Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation using SPSS

Introduction

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s correlation, for short)

is a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two

variables measured on at least an interval scale. For example, you could use a

Pearson’s correlation to understand whether there is an association between exam

performance and time spent revising; whether there is an association between

depression and length of unemployment; and so forth. A Pearson’s correlation

attempts to draw a line of best fit through the data of two variables, and the Pearson

correlation coefficient, r, indicates how far away all these data points are to this line

of best fit (i.e., how well the data points fit this new model/line of best fit). You can

learn more here, which we recommend if you are not familiar with this test. If one of

your variables is dichotomous you can use a point-biserial correlation instead.

This "quick start" guide shows you how to carry out a Pearson's correlation using

SPSS, as well as interpret and report the results from this test. However, before we

introduce you to this procedure, you need to understand the different assumptions that

your data must meet in order for a Pearson's correlation to give you a valid result. We

discuss these assumptions next.

Assumptions

When you choose to analyse your data using Pearson’s correlation, part of the process

involves checking to make sure that the data you want to analyse can actually be

analysed using Pearson’s correlation. You need to do this because it is only

appropriate to use Pearson’s correlation if your data "passes" four assumptions that

are required for Pearson’s correlation to give you a valid result. In practice, checking

for these four assumptions just adds a little bit more time to your analysis, requiring

you to click of few more buttons in SPSS when performing your analysis, as well as

think a little bit more about your data, but it is not a difficult task.

Before we introduce you to these four assumptions, do not be surprised if, when

analysing your own data using SPSS, one or more of these assumptions is violated

(i.e., is not met). This is not uncommon when working with real-world data rather

than textbook examples, which often only show you how to carry out Pearson’s

correlation when everything goes well! However, don’t worry. Even when your data

fails certain assumptions, there is often a solution to overcome this. First, let’s take a

look at these four assumptions:

o Assumption #1: Your two variables should be measured at

the interval or ratio level (i.e., they are continuous). Examples of variables

that meet this criterion include revision time (measured in hours), intelligence

(measured using IQ score), exam performance (measured from 0 to 100),

weight (measured in kg), and so forth. You can learn more about interval and

ratio variables in our article:Types of Variable.

o Assumption #2: There needs to be a linear relationship between the two

variables. Whilst there are a number of ways to check whether a linear

relationship exists between your two variables, we suggest creating a

scatterplot using SPSS, where you can plot the dependent variable against your

independent variable, and then visually inspect the scatterplot to check for

linearity. Your scatterplot may look something like one of the following:

If the relationship displayed in your scatterplot is not linear, you will have to

either run a non-parametric equivalent to Pearson’s correlation or transform

your data, which you can do using SPSS. In our enhanced guides, we show you

how to: (a) create a scatterplot to check for linearity when carrying out

Pearson’s correlation using SPSS; (b) interpret different scatterplot results; and

(c) transform your data using SPSS if there is not a linear relationship between

your two variables.

o Assumption #3: There should be no significant outliers. Outliers are simply

single data points within your data that do not follow the usual pattern (e.g., in

a study of 100 students’ IQ scores, where the mean score was 108 with only a

small variation between students, one student had a score of 156, which is very

unusual, and may even put her in the top 1% of IQ scores globally). The

following scatterplots highlight the potential impact of outliers:

Pearson’s r is sensitive to outliers, which can have a very large effect on the

line of best fit and the Pearson correlation coefficient, leading to very difficult

conclusions regarding your data. Therefore, it is best if there are no outliers or

they are kept to a minimum. Fortunately, when using SPSS to run Pearson’s

correlation on your data, you can easily include criteria to help you detect

possible outliers. In our enhanced Pearson’s correlation guide, we: (a) show

you how to detect outliers using "casewise diagnostics", which is a simple

process when using SPSS; and (b) discuss some of the options you have in

order to deal with outliers.

o Assumption #4: Your variables should be approximately normally

distributed. In order to assess the statistical significance of the Pearson

correlation, you need to have bivariate normality, but this assumption is

difficult to assess, so a simpler method is more commonly used. This known as

the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality, which is easily tested for using SPSS. In

addition to showing you how to do this in our enhanced Pearson’s correlation

guide, we also explain what you can do if your data fails this assumption.

You can check assumptions #2, #3 and #4 using SPSS. We suggest testing these

assumptions in this order because it represents an order where, if a violation to the

assumption is not correctable, you will no longer be able to use Pearson’s correlation

(although you may be able to run another statistical test on your data instead). Just

remember that if you do not run the statistical tests on these assumptions correctly, the

results you get when running a Pearson's correlation might not be valid. This is why

we dedicate a number of sections of our enhanced Pearson's correlation guide to help

you get this right. You can find out about our enhanced content as a whole here, or

more specifically, learn how we help with testing assumptions here.

In the section, Procedure, we illustrate the SPSS procedure to perform a Pearson’s

correlation assuming that no assumptions have been violated. First, we set out the

example we use to explain the Pearson’s correlation procedure in SPSS.

Example

A researcher wants to know whether a person's height is related to how well they

perform in a long jump. The researcher recruited untrained individuals from the

general population, measured their height and had them perform a long jump. The

researcher then investigated whether there is an association between height and long

jump performance.

Setup in SPSS

In SPSS, we created two variables so that we could enter our data: Height (i.e., the

person's height) and Jump_Dist (i.e., long jump distance). In our enhanced Pearson's

correlation guide, we show you how to correctly enter data in SPSS to run a Pearson's

correlation. You can learn about our enhanced data setup content here. Alternately, we

have a generic, "quick start" guide to show you how to enter data into SPSS,

available here.

Test Procedure in SPSS

The six steps below show you how to analyse your data using Pearson’s correlation in

SPSS when none of the four assumptions in the previous section, Assumptions, have

been violated. At the end of these six steps, we show you how to interpret the results

from this test. If you are looking for help to make sure your data meets assumptions

#2, #3 and #4, which are required when using Pearson’s correlations, and can be

tested using SPSS, you can learn more about our enhanced guides here.

Click Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate... on the menu system as shown below:

Published with written permission from SPSS Inc., an IBM Company.

You will be presented with the following screen:

Published with written permission from SPSS Inc., an IBM Company.

Transfer the variables Height and Jump_Dist into the Variables: box by dragging-and-dropping or

by clicking the button. You will end up with a screen similar to the one below:

Published with written permission from SPSS Inc., an IBM Company.

Note: If you study involves calculating more than one correlation and you want to carry out

these correlations at the same time, we show you how to do this in our enhanced Pearson’s

correlation guide. We also show you how to write up the results from multiple correlations.

Make sure that the Pearson tickbox is checked under the -Correlation Coefficients- area (although it

is selected by default in SPSS).

Click the button. If you wish to generate some descriptives, you can do it here by

clicking on the relevant tickbox under the-Statistics- area.

Published with written permission from SPSS Inc., an IBM Company.

Click the button.

Click the button.