pengajian malaysia bab 2

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CHAPTER 2

MALAYSIAN STUDIES

INDEPENDENCE

SCHOOL OF GENERAL STUDIESFACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION

PREPARED BY:SITI AISHAH BT AHMAD

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CHAPTER 2: Independence

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Comprehend and appreciate the struggle of local individuals in the efforts to fight the coloniser to seek independence.

Observe the evolution of the nationalism spirit in local society regardless of race.

Comprehend the processes for Malaya to achieve the independence.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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TOPIC OUTLINES

2.1 The Fight For Independence

2.1.1 The Naning Resistance2.1.2 The Selangor Resistance2.1.3 The Perak Resistance2.1.4 The Pahang Resistance2.1.5 The Kelantan Resistance

2.1.6 The Terengganu Resistance 2.1.7 The Sarawak Rebellion 2.1.8 The Sabah Rebellion

2.2 National Patriotism2. 2.1

Nationalism And The Fight Via Newspapers And Magazines2. 2.2 The Struggle Through Organizations

2.3 Malayan Union 2.3.1 Characteristics Of Malayan Union 2.3.2 Resistance Towards The Malayan Union

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TOPIC OUTLINES

2.4 The Federation Of Malaya 1948 2.4.1 Political Parties And The Struggle For Independence

2.5 The Process Of Independence 2.5.1 Member System 1951 2.5.2 Local Council Election (1951-1952) 2.5.3 Federal Election 1955 2.5.4 The Delegation For Independence 1956 2.5.5 The Reid Commission 2.5.6 Characteristics Of The Constitution Of The

Federation 2.5.7 Proclamation Of The Independence

2.6 Activity

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Figure 1

LET SEE THIS PREVIEW ABOUT INDEPENDENCE

WATCH VIDEO

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Figure 2

2.1.1 The Naning Resistance

Malacca fell into the hands of the British as an after-effect of the British-Dutch Treaty in 1824.

The British claimed that Naning was a part of Malacca’s territory (Naning is located on the boarder of Malacca and Negeri Sembilan).

Governor Fullerton claimed that the citizens of Naning should pay 1/10 of their economic produces to the British government in Malacca.

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Figure 3

Disputes sparked between the two groups (Raja Abdullah and Raja Mahadi).

The British intervened in the dispute.

Even though the event in Selangor was a civil war, Raja Mahadi’s resistance against British symbolized the local peoples’ resentment of the British.

2.1.2 The Selangor Resistance

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Figure 4

Birch did not receive the co-operation of Sultan Abdullah and the other Malay officers because they did not like his rude and unpleasant behaviour.

The dissatisfaction towards the Resident system climaxed when the ministers in Perak plotted to kill J.W.W Birch on November 2nd 1875.

2.1.3 The Perak Resistance


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Figure 5

2.1.4 The Pahang Resistance


These negative reactions led to a rebellion in December 1891 headed by three local people - Dato’ Bahaman, Tok Gajah and Mat Kilau.

Dato’ Bahaman and his followers were defeated and forced to surrender. However, he ran away to Siam while Tok Gajah and Mat Kilau fled to Terengganu.

Dato’ Bahaman Mat Kilau

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Video 1

2.1.4 The Pahang Resistance

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Figure 6

A local tradesman known as Haji Mat Hassan or Tok Janggut led the rebellion.

The Kelantanese people protested when British planned to widen their domination to the whole of Kelantan and imposed various forms of taxes.

2.1.5 The Kelantan Resistance


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Figure 7

2.1.6 The Terengganu Resistance


The dispute in Terengganu, which was known as the “Peasant Rebellion” or “Farmers’ Rebellion” occurred in 1928 and was led by Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong.

The rebellion involved mostly farmers and it happened during the reign of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Syah.

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Figure 8


Before the Second World War, Sarawak was ruled by the Brooke Family, which consisted of James Brooke, Charles Brooke and Vyner Brooke. The locals were dissatisfied with the reign of the Brooke Family and this caused rebellions.

