People on the MoveIndo-European Migrations

1800 BC- 250 BC

Unit Two

Global Studies

What is Migration? denotes any movement by humans from

one district to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups.

Things to consider

Why would you want to move from one place to another?

What kind of dangers would you face?

What would you take with you?

How would you move without the modern convenience of a truck or car?

Steppes The world's largest zone of all steppes, often referred to as "the Great Steppe", is found in southwest Russia. It is thought that people from this area migrated into other areas or Europe and Asia.

India

Anatolia

Greece

Germanic Tribes

Steppes

Mesopotamia/ Persia

Indo-European Empires 2000BC- 300 AD

Hittites Phoenicians Hebrews Aryans Assyrians Persians Greeks

Capital of Hittite Empire

Hittite Empire

Hittites

The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia (on the Central Anatolian plateau) ca. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height ca. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (a territory known as Amqu), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. After ca. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC

Phoenicians Sea traders

Phoenicians were traders not warriors

Traded with many other people including the Assyrians, Egyptians and Indus Valley and Celtic people

Phoenician Territory

Phoenician Colonies

Phoenician Trade Routes

Hebrews Hebrews are known as the ancestors of the Israelites,

who used the Hebrew language. Israelites were the writers of the Hebrew Bible. They are also the theological and historical ancestors of the Christians and Muslims. In the Bible and in current language, the word Hebrews is often used as a synonym for Israelites, and sometimes for the users of the Hebrew language (Jews and Israelis).

The Hebrews were nomads and soon moved to Egypt. They were then enslaved by the Egyptian Pharaoh.

Assyrian Empire

Capital

Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia (Iraq), that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history.

It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur which developed rapidly into a centre for trade, and trade routes led from the city to Anatolia, where merchants from Assur established trading colonies.

These Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor were called kârum, and traded mostly with tin and wool (see Kültepe). In the city of Assur, the first great temples to the city god Assur and the weather god Adad were erected. The first fortifications were also began in this period

Later the capital was moved to Nineveh

Aryans

Nomadic tribe invaded Pakistan and India

Nomadic Aryans invaded India ca. 1500 BC destroying the Indus valley civilization and exterminating the Indus inhabitants. Thus ended the most brilliant civilization of the ancient world. Subsequent to this invasion, India was plunged into 2000 years of the Vedic Dark Ages. When cities were built again, it was under Scytho-Greek influence. The ziggurat of the Indus disappeared forever.

The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of the Indo-Aryans, were being composed. Scholars place the Vedic period in the second and first millennia BCE continuing up to the 6th century BCE based on literary evidence.

Northern India

GreeceAthens

Sparta

Mount Olympus

Ancient Greece was very important to us. Advances in medicine, the arts, literature

and government. Greek history is broken down into several

era’s Greece is made up of over 2000 islands.

Including Crete

Minoan civilization 2000BC thrived on the island of Crete, Trade by sea flourished.

Mycenaean thrives on the mainland of Greece 1250 BC

Trojan war 1200 BC Classic Greek Culture begins with Olympic

games 776BC Hellenistic Era 332BC to 146 BC

Minoans

The Minoans were primarily a mercantile people engaged in overseas trade. Their culture, from 1700 BC onward, shows a high degree of organization.

Many historians and archaeologists believe[who?] that the Minoans were involved in the Bronze Age's important tin trade: tin, alloyed with copper apparently from Cyprus, was used to make bronze. The decline of Minoan civilization and the decline in use of bronze tools in favor of iron ones seem to be correlated.

A volcanic explosion on the island of Thera off the eastern coast of Crete cause a tsunami that could have flooded most of the coastline of Crete. Leaving the Minoans in disarray and allowed the Mycenaean's to conquer Crete.

Mycenaean Greece Contact between the Minoans of Crete and Mainland Greeks primarily the main

city of the time Mycenae had a profound effect. Greeks started building ships and trading with other cultures in the Mediterranean Cyprus, Egypt, Syria and Anatolia.

Greece conquered the Minoans The Mycenaean’s adapted the writing system to the Greek Language and

decorated vases with Minoan designs

Greek City states or polis was the functional political unit of ancient Greece. A Polis was made up of the city and surrounding lands and villages. The city

controlled between 50 and 500 square miles surrounding the city itself.

Each city state had slightly different ways of rule. Some where Monarchy while

others were a aristocracy. Still others were an oligarchy.

