pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ Í;Ska · 4. ye¢kaùu . j¾I 1949 § Ôksjd iïuq;Ska ms

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pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ Í;Ska

pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkh(

ikakoAO .egqï ;=< kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg .re lsÍu iy

wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd jk odhl;ajhla

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Ôka udß fykal¾Üia úiska 2005 jif¾ ud¾;= ui m< lrkq ,enQ wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei Ydia;%sh iÕrdfõ" 87 jk fj¿fï" 857 jk l,dmh fjkqfjka rÑ; —pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkh ( ikakoAO .egqï ;=< kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg .re lsÍu iy wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd jk odhl;ajhla˜ kue;s Ydia;%Sh ,smsh iy wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska mßj¾;kh lrkq ,enqfha fld<U úYajúoHd,fha kS;s mSGfha" fmdÿ yd wka;¾cd;sl wOHhkdxYfha fcHIaG lÓldpdßkS" kS;sh ms<sn| o¾Yk Y+Í" kS;sfõÈ ^f.!rj& kS;s{ jika;d fifkúr;ak úisks'

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pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkh ( ikakoAO .egqï iuh ;=< kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg .re lsÍu iy wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd jk odhl;ajhla

Ôka - udß fykal¾Üia∗ Ôka - udß fykal¾Üia wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkfha kS;S wxYfha kS;S WmfoaYljrfhla jk w;r pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh

ms<sn| ICRC jHdmD;sfha m%Odkshdo jQfhah Tyq uE;loS ¨úia fvdiafjda,aâ fnla iu`. flaïì%ca úYaj úoHd,h úiska m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| fj¿ï follska iukaú; lD;sh ixialrKh lf<ah

idrdxYh fuu ,smsh u.ska" r;= l=rei iy r;= wvi| ixúOdkfha wka;¾cd;sl iïuka;%Kfhys b,a,Su m%ldrj wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh

(ICRC) u.ska uE; ld,fha§ Ndr .kakd ,o pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| j jk wOHhkfhys ;d¾lsl moku ú.%y lrkq ,nhs' ta u.ska" fuu wOHhkh i|yd Ndú; lrk ,o wOHhk úê l%uh iy fuu wOHhkh ixúOdkh lrk ,o wdldrh ms<sn| j úia;r lrk w;r we;eï m%Odk fidhd .ekSï idrdxY .; lr olajkq ,nhs' flfia jqj;a" tu.ska by; i|yka lrk ,o fidhd .ekSï ms<sn| iïmQ¾K úia;rhla fyda úYaf,aIKhla bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmaCId lr fkdue;'

∗ l¾;Djrhd" fuu ,smsh ieliSfï§ ,nd ÿka iyfhda.h fjkqfjka tßla fudka.s,d¾â uy;dg fukau ¨úia fvdiafjda,aâ iy kS;s wxYfha ñ;=rkag Tjqkaf.a nqoaê f.dapr iy m%fhdackj;a úfõpkhka fjkqfjka ia;=;s lrkq ,nhs' fuu ,smsfha we;=<;a u;hka ld¾;Df.a jk w;r tajd wjYHfhkau wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei lñgqfõ tajd fkdjk nj ie,lsh hq;=h'