The “Sea Dayak”(Dayak Laut) community, which was led by Rentap was not satisfied and thus they attacked the government fortress and killed a British officer.

2.1.7 The Sarawak Rebellion

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Figure 9

2.1.8 The Sabah Rebellion

Before the Second World War, Sabah was placed under the administration of the British North Borneo Company.

The rebellion in Sabah was against this company. Two great rebellions occurred in Sabah. One was led by Mat Salleh and the other one was led by Antanum (The Rundum Rebellion).

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2.2 National Patriotism

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NEWSPAPER ORIGINATOR DESCRIPTION

(22 July 1906 – Singapore)

Syed Syeikh al-Hadi •Spread off new ideas from Kaum Muda.•Lead the Malaya people to move forward.

(16 September 1926 – Penang)

Syed Syeikh al-Hadi •Follow the form of Islah Islamiah.•Focus on issues like nation degrading and women freedom.

(29 September 1928 – Penang)

Syed Syeikh al-Hadi •Weekly newspaper.•Continuation of Al-Imam.•Questions of religion.•Encourage people especially Malay to improve themselves.


2.2.1 Nationalism and The Fight Via Newspapers and Magazines

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(After Second World War)

(Zaaba together with trainee teachers of Sultan Idris

Teachers College)

•Messages are regarding College activities.•Articles that burn the readers’ spirits.

(Pre Independence) (Sarawak Malay Community) •Light up the national spirit and awareness of the Sarawak Malay society.•Focus on improving the education level of the Malays.•Encourages Malays to work on their land and adventure in business.


2.2.1 Nationalism and The Fight Via Newspapers and Magazines

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ORGANIZATION EXPLANATION

The Malay Association of Singapore

•Formed in 1926 by the Malays from Singapore with an English education background.•Founder: Mohamad Eunos Abdullah.•1937 Malacca and Penang branches were formed.•Purposes:

→Improve the Malay socio-economic status.→Encourage Malays to involve in politics and administration.

→Middle person between Malays and British Government.

The Malay Association of Selangor

•Formed in June 1938 in Kuala Lumpur.•Founder and leader: Tengku Ismail bin Tengku Mohd Yasin.•Purposes:

→To force British to increase the number of Malay officers in government and to improve the level of the economy, politic and social aspects.

•To force British to increase the chances for Malay students to further their studies.


2.2.2 The Struggle Through Organizations

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Malay Association of Perak

•Formed in September 18th 1937 in Ipoh with 104 members.•Founder: Wan Mohd Nur bin Wan Nasir.•Purposes:

Improve the economy and education level.•Protect Malay interests – role in national administration.

Malay Association Pahang •Formed in Mac 1938.•Leader: Tengku Muhamad bin Sultan Ahmad.•Purposes:

Fight for Malay development.•Channel Malay problems to British awareness.

Malay Association of Negeri Sembilan

•Formed in September 9th 1938.•Leader: Tengku Mohamed Nasir.•Purpose:Protect and develop Malay interest.

The All-Malayan Congress of the Malay People

• Formed in August 9th 1939 in Kuala Lumpur by the Persatuan Melayu Selangor.•Main agenda:

→Ways to improve Malay associations.•Less successful.


2.2.2 The Struggle Through Organizations

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Figure 10

2.3 Malayan Union

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2.3 Malayan Union

Video 1 - Malayan Union

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2.3 Malayan Union

October 10th 1945, announced the plan

Sir Harold McMichael, had meeting with the Malay Rulers

1st April 1946 officially proclaimed Edward Gent as the first governor.

MALAYAN UNION PROPOSAL

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2.3 Malayan Union

On 10 Oct 1945, the British Parliament presented a white paper with the content that the British aimed to create a new system of administration in Malaya. Known as the Malayan Union.

The Malayan Union that was proposed was a union of the Malay states (federated and non-federated) including Penang Island and Malacca.

In the system of administration, the states of peninsular that had never been administered as a union, and had their own manner of rule was administered as one.

The main objective of the British in introducing the Malayan Union was to ensure that the economic interests of the British in Malaya were protected.

