B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

14 | P a g e

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

~Major structural

atom in all organic

molecules.

~Key component

in ____________,

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

~CO2 is the major

nonliving source

of carbon in the

atmosphere.

~Major

component of all

organic

molecules.

~Most common

atom in the

Universe.

~Enters biological

systems largely

bonded to

____________ in

water.

~Returned to the

environment by

______________

and water

release.

~Found in all

_______________

_______________

~Major nonliving

source is N2 in the

atmosphere.

~Makes its way

into the food

chain via

_______________

_______________

______________,

which convert it

into a usable form

of

_____________

that can be used

by

_____________

and passed on to

______________

in the food chain.

~Returned back to

the environment

through

______________

and

_______________

_______________

(convert nitrates

in the soil into

atmospheric

nitrogen).

~Found in most

organic

molecules.

~Oxygen is in our

atmosphere, as

well as in our

water.

~Incorporated

into the food

chain through

_______________

____________,

and returned back

to the

environment

through

______________.

~Found in all

______________

~Used quickly to

store and release

free energy in

cells.

______________

returns it back to

the environment.

~Found in all

_____________.

~Major nonliving

source is found in

rocks.

______________

releases it back

into the soil,

where it

producers absorb

it and pass it

through the food

chain.

~______________

returns it back to

the environment.

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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Note: the macromolecule chart is going to be your best study tool! Use it to your advantage!

Molecular Shape

______________________ _______________________ __________________________

The building blocks of life!

All contain the element ____________!

Also known as ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________

Unique atomic structure because it has ___________________________________

On the outer most energy level, carbon can form ____________________________ with

up to __________ other atoms!

There are four!

1.

2.

3.

4.

Macromolecules

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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Making and Breaking Polymers

https://i2.wp.com/www.logandrillinggroup.com/logangeotech/images/stories/img_environmental/polymers.jpg

1. How do we make a polymer from a monomer? _______________________________

2. How do we break down a polymer? __________________________________

3. ________________________________: a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to

make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds.

4. _______________________________: A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into

smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/213_Dehydration_Synthesis_and_Hydrolysis-01.jpg

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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PRACTICE!

Match the Monomer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.

Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Protein

Monosaccharide _________ B. Lipid

Nucleotide _________ C. Nucleic acid

Amino acid _________ D. Carbohydrate

Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.

DNA _________ A. Protein

Enzyme _________ B. Lipid

Triglyceride _________ C. Nucleic acid

Polysaccharide _________ D. Carbohydrate

Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.

Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide _________ B. RNA

Nucleotide _________ C. Enzyme

Amino acid _________ D. Phospholipid

Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.

Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Enzyme

Glucose _________ B. Triglyceride

Nucleotide _________ C. Starch

Amino acid _________ D. DNA

Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.

Amino acid _________ A. Glycogen

Nucleotide _________ B. Phospholipid

Monosaccharide _________ C. Protein

Fatty acids and glycerol _________ D. DNA

Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.

Cholesterol _________ A. Protein

Enzyme _________ B. Nucleic Acid

RNA _________ C. Carbohydrate

Cellulose _________ D. Lipid

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

19 | P a g e

What if glucose is needed now?

We make a polymer called __________________ (similar to starch, but only

found in animals), which are repeating units or

___________________________________________ with lots of branches.

_________________________________ and makes a BIG

_____________________________.

Globby and branched=

________________________________________________________

Enzymes attach to the ends and break down the glycogen

into glucose= ________________________

Where is glycogen found and where do you need it the most?

_____________________________________________________________

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Form the bilayer of

the cell membrane.

• First line of defense

for the cell.

• One glycerol, two

fatty acids, and a

phosphate.

• Hydrophobic tails-

made up of fatty

acids and are afraid

of water (non-

polar).

• Hydrophilic heads-

made up of glycerol

and phosphate and

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

20 | P a g e

Functions of Proteins

1. Catalyzing Enzymes

� ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

� Lowers activation energy: the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started.

� On-going. Never stop.

� ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

� Human enzymes work best at 98.6 F / 37C. Above 104 F enzymes can start to denature / fall

apart.

2. Defensive Proteins-

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

� Ex- Antibodies attack viruses and bacteria.

� Ex- Fibrinogen is a protein that helps your blood to clot.

3. Storage Proteins- Bind with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.

4. Transport Proteins-

___________________________________________________________________________________

� Ex-___________________________________________________________________

� Ex-___________________________________________________________________

5. Support Proteins _________________________________________________________________

• Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails.

• Ex-Fibrin- allows your blood to clot.

• Ex- Collagen and elastin are major components of connective tissue.

6. Motion Proteins

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

7. Messenger Proteins- Allow different cells to communicate.

• Examples: hormones (regulate body functions) such as Insulin (regulates glucose levels)

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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Nucleic Acids

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• ____________________________,

____________________________,

____________________________

• Sugar-______________________

• Location-____________________

• Function-

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

• Base Pairs-

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

• Process- _______________________

• Ribonucleic Acid

• _______________________________

• Sugar-_________________________

• Location-

________________________________

________________________________

• Function-

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

• Base Pairs-

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

• Process-

________________________________

________________________________

Answer the questions

1. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid made up of? ________________________________________

2. What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases? _________________________________

3. What type of bond holds together the sugars and phosphates? _____________________________

4. Which base pairs match up in DNA? __________________________________

5. Which base pairs match up in RNA? __________________________________

6. In RNA, thymine is replaced with _________________________

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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DIRECTIONS

LABEL EVERYTHING!

Color the A’s- green

Color the T’s- Orange

Color the C’s- Yellow

Color the G’s- Purple

Color the U’s- Brown

Color the phosphates- pink

Color deoxyribose- dark

blue

Color ribose- light blue

Color the hydrogen bonds-

gray

Label the covalent bonds.

B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

23 | P a g e

Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecules

1.________________________________ 2.______________________________

3.________________________________ 4.______________________________

Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented by the description. Use

abbreviations/initials.

Stores and transmits genetic information________

Makes Enzymes ________________

Insulin ______________

Sucrose ______________

Saturated ________________

Fatty Acids _____________

Glucose ______________

Antibodies _______________

Enzyme Substrate Complex _____________

Phospholipid Bilayer ________________

Contains nitrogenous bases __________

Amino acids ___________________

Monosaccharides _____________

Main component of the cell membrane ___________

The only one that contains phosphorus (sugar,

phosphate, nitrogenous base) _______________

Glycerol _________________

Collagen _________________

Polyunsaturated ________________

Long term energy storage _______________

Main source of energy _____________

Cholesterol ________________

Hemoglobin _____________

Disaccharides _______________

Starches __________________

ATP___________________

Unsaturated fats ________________

Deoxyribonucleic Acid_________________

Ribonucleic Acid _________________

Steroids _________________

Lactose __________________

Ends in “ose” __________________

Olive oil __________________

Cellulose _________________

Triglycerides _________________

Has an “R” group _________________

Monomers are nucleotides _________________

Hormones ____________________