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ye¢kaùu j¾I 1949 § Ôksjd iïuq;Ska ms<s.ekSfï isg fyda miq.sh j¾I 50 mqrdjg f,dj ish¨ uyoaùmhkag n,mEï lrk ,o" ìysiqKq hqoaOhka .Kkdjla udkj j¾.hd úiska w;aolsk ,§' fulS ld,h w;r;=r" Ôksjd iïuq;Ska y;r iy tajdg 1977 j¾Ifha § iïu; lr .kakd ,o w;sf¾l ikaOdkhka úiska hqo .egqïj,g iDcqj iyNd.s fkdjk mqoa.,hkag iy ;jÿrg;a iDcqj hqo .egqïj,g iyNd.S ùfuka je<ls isák mqoa.,hkag ^;=jd,lrejka" frda.Ska" uqyqÿn;a jQjka" hqoaOh ine¢ fya;=ka ksid ;u ksoyi wysñlr .;a mqoa.,hkag iy isú,a jeishkag& ffk;sl /ljrKh imhk ,§' tfia jqjo" fulS wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg jvd fyd| .re lsÍula ,nd ÿkafka kï" j<lajd .; yelsj ;snQ" kuq;a tfia fkdlrñka fulS iïuq;Ska wjia:d .Kkdjl § W,a,x>kh lsÍfï m%;sM,h f,i mSvdjg m;aùï iy mqoa., urK nyq, f,i isÿjkq olakg ,eìKs' fuf,i wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh W,a,x>kh ùu iïnkaOfhka mj;sk fmdÿ u;h kï" tu W,a,x>khka mek kef.kafka tu Í;skag .re lsÍug mj;akd fkdleue;a; u;ska ùu" tajd n,d;aul lsÍug mj;akd l%fudamdhkaf.a wm%udKj;a nj" tu Í;ska we;eï wjia:dms; idOl fj; wod< lr .ekSfï§ Woa.; jk wúksYaÑ;;djhka iy tu Í;ska ms<sn| j foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a" wK fok ks,OdÍkaf.a" hqo fin¿kaf.a yd fmdÿ uyck;djf.a ±kqj;a Ndjfhys mj;akd W!K;djhka fya;=fjka ñi fuu Í;skays wm%udKj;a Ndjh ksid fkdjk njhs' j¾I 1993 wf.daia;=" iema;eïn¾ ld,h ;=< Ôksjd kqjr § le|jk ,o" hqoaOh ksid ydkshg m;a jQjka wdrCId lr .ekSu ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuka;%Kfha §" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍï j<lajd .ekSug .; hq;= úfYaIs; l%shd ud¾. ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrk ,o kuq;a" kj iïuq;s m%;smdokhka iïu; lr .ekSu ms<sn| j fhdackd fkdùh' ta fjkqjg fuu iuq¿j úiska fmdÿ tlÕ;djfhka ms<s.;a" tu iuq¿fõ wjidk m%ldYkh u.ska —wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh jvd M,odhs f,i n,d;aul lsÍfï wjYH;djh˜ h,s ;yjqre lrk ,o w;r wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg mQ¾K .re lsÍula yd wkq.; ùula j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi jk m%dfhda.sl l%uhka ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu msKsi wka;¾ wdKavq úfYaI{ lKavdhula le|ùug o" tu wOHhkhkays lreKq we;=<;a lr rdcH md¾Yj fj; Ndr§ug iy r;= l=rei iy r;= wvi|

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ixúOdkfha wka;¾cd;sl iïuka;%Khkays ñ<Õg t<fUk ieisjdrhg bÈßm;a lsÍu msKsi jd¾;djla ilia lsÍug o iaúia rchg wdrdOkd lrk ,§ 1' hqoaOfhka úm;g m;a jQjka wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq úfYaI{ lKavdhu 1995 ckjdß ui Ôksjdys § /ia jQ w;r" tys§ wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg .re lsÍu by< kexùu wruqKq lr.;a" ks¾foaY ud,djla ms<s.;a w;r" úfYaIfhkau jvd fyd| ±kqj;aNdjhla ;yjqre lrk iy jvd M,odhs f,i kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu ;yjqre lrk ksjdrK l%u fõohka ms<sn| ks¾foaY ta w;r úh' wka;¾ wdKavq úfYaI{ lKavdhfï fojk ks¾foaYh wkqj" úúO N+f.da,Sh l,dm iy úúO kS;s moaO;Ska ksfhdackh lrk wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| úfYaI{hkaf.a iydh we;sj iy wdKavq yd wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhka iu. idlÉPd mj;ajñka" wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska ms<sn| jd¾;djla ilia lsÍug iy tu jd¾;dj rdcHhka yd iqÿiq wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk w;r fnod §u i|yd wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh fj; wdrdOkd lsÍug fhdackd lrk ,§2' j¾I 1995 foieïn¾ ui r;= l=rei yd r;= wvi| ixúOdkfha 26 jk wka;¾cd;sl iïuka;%Kh fuu ks¾foaYh wkqu; l< w;r wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska ms<sn| jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu ks, jYfhka wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh fj; Ndr fok ,§3' jir oyhlg muK wdikak ld,hlg miq 2005 jif¾ §" mq¿,a m¾fhaIKhlg iy úfYaI{hska iu. mej;s mq¿,a mrdihl úys§ .sh idlÉPdjkaf.ka wk;=rej" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkhla f,i y÷kajkq ,nk fuu jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§4'