PROPOSAL FOR SETTING UP THE MALAYAN UNION

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REASONS

To protect the priorities of the

British in Malaya.

To save up the cost of administration in

Malaya

To form a systematic administration in

Malaya by standardizing the

administration of the Malayan Union.

To prepare Malayan citizens to form

their own government.

WHY BRITISH INTRODUCED MALAYAN UNION?

2.3 Malayan Union

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The following is a list of features of the Malayan Union:

i) Made up of the nine Malay states, Penang Island and Malacca

ii) The British governor was the chief administrator, with its centre in Kuala Lumpur. An executive Council and a Legislative council assist the governor

iii) The Malay Rulers only advised the governor, while their sovereignty as rulers of their own states was eliminated. The rulers authority remains in issues pertaining to Islam and as head of the Malay Council of Advisor.

iv) The state council was retained for purposes of managing the local government, but was still subjected to control by the central government.

v) The Malayan Union did not involve Singapore; Singapore still remained as British colonial territory under the rule of a British Governor General.

2.3 Malayan Union

2.3.1 Characteristics of Malayan Union

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vi) Citizenship was based on the principle of Jus Soli. Through this principle, Malayan citizenship was obtained if:

(a) The foreigner was 18 and above, and had resided in Malaya for 10 out of a period of 15 years before 15 Feb. 1942

(b) A person who was born in Malaya after the forming of the Malayan Union

vii) Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race of origin. This includes the entry into government service and the right to vote in the general election.

- Harold Mac Michael was vested with the responsibility of getting the agreement of all the Malay rulers. In Jan. 1946, the Constitution of the Malayan Union was passed and on 1 Apr. 1946 it was officially proclaimed, with Edward Gent as the first Governor.

2.3 Malayan Union

2.3.1 Characteristics of Malayan Union

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2.3.2 Resistance Towards The Malayan Union

Figure 11

2.3 Malayan Union

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Figure 12

2.3 Malayan Union


THE MALAY PROTEST

The Johor Malay League (Liga Melayu Johor)-November 1945

Peninsular Malay Movement-January 1946-Onn Jaafar.

Conference of Malay Organization-March 1946-Onn Jaafar.

Malayan Congress in JB-May 1946: UMNO born

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2.3 Malayan Union


THE MALAY PROTEST Various parties opposed the setting up of the

Malayan Union. The strongest opposition came from the Malays. Malay opposition was both individual and collective.

Individuals voiced their opposition through the mass media such as the Malay newspaper Majlis and Utusan Melayu, mainly at matters relating to the erosion of the sovereignty and power of the Malay Rulers and the granting of the right citizenship to foreigner on the principle of Jus Soli

Opposition was collectively organized by Malay Unions at state and national levels. These unions held demonstrations in various state to show their objection.

This showed Malay unity in their opposition against the colonialist

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Figure 13

2.3 Malayan Union

The Malays opposed the Malayan Union for a number of reasons, namely:

i) The granting of citizenship to the non-Malays – the easy granting of citizenship could adversely affect the economic and political situation of the Malaysii) Erosion of Malay Rulers’ and sovereignty – the implementation of the Malayan Union administration adversely affected the power and sovereignty of the rulers. iii) Mac Michael’s threats in getting the rulers to sign the agreement – the Malays became angry when the rulers they honored were threatened and forced to sign the agreement to form the Malayan Union.

Opposition against the Malayan Union also came from former British officers in Malaya such as Frank Swettenham, R.O. Winstedt, George Maxwell and Cecil Clementi.


THE MALAY PROTEST

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UMNO major points

The Sovereignty

of Sultan

Jus Soli Principle

Equality of races

2.3 Malayan Union


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Reasons for

Resistance

The methods employed by

Sir Harold Mac Michael

The power and

sovereignty of Malay kings was affected.

Jus Soli

Equal Right

2.3 Malayan Union


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Figure 14

2.3 Malayan Union

The Malayan Union was launched on April 1st 1946 and its first governor was Edward Gent.

As a protest, all the Malay rulers did not attend the ceremony and the Malay people mourned for 7 days.