Forms of Government Monarchy - monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is

absolutely or nominally lodged with an individual, who is the head of state, often for life or until abdication, and "is wholly set apart from all other members of the state."[1] The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch. It was a common form of government in the world during the ancient and medieval times.

Aristocracy is a form of government, in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule. This may be a hereditary elite, or it may be by a system of cooption where a council of prominent citizens add leading soldiers, merchants, land owners, priests, and lawyers to their number. See Aristocracy for the historical roots of the term.

Oligarchy (Greek λιγαρχία, Ὀ Oligarkhía) is a form of government where power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military influence or religious hegemony. The word oligarchy is

from the Greek words for "few" ( λίγος olígos) and "rule" ( ρχή arkhēὀ ἀ ).

What is an Epic poem?

An epic poem is a long poem narrating the heroic exploits of an individual in a way central to the beliefs and culture

of his society. Examples of an epic

poem is the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer.

Historians are not sure if Homer was an actual person. He is referred to as an old blind man.

Trojan War 1200s BC Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by

the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology, and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments.

Ancient Greeks did not write down the poems they were told orally and passed on from one person to another.. Each time they were told they were changed slightly. Historians are not entirely sure if the Trojan war was actually fought. But excavations in Turkey have uncovered evidence that the war might have been factual.

The key characters Helen – Princess of Sparta Paris Prince of Troy Hector Paris’ Older brother,

Prince of Troy and their greatest fighter

Priam - Wise old King of Troy Agamemnon - King of

Mycenae leader of the Greek army

Odysseus - King of Ithaca Achilles - The Greeks

Greatest warrior and son of Zeus

Menelaus - King of Sparta and husband to Helen.

Helen was enchanted by Aphrodite to fall in love with Paris Paris took Helen back to Troy with him Agamemnon and the other kings of Greece raised an army and perused the Trojans Over 1000 ships were needed to transport the warriors to Troy They laid siege to the city of Troy for 10 years Homer’s epic Poem the Iliad was written about the last year of the siege. Achilles and Hector the two greatest warriors fought. Achilles ended up the victor. Odysseus came up with a plan. They took wood from the ships and made a huge wooden

horse and left it by the beach. They moved their ships and had some soldiers hide in the horse.

The Trojans saw this as a sign that the Greeks had given up and took the Horse into the city. When the Trojans were sleeping. The Greeks inside emerged and opened the city gates

Zeus King of the Gods

Hera Queen of the Gods

Apollo God of Light

Athena Goddess of Wisdom

Aphrodite Goddess of Love/Beautuy

Ares God of War

Artimus Goddess of the Hunt

Hades God the Underworld

Demeter Goddess of Grain/Crops

Posiedon King of the Sea

The Arts, Medicine and Literature

The classic era of Greek History is most beneficial to us in modern times. The works of Homer, The logic of Socrates and the medicine of Hippocrates.

Homer Homer (Ancient Greek: μηροςὍ , Hómēros) is

traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns. Today the hymns are considered to be later works but many still regard Homer as the author or compiler of the epics. The ancient Greeks generally believed that Homer was a historical individual, but some modern scholars are skeptical

Hippocrates He is referred to as the "father of medicine in

recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus making medicine a profession

Socrates Socrates (pronounced /ˈs krəti zɒ ː /; Greek:

Σωκράτης, Sōkrátēs; c. 469 BC–399 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known only through the classical accounts of his students. Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity

Olympic Games Athletic contests to show tribute to the gods Events included running, wrestling, boxing,

Chariot races, Javelin and Discus. A truce was called so no armies could enter

Olympia when the games were held. The games lasted from 776 BC to 393 AD Our modern Olympic games are based on

them

Greeks war with each other Peloponnesian War

430-404 BC

Athens and Sparta become enemies

The Persian Wars The Persian Empire

extended from the Indus river valley in Asia to Egypt in Africa and north to eastern Europe

Darius I wanted to invade Greece to increase his lands

There were several small battles

At the Battle of Marathon the Persians were defeated. A messenger ran the 26 miles between Athens and marathon to announce the victory.

Alexander the Great Alexander (356 – 323 BC ),assumed the kingship of Macedon

following the death of his father Philip II, who had unified[6] most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony in a federation called the League of Corinth. After reconfirming Macedonian rule by quashing a rebellion of southern Greek city-states and staging a short but bloody excursion against Macedon's northern neighbors, Alexander set out east against the Persian Empire, which he defeated and overthrew. His conquests included Anatolia, the Levant, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia, and he extended the boundaries of his own empire as far as Punjab, India.