1 1993 wf.daia;= 30 isg iema;eïn¾ 01 olajd Ôksjd yS meje;ajQ hqo úkaÈ;hka iq/lSu ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iuq¿j' wjika m%ldYkh" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei Ydia;%sh iÕrdj, fkd' 296" 1993" ms' 381 2 hqo úkaÈ;hka iq/lSu i|yd jk wka;¾ wdKavq úfYaI{ /iaùu" 1995 ckjdß 23 -27 olajd Ôksjd ysÈ" fojk ks¾foaYh" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei Ydia;%sh iÕrdj, fkd' 310" 1996" ms' 843 wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei iy r;= wvi| ixúOdkfha 26 jk wka;¾cd;sl iïfï,kh" 1995 foieïn¾ 3-7 Ôksjdys" m<uq jk fhdackd iïu;h" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ( kS;sfha isg l%shd;aul ùu olajd¦ hqo úkaÈ;hka iq/lSu ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iuq¿fõ wkq.ukh lsÍï ms<sn| jd¾;dj" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei Ydia;%sh iÕrdj" fkd' 310" 1996" ms' 584 Ôka udß yekal¾Üia iy ¨úia fvdiaj,aâ" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei Ydia;%sh iÕrdj, fj¿ï 2' 1 jk fj¿u - Í;ska" 2 jk fj¿u' mßph ^fldgia 2hs&" flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h" 2005

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wruqK pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkfhys wruqK jQfha" wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;s kS;shkays wod<;ajh yd iïnkaOj mej;s we;eï .eg¨j,g úi÷ula fidhd .ekSuhs' fuu iïuq;s kS;sh fyd¢ka j¾Okh jQjla jk w;r ta u.ska hqo iuh ;=< mqoa., mrdihka .Kkdjlg wdrCIdj imhk w;r u hqoaOfha § Ndú; lsÍug wjir ,efnk hqo Wml%u iy wdldr iSud lrñka hqojdofha fndfyda me;slvhka wdjrKh lrkq ,nhs' ;jo" Ôksjd iïuq;Ska iy tajdg wod< w;sf¾l ikaOdkhka u.ska hqoaOhg iDcqj fyda ;jÿrg;a iyNd.S fkdjk mqoa.,hka wdrCId lsÍfuys ,d b;d mq¿,a kS;s ud,djla imhkq ,nhs' hqo Wmdhka yd úêl%uj,g wod< iïuq;suh kS;s fr.=,disj, b;sydih 1868 Ydka; mSg¾ian¾.a m%ldYkh" 1899 iy 1907 fya.a fr.=,dis iy 1925 úI jdhq ms<sn| Ôksjd ikaOdkh olajd Èj hk w;r" fï iïnkaOfhka uE; ld,Skj idlÉPd jq iïuq;Ska f,i 1972 Ôj úoHd;aul wú ms<sn| iïuq;sh" 1977 w;sf¾l ikaOdkh" 1980 § we;s lr.;a we;eï iïm%odhsl wú ms<sn| iïuq;sh yd tys w;sf¾l ikaOdk my" 1993 ridhksl wú ms<sn| iïuq;sh iy 1997 mqoa., kdYl ìï fndaïn ;ykï lsÍu ms<sn| Tgdjd iïuq;sh fmkajd Èh yelsh' ;jo" 1954 fya.a iïuq;sh yd thg wod< w;sf¾l ikaOdk oaú;ajh u.ska hqo .egqï wjia:djl ixialD;sluh foam< wdrCId lr .ekSug wod< Í;ska iúia;rd;aulj we;=<;a lrk ,§' tfiau" 1998 § we;slr .;a wka;¾cd;sl wmrdO wêlrKh ms<sn| iïuq;sfha wfkl=;a lreKq w;r" fulS wêlrKfha wêlrK n,h hg;g meñfKk hqo wmrdO ms<sn| ,ehsia;=jla o wka;¾.; lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efí' flfia jqjo" fulS iïuq;Ska j;auka hqo .egqï jd;djrKhkag wod< lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka m%n, ndOdjka folla mj;sk w;r tu.ska pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkhl wjYH;djh yd tys m%fhdackj;a Ndjh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrkq ,nhs' m<uqj fuu

iïuq;Ska wod< jkafka tu iïuq;s im: (Ratify) lrkd ,o rdcH md¾Yjhka úIfhys,d muKls' ta wkqj hqo .egqïj,g iïnkaO rdcHh úiska im: lr ;sfnkafka ljr iïuq;Ska o hkak wkqj ta ta hqo .egqï úIfhys wod< jk wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ iïuq;s kS;ska úúO jk nj olakg ,efí' 1949 § we;s lr.;a Ôksjd iïuq;Ska y;r úYaùh jYfhka wmrdkqu; lr ;snqK o" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha fiiq iïuq;Skays