MU was dissolved on 25th July 1946

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Answer this question.

Activity 1

Which of the following is not the characteristic of Malayan Union?

Quiz

Consisted of the 9 Malay states, Penang and Malacca

A

Singapore was a part of Malayan Union

B

Kuala Lumpur as the center of administration

C

Citizenship was awarded based on the concept of Jus Soli

D

1

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2.4 The Federation of Malaya 1948

Figure 15

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A CHARACTERISTICS THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA


The British Government finally agreed to replace the Malayan Union with a new form of government, known as the Federation of Malaya. The Federation of Malaya was formed on 1 Feb. 1948. this system of administration however received opposition from certain groups.

The New Constitution Proposal Formation of the Federation of Malaya

Click each tab above for further explanation.

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IDEOLOGY PARTY FOUNDER CHARACTERISTICS

ALLIANCE UMNO Dato’ Onn Jaafar ▪United Malay National Organisation , 11 May 1946.▪Slogan: “Hidup Melayu”.▪Aims: To unite Malay people and to fight against Malayan Union.▪The new main aim in 1949 was to organize their own government and to attain independence for Malaya.

ALLIANCE MCA Kolonel H.S.Lee, Leong Yew Koh / Tan Cheng Lock

▪Malayan Chinese Association, 27 February 1949.▪Aims: To protect the rights and the political, economical and social interest of the Chinese community in Malaya, to protect the Chinese community from communist threat, to present the allegiance of the Chinese community towards Malaya and to cooperate with other ethnic groups in Malaya to acquire independence.▪In 1952, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Kolonel H.S.Lee formed Parti Perikatan UMNO-MCA.

2.4.1 Political Parties And The Struggle For Independence

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ALLIANCE MIC John Thivy ▪Malayan Indian Congress officially established on 8 August1946.▪Aim: to protect the political, economical and social interest of the Indian community in Malaya.▪1955 - MIC joined the Alliance Party (Parti Perikatan), which included of UMNO and MCA.

RADICAL/SOCIALIST

PKM ▪ Malaya Communist Party formed in 1930.▪The oldest party in Malaya fight for independence via revolution.▪Aim: to form Malaya Republic of Communist.

RADICAL/SOCIALIST

AWAS Shamsiah Fakeh ▪Angkatan Wanita Sedar (1946).▪Influenced by Indonesian nationalists.



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RADICAL/SOCIALIST

API Ahmad Boestaman ▪Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (1946).▪Aim: to achieve independence with Indonesia and form Melayu Raya.

ISLAM PAS Ahmad Fuad bin Hassan

▪Formed on November 24th 1951.▪Goals: To secure Islam as the official religion of the country, to procure Bahasa Melayu as the official language of the country, to tighten citizenship requirements.

NON-RACIST

IMP Dato’ Onn Jaafar ▪Independence Malaya Party (1951)▪Aim: fight for independence for 10 years.



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2.5 The Process of Independence

Figure 16

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2.5.1 Member System 1951

Figure 17

2.5 The Process Of Independence

Consisted of 9 members (ministers level) selected amongst local leaders:

Datuk Onn Jaafar Datuk E.E.C Thuraisingam Tun H.S Lee Dato’ Mahmud bin Mat Tengku Yaacob Dr. Lee Tiang Keng

The objective was to prepare the local leaders in nation administration and management.

Tun H.S. LeeDatuk Onn Jaafar

Datuk E.E.C Thuraisingam

Dato’ Mahmud bin Mat

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Figure 18

2.5.2 Local Council Election (1951-1952)

The British felt that through elections; the spirit of unity among people from multi-races can be encouraged.

This was to test the unity among the residents of Malaya States and to train them for self-government.

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Figure 19

2.5 The Process of Independence


A few elections were held such as:

•George Town, Penang (December 1st 1951) - Radical party won 6 of the 9 seats.

•Kuala Lumpur (February 16th 1952) - UMNO-MCA Alliance Party won 9 of the 12 seats. 2 seats won by IMP and 1 by an independent candidate.

