Biology NotesBiology &

BiochemistryPart 4

Pages 44-48

Standards___ Describe the basic molecular structure and

primary functions of the four categories of biological molecules

___ Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible

___ Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things

1.3

1.5

1.6

___ Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo.

___ Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.

1.7

1.8

Essential Question

1. Why are carbon based molecules the

foundation of life?

I. Nutrients of Life

Nutrient = substances in _______ that supply the ________ and raw materials our bodies use for growth, repair, and maintenance

• Nutrients can be broken down into 2 large categories: __________ compounds and __________ compounds

foodenergy

organicinorganic

A. Inorganic Compounds = compounds that do not contain _________

• Inorganic molecules are usually smaller and more _________

• The groups of inorganic molecules that are necessary to life include: ________, _______, and ___________

carbon

simple

watersalts minerals

B. Organic compounds = compounds that contain the element __________

• Carbon is the backbone of ______ because it has the ability to make __________ of compounds. Unlike many elements, carbon is special because:

a. carbon can bond to ____ different atoms

b. carbon can bond to ________ and form long chains & ________

carbon

lifemillions

4

itselfrings

c. carbon can form single, double, or triple _______ with other atoms

these bonds will be ___________

bonds

covalent

• Overall, there are four groups of organic molecules found in food that we need to survive: _______________, _____________, ____________, and _______________

carbohydrates lipids / fatsproteins nucleic acids

II. Structure & Function of Organic Molecules

A. Carbohydrates = compounds made up of ___, ___, and ___ in a ratio of 1:2:1

• This means for every ___ carbon atom there are ___ hydrogen atoms and ____ oxygen atom

e.g.

C H O

12

1

C6H12O6 , C11H22O11

• Sugars (Small Monomer Structure):

a. monosaccharides = simple sugar molecules that contain ____ carbon atoms

e.g.

3-6

glucose, fructose, galactose

b. disaccharides = sugars made of ___ covalently bonded monosaccharides

1. lactose = glucose + __________ /

found in _______

2. maltose = _________ + glucose /

found in ________

3. sucrose = glucose + _________ /

common table _______

2

galactose

milk

glucose

beer

fructose

sugar

• Starches (Large Polymer Structure):

a. polysaccharides = giant ___________ of carbohydrates that consist of thousands of covalently _________ monosaccharides and disaccharides

1. glycogen – found in ________

1. starch – found in foods such as ______, potatoes, and _______

polymers

bonded

animals

ricebread

3.cellulose – polymer found in _________ foods such as ______________ and ______

fibrouswhole wheat bran

Monomer to Polymer

• Functions of Carbohydrates

a. The main function of carbohydrates is to provide ________ to the body

b. Excess carbohydrates in the body can be stored in the form of __________ by the liver and skeletal muscle to be used at a later time

c. although the body cannot digest _________ found in fibrous food like ____________, it is still important because it helps keep you “_________”

energy

glycogen

cellulosebran / wheat

regular

d. __________ is also the compound that makes up cell ______ found in plantsCellulose

walls

B. Lipids / Fats = ____________compounds that contain ___, ___, and a very small amount of ___

e.g.

• Lipids / fats are the only group of organic molecules in which there are no __________ or polymers

• Instead, lipids / fats consist of one _________ molecule covalently bonded to many _______ acid molecules

C HO

monomers

glycerolfatty

waxes, oils, steroids & cholesterol

Non-polar

• There are, however, ___ types of lipids/ fats:

a. saturated fats = fats that contain the maximum number of ____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains

usually solids at room temperature like ________ and __________

hydrogenacid

greasebutter / lard

2

b. unsaturated fats = fats that contain at least one double ________ between carbon atoms and have a lower number of _____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains

usually liquids at

room temperature like

_____________ and

_____________

bond

hydrogenacid

peanut oil

canola oil

Triglyceride

triglyceride = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to __ fatty acid chains

13

• phospholipid = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to ___ fatty acid chains and ___ phospholipid (____)

the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up _____ membranes

Phospholipid

12

1 PO4

cell

• cholesterol = lipid compound that has a _____ structure

cholesterol is needed by the body make ________ hormones, added protection in _______ and provides structural support in cell ____________

ring

steroidjointsmembranes

• Functions of Lipids:

a. The main function of lipids / fats is to provide the body with materials for building ___________ barriers in the body like _____ membranes around cells

waterproofcell

b. Lipids / fats also function to ________ the body and protect our ________ organs

the body takes all excess _____ not being used and chemically converts it to ____ which is stored on the body

c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health

e.g.

insulateinternal

foodfat

high cholesterol, risk of heartdisease

C. Proteins = Polymeric compounds composed of amino acids which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, and ___

• animal proteins are found in foods like _______ and ______

• plant proteins are found in foods like _________________ and __________

C H O N

beef fish

beans (legumes) spinach

• Monomers of Proteins:

a. amino acids = small compounds consisting of an amino group (____), a carboxyl group (_______), and individual ___ groups _____________ bonded together to make _________

-NH2

-COOH Rcovalently

proteins

• peptide bond = the special bonds that exists between the _______ group and the _________ group in an amino acid

• there are over ____ different types of amino acids because the _____ groups differ

amino

carboxyl

20

• Functions of Proteins:

Proteins are probably the most important group of nutrients for the body because they have a wide range of ___________. These functions include:

a. movement and formation of _______ and muscles

e.g.

functions

bones

collagen / actin & myosin

b. controlling the rates of _________ reactions

e.g.

c. transporting substances in and out of cells

e.g.

chemical

enzymes

hemoglobin

d. fighting off _________

e.g.

e.regulation and _____________

e.g.

disease

antibodies

homeostasisinsulin

D. Nucleic Acids = Polymeric compounds composed of nucleotides which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___

e.g.

C H O N P

DNA , RNA

• Monomers of Nucleic Acids:

a. nucleotide = small compounds that consist of a ____________ group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous _______

e.g.

phosphate

base

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine & uracil

A phosphate groupnitrogen-containing molecule,called a base

deoxyribose (sugar)

• Functions of Nucleic Acids

a. The main function of nucleic acids is to work together to make ___________

DNA stores hereditary information for building the ___________

RNA helps to build the ________

proteins

proteins

proteins

DNA

RNA