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fun÷ úYaùh j,x.=Ndjhla fkdmj;shs' thg WodyrK f,i w;sf¾l ikaOdk fmkajd Èh yelsh' tkï" m<uq w;sf¾l ikaOdkh rdcHhka 160lg wêl ixLHdjla úiska im: lrkq ,enqj o" wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj,g iïnkaO rdcH .Kkdjla tys md¾Yjhka fkdùu fya;= lr f.k wo jk úg tys id¾:l;ajh iSud ù we;s nj ±laúh yelsh' tfiau" fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh rdcHhka 160lg wdikak ixLHdjla úiska wmrdkqu; lr ;snqK o" wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï yd iïnkaO ù isák rdcH .Kkdjla úiska th im: lr fkd;sîu u;" tys id¾:l;ajh o iSud ù we;' by; i|yka wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaOfhka wod< jk tlu wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ iïuq;s kS;s m%;smdokh f,i fndfyda úg fYaI jkafka Ôksjd iïuq;s y;rgu fmdÿ 3 jk j.ka;sh muKs' fuu wOHhkfhys m<uq wruqK jkafka ljr wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ Í;ska m%udKhla pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys fldgila jkafka o hkak;a" tneúka tu Í;ska fyda thg iudk Í;ska wvx.= iïuq;Ska" ikakoAO .egqïj,g iïnkaO md¾Yjhka úiska im: lr ;sîu fyda fkd;sîu ms<sn| j fkdi,ld" tlS md¾Yjhka úIhfhys tu pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska wod< jkafka o hkak;a ksYaph lr .ekSuhs' fojkqj j;auka ikakoAO .egqï úYd, m%udKhla" tkï wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï udkqIjd§ iïuq;s kS;sh u.ska m%udKj;a mßÈ md,kh lrkq fkd,nhs' ukaoh;a" wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj,g idfmaCIj wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï b;d iSñ; iïuq;suh Í;Ska lsysmhla u.ska muKla md,kh jk neúks' fulS wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaOfhka wod< jk b;d iSñ; iïuq;Skaj,g ksoiqka f,i ^ixfYdaê;& we;eï idïm%odhsl wdhqO iïnkaO iïuq;sh" wka;¾cd;sl wmrdO wêlrKh ms<sn| jHjia:dj" mqoa., kdYl ìï fndaïn ;ykï lsÍu ms<sn| Tgdjd iïuq;sh" ridhksl wú ms<sn| iïuq;sh" ixialD;suh foam< iqrCIs; lsÍu ms<sn| fya.a iïuq;sh yd thg wod< fojk ikaOdkh iy by; i|yka lrk ,o fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh iy Ôksjd iïuq;Ska y;rgu fmdÿ jQ 3 jk jHjia:dj fmkajd Èh yelsh' Ôksjd iïuq;Ska y;rgu fmdÿ jQ 3 jk jHjia:dj fï iïnkaOfhka uQ,sl jeo.;alula ±rejo" tu.ska imhkq ,nkafka wju m%ñ;Ska ms<sn| m%;sm;a;suh rduqjla muKs' fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh úiska fmdÿ 3 jk j.ka;shg m%fhdackj;a W!K mQrKhla iemhqj o" th wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaO Ôksjd iïuq;Ska y;r iy m<uq w;sf¾l ikaOdkh úiska imhkq ,nk ;rï iúia;r

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Í;ska wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaOfhka ;ju;a imhkq fkd,nhs' m<uq w;sf¾l ikaOdkh j.ka;s 80lg jeä ixLHdjlska iukaú; jk w;r" fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< mj;skafka yqfola yrhd;aul j.ka;s 15la muKs' yqfola mj;akd j.ka;s ixLHdj muKla úuid iuia;h ms<sn| j ks.ukhlg t<ôh fkdyels jqjo" iúia;rd;aul Í;ska yd ks¾jpkhka ms<sn| j úfYaIfhka úuiSfï§ wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï md,kh lrk iïuq;suh Í;Ska w;r b;d meyeÈ,s úIu;djhla mj;sk nj fmfkkakg ;sfí' tuksid fuu wOHhkfhys fojk m%Odk wruqK jkafka" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh u.ska" iïuq;suh kS;skag idfmaCIj fulS wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaOj jeä úia;rd;aul njlska hq;= m%;smdok iïmdokh lrkjdo hkak ksYaph lr .ekSu;a" tfia jkafka kï th fldf;la ÿrlg o hkak ksYaph lr .ekSu;a h'