•Johor Bahru, Muar and Malacca UMNO-MCA won the majority votes.

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Figure 20



Some groups requested the British government to hold the general election and Malaya to be given independence. A Malay Royal Council has requested that the general election be held on 1955 and 50% of the members’ of Federal Legislative Council must be from the people’s representatives.

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Figure 21


2.5.3 Federal Election (1955)

The victory of the Alliance Party showed the trust of the people in the party, which represents multi-races.

As the result of this election, the Member system was replaced by the Minister’s system and Tunku Abdul Rahman was elected as the First Chief Minister of the Malay States.

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CONTESTANTSNUMBER OF

CANDIDATES

NUMBER OF

ELECTED

CANDIDATES

PERCENTAGE

Alliance 52 51 79.6

Nation 30 None 7.6

PAS 11 1 3.9

PKP 9 None 2.0

PML 3 None 0.5

Labour 4 None 0.4

PPP 2 None 0.1

Free Party 18 None 3.0


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2.5.4 The Delegation For Independence

PARTY RULERS

1. Tunku Abdul

Rahman

2. Dato’ Abdul Razak

3. Dr Ismail Abdul

Rahman

4. Kolonel H.S. Lee

1. Dato’ Panglima Bukit

Gantang (Abdul

Wahab bin Toh Muda

Abdul Aziz)

2. Dato’ Muhammad

Seth

3. Dato’ Nik Ahmad

Kamil

4. Abdul Aziz Majid

•The date for agreed upon for the independence of Malaya August 31st 1957. Tunku Abdul Rahman announced the date when he returned from London at the Padang Bandar Hilir, Malacca.


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2.5.5 The Reid Commission

This commission was formed in the year 1956 to structure the constitution of the Federation of Malaya.

The members were: Lord Reid (Leader from

Britain) Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain) Sir William Mc Kell

(Australia) B. Malik (India) Judge Abdul Hamid

(Pakistan)

Figure 22


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2.5.5 The Reid Commission


The commission met many times from June – Oct. 1956 and received suggestions and views from various organizations and individuals.

The most important memorandum, out of 131 written ones that were taken into account during the drawing up of the Constitutional framework., came from the Malay rulers and the Alliance.

The process went through several drafts which took into consideration suggestions given before an agreement was reached.

In the process, the communities exercised compromise in matters relating to their interest, for example; the conditions for citizenship for the non-Malays were made more flexible for the non-Malays, while the non-Bumiputra indigenous tribes were given the basic special Bumiputra status.

Indirectly the country’s communities had come to an agreement for the common interest.

The constitution, accepted and approved by the Federal Legislative Council on 15 August 1957, came into effect on 27 August 1957.

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2.5.6 Characteristics Of The Constitution

The Position of Malay rulers

Special privileges of the

Malay people

Bahasa Melayu as the official

language

Islam as the official religion

Citizenship rights for

Bumiputeras


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2.5.6 Proclamation Of Independence

Figure 23


The symbolization of Malayan independence took place the minute the clock ticked the first second on the 31st August 1957 (after midnight of 30th Aug 1957) at the Selangor Club Green (better known as Dataran Merdeka or Independence Square).

That night, the Union Jack (the British flag), was brought down and for the first time the flag of independent Malaya, now known as Jalur Gemilang was flown.

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2.5.6 Proclamation Of Independence

Figure 23


At dawn on 31st August 1957, the ceremony for the declaration of independence and the official signing of the declaration of independence took place in the newly built stadium later known as Independence or Merdeka Stadium.

On the same day the Federation’s First Cabinet of Ministers was announced together with the appointment of Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj as the first prime Minister. The Yang di Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Abdul Rahman, was chosen the first Yang di Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya.

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Video 2 – Proclamation of Independent

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2.6 ACTIVITY 2

The Lecturer will ask students to form groups. Each group will be required to ask five questions related to the topic. Questions will be gathered in one box held by the lecturer. Each group will take one question and answer it properly. Marks will be given.

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SUMMARY

When the British came back after the Japanese defeat, there were endless resistance in most of the states.

