t mention one by one. International Relations 2009, it’s my

honour to be in classrooms together with you all, working day and

night working on tasks amd many great things. I’m sure many of us

will meet again in the future, remembering these great days we had

for 3 years together and say, I’m back to my old family. Love you

guys.

8) Hasanuddin English Debating Society. My god where do I start. I

was born there, I grew up there, and I would be nothing without all of

you guys. The most intelligent minds I’ve ever met in my life! So

Mister Speaker, my gratitude speech shall consist of two major ponts,

firstly (damn I’ll miss debating), thanks a lot seniors Ka’Mamat,

Ka’Achi, Bos Duta Muda Alwin (RELEASE THE BEAST INSIDE

YOU!), Ka’ Asle, Ka’ Emiral, Ka’Akbar (drama making mate), Ka’

Rizky, Ka’Rina, Ka’ Yuda (Big Daddy), Ka’Biondi, Ka’Amel, Ka’

Tholib, Ka’Jaya, and all other seniors of HEDS. Thanks also for my

juniors and fellow mates Maman (geto toh mas), Erwin (abang

kumiska), Mita (perawat galau), Fahmi (THE NEXT MAWAPRES

AND BIG THING), Kharji (THE NEXT AKBAR (?) Juri

maksudnyaa), Tilla, Ayu kecil, Agor, Aumi, and all other awesome

juniors of HEDS. Ingat MUBES sudah dekat, ingat program-program

kerjanya!

9) UNHAS MUN Club. Starting from zero (for the sake of worldmun

formality) then developed becoming one of the most prominent MUN

Clubs in Indonesia, yang SecGennya sekarang gagah luar biasa (lol).

Thanks a lot guys, Komandan Aca (tentukan hati dan sikap, cari kerja

cepat komandan!), Sabir Sabide (Sabidenya mo saya. Masih nempel

viii

di pasporka ini? hahah), Mikel (presiden ALSA jie), Riyad holder of

Guinness World of Records being 5 month pregnant and still not

getting out, Kyo, Ayuris, Ibod, Iona, Firda, Bon, Aini and all other

UNHASMUNCLUB members. Stay here guys, this is the only place

you’ll be able to develop your diplomatic skills in UNHAS. Seriously

dudes.

10) Log In Solidarity 09 teman-teman SMAN 15 Makassar angkatan 09,

the best friends I have even until now! Nongkrong till Die brows,

Arham, Habel, Ardi Bekam, Junet, Anto, Chiwank, Ipul, Fahrul,

Awaf (jaga baik baik itu Zippo), Firman Jimbo, Wahyudi, Ajek,

Dwiko, Mujhi (Yesterday, kita kan selalu bersama), Toing, Fadlan,

Harto, Kinkin, Ngakan, and all Libels ’09 alumnee. You guys totally

rock, great place to be when stressed out after competitions. Thanks

guys, you guys are really great.

11) Dudes from the INTERNATIONAL INTERNSHIP Malaysia-Thailand

(wettss), selain HI 09, Azlan (the funniest kid I’ve ever met), Erwin,

Maman, Pacarnya Toing, Meike, Dayan. KKN yang mantap

sanrego!

12) Buddies from Model United Nations (4 time champion, but more

thankful for the friends I’ve made). Ruben (Lomba apalagi nih bro

mau disikat?), Satrio Libyanto (Kapan kapan nongkrong di Lobby

Hotel lagi bro), Agantara (congrats working in UN dude), Mas

Wahyu, Dmitry (bule Rusia gaul), dan semua teman-teman alumni

JakartaMUN 2011 (You guys are still the coolest MUN buddies ever!).

13) Last but not least, kepada semua Peacekeepers yang ada di negara-

negara konflik Lord’s Resistance Army. Menjaga wilayah konflik

adalah tugas berat, namun kehadiran kalian telah membawa

perdamaian yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh warga sipil. Pasukan

Perdamaian PBB, jangan pernah berhenti dalam menjaga perdamaian

global.

Makassar, Maret 2013

Bama Andika Putra

ix

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... ii

HALAMAN PENERIMAAN TIM EVALUASI ........................................... iii

ABSTRAKSI ..................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... v

KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... ix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................. 1

A. Latar Belakang Masalah .................................................................... 1

B. Batasan dan Rumusan Masalah ......................................................... 8

C. Tujuan dan Kegunaan Penelitian ....................................................... 10

D. Kerangka Konseptual ........................................................................ 10

E. Metode Penelitian .............................................................................. 17

BAB II TELAAH PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 20

A. Organisasi Internasional .................................................................... 20

B. Resolusi Konflik ................................................................................ 33

C. Collective Security ............................................................................. 45

BAB III ORGANISASI INTERNASIONAL DAN KELOMPOK LORD’S

RESISTANCE ARMY ....................................................................... 55

A. Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ............................................................. 55

A.1 Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ......................... 55

A.2 Keberadaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Afrika .................... 67

B. Uni Afrika .......................................................................................... 78

B.1 Uni Afrika dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian di Afrika ................ 77

B.2 Respon Uni Afrika Terhadap Lord’s Resistance Army ................ 85

C. Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army ................................................... 87

C.1 Sejarah Lord’s Resistance Army .................................................. 87

C.2 Resolusi Keamanan Terhadap Lord’s Resistance Army .............. 102

BAB IV PERANAN PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA DALAM

PEMBERANTASAN LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY .................... 108

A. Kontribusi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Dalam

Pemberantasan Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army tahun 2008-

2012 .................................................................................................... 108

B. Kendala Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Dalam

Pemberantasan Kelompok Lord’s Resistance Army tahun 2008-

2012 .................................................................................................... 137

x

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN-SARAN ....................................................... 149

A . Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... 149

B . Saran-saran ........................................................................................ 151

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

xi

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