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh ms<sn| jHjia:dj u.ska pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ú.%y lrkq ,nkafka —kS;sh jYfhka ms<s.kq ,nk fmdÿ mßphla˜ jYfhks5' fulS pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys Í;skaf.a meje;au i|yd m%Odk uQ,sldx. folla mej;Su wjYH

njg mq¿,a tlÕ;djhla mjhs' tkï rdcH mßph (usus) iy kS;sh ms<sn| lreKla f,i" tu Í;sfhys iajNdjh u; mokï jQ tu Í;sh ;ykï

njg fyda wjir iys; njg jk úYajdih fyj;a udkisl wx.h (opiniojuris sive necessitatis) f,i tlS uQ,sldx. fol fmkajd Èh yelsh'

uydoaùmsl ;glh (continental shelf) ms<sn| kvqfõ § wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh m%ldY lf<a —ieneúkau" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys meje;au m%;HCIlr .ekSu msKsi uQ,sl jYfhka i;H jQ rdcH mßph iy rdcHhkaf.a udkisl ne£ï iy.; Ndjh kue;s wx.h ms<sn| j úuid ne,su w;HjYH iy wújdÈ;˜ njhs6' fuu uQ,sldx. foflys ksYaÑ; w¾:h yd wka;¾.;h iïnkaO lreKq fndfyda Ydia;%sh ,smsj, ud;Dldj njg m;a ù ;sfí' fï iïnkaOj fmdÿ pdß;%dkql+,

5 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrK jHjia:dj" 38 ^1& ^wd& jHjia:dj6 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Continental Shelf Case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Malta), kvq ;SrKh" 1985 cqks 3" wka;¾ cd;sl hqla;s wêlrK jd¾;dj" 1985" ms' 29-30

9

wka;¾cd;sl kS;shla mj;skjdo hkak ksYaph lr .ekSu i|yd jQ fuu wOHhkfha§ fhdod .kq ,enqfõ úfYaIfhka W;=re uqyqfoa uydoaùmsl ;glh ms<sn| ;SrKfha§ wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh úiska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ Ydia;%sh m%fõYhhs7' rdcH mßph$l%shdl,dmh rdcH mßph fldaK follska úuid ne,sh hq;=h' bka m<uqjekak kï wka;¾cd;sl pdß;%dkql+, kS;shla ks¾udKh ùu i|yd odhl;ajh imhkq ,nkafka ljrdldr rdcH mßphla o hkak fidhd ne,Su ^rdcH mßph f;dard .ekSu& iy fojekak kï fuu rdcH mßph u.ska pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys Í;shla ia:dmkh lrkq ,nhs o hkak fidhd ne,Suhs' rdcH mßph f;dard .ekSu

rdcHhl fN!;sl iy jdÑl hk foj¾.fhau l%shdjka wka;¾cd;sl pdß;%dkql+, kS;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd odhl jk mßph ia:dmkh lrhs' fN!;sl l%shdjkag WodyrK f,i" hqo fmruqfKa yeisßu" we;eï wú wdhqO Ndú; lsÍu iy úúO mqoa., lKavdhïj,g ie,l=ï lrk wdldrh fmkajd Èh yels w;r" jdÑl l%shdj,g WodyrK f,i hqo w;afmd;a" cd;sl wK mk;a" cd;sl jYfhka § we;s kvq ;SrK" ikakoaO yd wdrCIl n,ldhkag ,nd fok Wmfoia" hqo iuh ;=< lrk ks, ksfõok" rdcH;dka;%sl úfrdaO;d" ks, kS;s WmfoaYlhkaf.a u;" iïuq;s flgqïm;a ms<sn| wdKavqj, úfõpk fyda woyia" úOdhl ;SrK fyda fr.=,dis" wka;¾cd;sl wêlrK m¾Io bÈßfha jk b,a,Sï" wka;¾cd;sl ;,h ;=< bÈßm;a jk m%ldY iy wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk úiska iïu; lrkq ,nk fhdackd iïu; iïnkaOfhka wdKavqj, ia:djrhka hkdÈh fmkajd Èh yelsh' pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ìys lsÍfuys,d rdcHhkaf.a úOdhl" jHjia:dodhl iy wêlrKhkays l%shdjka odhl jk nj by; ,ehsia;=j fmkajd fohs' wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk úiska we;s lr.;a fhdackd iïu;hka ms<s.ekSu iy ta ms<sn| lrkq ,nk idlÉPd" tajdg Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍfï§ lrkq ,nk meyeÈ,s lsÍï wdÈh rdcHhka iïnkaO jk l%shdldrlï fõ'

7 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" North Sea Continental Shelf Case, kvq ;SrKh" 1969 fmnrjdß 20" wka;¾ cd;sl hqla;s wêlrK jd¾;dj" 1969" ms' 3