The British decided to form Malayan Union to rule over Malaya.

Malayan Union is an administrative system that unites all states in Malaya under one single ruler.

The Malays were angry about Malayan Union.

The British formed Federation of Malaya to help Malaya form their own government.

The Malays agreed and cooperated with the British to obtain independence from the British.

Malaya was declared an independent country on 31st August 1957.

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NEXT SESSION PREVIEW

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LIST OF REFERENCE

No Reference

1. “Sejarah Malaysia”, Mahdi Shuid, Suzaini Osman, Sazlina Othman, Pearson Longman, 2006.

2. “Kenegaraan Malaysia”, Ruslan Zainuddin, Mohd Mahadee Ismail, Zaini Othman, Oxford Fajar, ed.2, 2010.

3. “ Pengajian Malaysia”, Cosmopoint International University College, 2002.

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APPENDIX 1

Figure Source

Figure 1 http://mankuchai.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/perarakan-panji-panji-dymm-spb-ydp-agong/

Figure 2 http://mindaahad.wordpress.com/2011/02/07/perjanjian-british-dengan-naning-1801m/

Figure 3 http://zhafiz1402.blogspot.com/2011/01/saya-blogger-selangor-darul-ehsan.html

Figure 4 http://bicarabuatdiri.blogspot.com/2011/07/sejarah-ting2.html

Figure 5 http://www.keriswarisan.com/live/blog/view/id_40/title_dato%E2%80%99-bahaman-penentang-british-di-semantan/

Video 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZwkBuogkK4

Figure 6 https://aburedza.wordpress.com/category/sejarah-malaysia/

Figure 7 http://ruslanlah.blogspot.com/2011/02/tok-guru-haji-abdul-rahman-limbong.html

Figure 8 http://mbgrepublic.forumotion.com/t61-rentap-pahlawan-sarawak-1800-1870

Figure 9 http://kerdipanbintang.wordpress.com/2008/03/31/mat-saleh-pahlawan-negeri-di-bawah-bayu/

Figure 10 http://dipinturaksiii.blogspot.com/2009/11/menyingkap-kembali-365-hari-siri.html

Video 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0AiyHizTto

Figure 11 http://mindaahad.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/kisah-dan-sejarah-di-sebalik-malayan-union/

Figure 12 http://bigdogdotcom.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/dato-onn-jaafar-tokoh-anak-gemilang-malaysia/

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APPENDIX 2

Figure Source

Figure 13 http://historycomiteesmkcs.blogspot.com/2011/04/nota-bab-2-tingkatan-3.html

Figure 14 http://wargamarhaen.blogspot.com/2011/08/malayan-union-teladan-buat-generasi.html

Figure 15 http://sembangkuala.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/the-malay-rulers-at-the-signing-ceremony-of-the-federation-of-malaysia-5th-august-1957/

Figure 16 http://zanas.wordpress.com/tirai-kemerdekaan-negara/malaysia-52-tahun-merdeka/

Figure 17 http://bigdogdotcom.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/dato-onn-jaafar-tokoh-anak-gemilang-malaysia/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/0/06/HSLee.jpghttp://www.psm.org.my/httpdocs/sliced%20PSM%20pages/other%20photo/sir%20mahmud%20mat.jpg

Figure 18 http://bigdogdotcom.wordpress.com/2007/09/01/proses-kemerdekaan-dipelupuri-dan-terajui-orang-orang-melayu/

Figure 19 http://1011h1p5.blogspot.com/2010/08/hari-kebangsaan-malaysia.html

Figure 20 http://bluesriders.blogspot.com/2010/08/merdeka.html

Figure 21 http://dipinturaksiii.blogspot.com/2009/11/menyingkap-kembali-365-hari-siri.html

Figure 22 http://national-express-malaysia.blogspot.com/2009_03_14_archive.html

Figure 23 http://www.i-putra.com.my/announcement/sej_merdeka_more.htm

Video 2 http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=malam+sebelum+kemerdekaan+1957&aq=f

Video 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odIcWSIC-1Q

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