10

we;eï iSñ; jH;sf¾Lhkag hg;aj" idudkHfhka fhdackd iïu;hka" tkhskau ne§ï iy.; fkdjk nj y÷kdf.k we;s w;r" tksid hï pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;shla ks¾udKh lsÍfuys,d hï ksYaÑ; fhdackd iïu;hl odhl;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu tys wka;¾.;h" th ms<sf.k ;sfnk m%udKh iy wod< rdcH mßph iïnkaOfhka tys mj;akd wkqrEmNdjh u; r|d mj;sk nj fmkajd Èh yelsh8' ta wkqj rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.ka fhdackd iïu;hg ,efnk iydh jeä jk ;rug pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd tu.ska iemfhk odhl;ajh o jeä jk nj fmkajd Èh yelsh9' wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhkays ;SrK wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ms<sn| oaú;Sh uQ,dY% jqjo tajd rdcH mßphka ia:dmkh lrkq fkd,nhs' thg fya;=j wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhka" cd;sl wêlrKhka fuka rdcHhkays fldgila f,i fkdie,lSuhs' tfia jqjo" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;shla mj;sk njg wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhla úiska lrk fidhd .ekSula" tfia jk njg fmd<Ujk iq¿ idCIs ia:dmkh lrk neúka wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhkays ;SrK jeo.;a fõ' óg wu;rj wka;¾cd;sl wêlrK ;SrKhkays mj;sk wkq.uH jákdlu fya;=fjka" rdcHhkaf.a yd wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhkaf.a miqld,Sk mßphkag n,mEï isÿ lrk wdldrfha ;SrK yry pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl Í;shla ìys ùug odhl;ajh ,nd§ug wka;¾cd;sl wêlrKhkag yelshdj we;' tfukau" wú.;a úreoaOjd§ lKavdhï úiska ms<smÈkq ,nk p¾hd ix.%yhka" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha we;eï Í;ska ms<sme§u i|yd lrkq ,nk lemùï iy lrkq ,nk fjk;a m%ldYhka tn÷ rdcH mßphka ia:dmkh lrkq fkd,nhs' tjeks mßphka yryd wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ we;eï wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ Í;ska ms<s.kq ,nk njg idCIs iemhqjo" tajdfha kS;suh jeo.;alu fkdmeyeÈ,sùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys meje;au Tmamq lsÍfuys,d úYajdikSh f,i tu mßphka mokï lr.kq fkd,nk nj olakg ,efí' tjeks mßphkag kso¾Yk fuu wOHhkfha fojk fj¿fuys —fjk;a mßphka˜ kï Ys¾Ih hgf;a ,ehsia;=.; lr we;'

8 fuu fldkafoaisj, jeo.;aNdjh wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh u.ska fmkajd fok ,§" Legalityof the Threat or use of Nuclear Weapons, WmfoaYd;aul u;h" 1996 cQ,s 8" wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrK jd¾;dj" 1996" ms' 254 -255" $$ 70-739 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrK jHjia:dj" 38 ^1& ^wE& jHjia:dj

11

rdcH mßph ;lafiare lsÍu

rdcH mßph" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys Í;shla ks¾udKh

lsÍug m%udKj;a ;rï —Odß;djlska˜ (dense) hqla; o hkak ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd tys n,mEu uek ne,sh hq;=h10' pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl Í;shla ia:dmkh lsÍu i|yd rdcH mßph hkak ienE f,iu taldldr

^talrEmS& f,i mD:q,j jHdma; jQ iy ksfhdackh lrk iq¿ (virtually uniform, extensive and representative) úh hq;=h11' fï u.ska woyia jkafka l=ula o hkak fu;eka mgka jvd mq¿,a yd ióm f,i ú.%y lrkq ,nhs' m<uqj" rdcH mßph u.ska wka;¾cd;sl pdß;%dkql+, kS;sfha hï Í;shla ia:dmkh lsÍu msKsi tlS rdcH mßph talrEms;djfhka hqla; úh hq;=h' úúO rdcHhka úiska yrhd;aul jYfhka fjkia iajremhla ork yeisÍïj, ksr; fkdúh hq;=h' wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKfha ;SrKhkag wkqj rdcHhka úiska m%;súreoaO mßphka wkq.ukh lsÍu yryd" uq,ane,aug m%Yak.; mßpfha mj;akd talremS;djh hgm;a lrkq ,enqjo" fuu m%;súreoaO mßph fiiq rcHhka úiska fy,d olskafka kï iy wod< rdcHfha wdKavqj úiskau m%;slafIam lrkq ,nhs kï tlS mßph yryd wka;¾cd;sl pdß;%dkql+, kS;sfha Í;shla ia:dmkh lsÍu j<lajkq fkd,nhs' tjeks fy<doelSulska fyda m%;slafIam lsÍula yryd wod< m%Yak.; Í;sh i;H jYfhkau ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lrkq ,nhs'12

fuh úfYaIfhkau wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha mj;akd Í;ska .Kkdjlg wod< jk w;r tlS Í;skaj,g iydh olajk wdldrfha rdcH mßph iïnkaOfhka fukau tu Í;Skaa kej; kej;;a W,a,x>kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka o w;suy;a idlaIs m%udKhla olakg ,efí' tjeks W,a,x>khka isÿ lrkq ,nk rdcH md¾Yjhka úiska ta i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk iudjg lreKq oelaùï fyda idOdrKSlrKh lsÍï iy$fyda wfkl=;a rdcHhka úiska lrkq ,nk fy,d ±lSï tu wod< m%Yak.;

10 fuu ikao¾Nh ;=<" “dense” kï jpkh Y%Su;a yïm%s fjd,afvdla uy;d fj;ska meñfKk ,§' “General Course of Public International Law”, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, 106 fj¿u" 1962' ms' 4411 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ^by; 7 jk igyk n,kak& ms' 43 $ 7412n,kak ( wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Case Concerning Military and Para Military Activities in and Against Nicaragua, (Nicaragua v. United States), kvq ;SrKh" 1986 cqks 27" wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrK jd¾;dj" 1986" ms' 98 $ 186

12

Í;sfhys meje;au wNsfhda.hg ,lalrk iajNdjh fkdorhs' pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha mj;akd hï Í;shla fjkia lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk rdcHhka úiska th isÿ l< hq;= jkafka Tjqkaf.a ks, rdcH mßph yryd jk w;r ;uka tfia l%shd lrkafka whs;shla jYfhka nj o hdpkh l< hq;=h'

fojkqj" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fmdÿ Í;shla ia:dmkh ùu msKsi jk wod< rdcH mßph mq¿,a iy ksfhdackd;aul iajNdjfha mßphla úh hq;=h' flfia jqjo" fuys,d fulS Í;sh úYaùh iajNdjhla oeÍu wfmalaId fkdlrk w;r th fmdÿ mßphla jYfhka mej;Su muKla m%udKj;a fõ'13 fuys§ ksYaÑ; rdcH ixLHdjla fyda m%;sY;hla th wkq.ukh lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ' fuf,i fuu rdcH mßph wkq.ukh l< hq;= ksYaÑ; ixLHdjla mej;Su wjYH;djhla f,i oelaùug fkdyels jkafka fï iïnkaOj mj;akd ks¾Kdhlhka

m%udKd;aul (qualitative) jkjdg jvd .=Kd;aul (quantitative) iajNdjhla ork neúks' fuys .eg¨j jkafka yqÿ fld;rï rdcHhka ixLHdjla fuu mßph wkq.ukh lrkjd o hkak fkdj l=uk rdcHhka fulS mßph wkq.ukh lrkjd o hkak neúkss14' wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh fï iïnkaOfhka W;=re uqyqfoa uydoaúmsl ;glh ms<sn| kvq ;SrKhkayS § m%ldY lrkq ,enQ mßÈ fulS rdcH mßph ;=<g —;u ne¢hdjka úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhkayS mßphka wka;¾.;ù˜ ;sìh hq;= njhs15'

fuu i,ld ne,Su ;=<ska wkqñ;Ska folla .uH fõ( tkï" ^1&

ish¨u —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka fï ;=< ksfhdackh fõ kï" fiiq nyq;r rdcHhka fulS mßph flfrys l%shdldÍ jYfhka iyNd.S ù ;sîu w;HjYH fkdjk kuq;a" Tjqka —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜yS mßphg wju jYfhka tl.ù ;sîh hq;=h hkak iy ^2& —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜ úiska wod< mßph ms<s.kq fkd,nhs kï" by;ska úia;r l< mßÈ talu;slNdjh w;HjYH fkdjQko" ta yryd pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha Í;shla j¾Okh l< fkdyels fõ hkakhs16' —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜ hkafkys

13 wka;¾cd;sl kS;s ix.uh" fmdÿ pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;ska ks¾udKh i|yd jk lñgqfõ jd¾;dj" fmdÿ pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ks¾udKh i|yd wod< jk uQ,O¾u ms<sn| jk m%ldYh" yegku jk iuq¿fõ jd¾;dj" ,kavkh" 2000' 14 jk uQ,O¾uh" 734 jk msgqj ^ñka u;= “ILA jd¾;dj”) 14 by;' 14 jk uQ,O¾uhg jk ^wE& iy ^b& hk úpdr" ms' 736-73715 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ^by; igyk 7& ms' 43" $$7416 ILA jd¾;dj" ^by; 13 igyk&" ^b& úpdrh" ms' 737

13

w¾:h" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ;=< wjia:dms; idOlhka u; fjkia úh yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka" wkaO nj we;s lrk f,ai¾ wú Ndú; lsÍfï kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh ms<sno úuid ne,Sfï§" tlS wú Ndú;h yryd fiiq rdcHhka mSvdjg m;aùug yelshdj mej;sho" —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜ hkakg we;=<;a jkafka tjeks wú j¾Okh lsÍfï ld¾hdj,sfha ksr; ù isák njg y÷kdf.k we;s rdcHhka h' ;jo" udkqIjdÈ wdOdrhka wjYH ck.ykhla iys; rdcHhkag iudkj u tjeks wdOdrhka ksr;=rej m%odkh lrkq ,nk rdcHhka o —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜ f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys mj;akd ljr jQ fyda Í;shla iïnkaOfhka hïlsis ikakoAO .egqulg wod< jk tla;rd ksYaÑ; Í;shl wod<;ajh i,ld ne,Sfï§ tlS wú .egqug ueÈy;a jq rdcHhkaf.a mßph ms<sn| j mÍCId lrk úg§ tn÷ rgj,a —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜ jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ ksS;sfha hï ksYaÑ; lafIa;%hka ;==< úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka isáh yels kuq;a wod< .egqug ;uka md¾Yjhla fkdjQjo fiiq rdcHhka fj;ska wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh flfrys .re;ajhla wfmaCId lsÍug iEu rdcHhlgu ffk;sl ne¢hdjla mj;sk nj ms<s.; hq;= i;Hhls'17 óg wu;rj" fiiq rdcHhka úiska hqoaOfha § fhdod .kq ,nk úêl%uhka fya;= lrf.k ish¨u rdcHhka mSvdjg m;a ùug yelshdj we;' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" jpkd¾:fhka n,k l< —úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka˜ fkdjQjo iEu rdcHhlu mßph i,ld ne,sh hq;= nj fmkajd Èh yelsh'

fuu wOHhkh" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska

úIfhys —ksrka;rj úreoaO jkafkla˜ (persistent objector) ùu i|yd ffk;sl jYfhka wjldYhla mj;skjdo hkak ms<sn| j woyila bÈßm;a

lrkq fkd,eîh' wkq,x>kSh kshduhka (jus cogens) ms<sn| Í;ska iïnkaOfhka tjeks ksrka;r úreoaO jkafkla ùu msKsi wjldY fkdmj;sk njg fndfyda úpdrlhka u; m< lr ;sfnk kuq;a fiiq msßi tlS ksrka;r úreoaO jkakd kï ixl,amfha iuia; meje;au ms<sn| j ;jÿrg;a iel my< lr;ss'18 kuq;a hï wdldrhlska tjeks ksrka;r úreoaO jkafkla njg m;aùu i|yd ffk;sl jYfhka wjldY mj;sk nj hful= úiska ms<s.kq ,nhs kï" wod< rdcHh úiska m%Yak.; kj

17 n,kak" Customary International Law, ^by; 4 igyk & 1 jk fj¿u" 144 Í;sh ms<sn| úpdrh18 fuu .eg¨j ms<sn| .eUqre ixjdohla i|yd" n,kak fudßia' tÉ' fukav,aika f.a" “The Formation of Customary International Law : Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law", 272 fj¿u" 1998" ms' 227 - 244

14

kshduh ms<sn| j th ks¾udKh jk wjia:dfõ§ mgka u m%;sfrdaOh olajd ;sìh hq;= w;r bka wk;=rej;a È.ska È.gu ta i|yd úfrdaO;djh olajd ;sìh hq;=h' tfia fkdlr miqld,Skj wkqYdx.sl úreoaO jkafkla

(subsequent objector) ùu i|yd wjldY fkdmj;shs' pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys Í;shla we;s ùu iïnkaOfhka

ksYaÑ; ld, rduqjla fkdmj;sk w;r idudkHfhka ta i|yd hï ld,hla .; jk nj olakg ,efí' ienúkau fuys ;SrKd;aul idOlh jkafka talrEms;djh" mq¿,a iy ksfhdackd;aul iajNdjfha m%udKj;a Odß;djhla iys; rdcH mßphl tl;=jla mej;Su fõ19'

udkisl wx.h (opinio juris)

pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys mj;akd Í;shl meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi wjYH jk —udkisl wx.h˜ hkafkka woyia jkafka hï ksYaÑ; mßphla —whs;shla f,i˜ ffk;sl úYajdihla iys;j mj;ajd.k hduhs' i,ld n,kq ,nk Í;sh yryd hï ;ykï lsÍula" ne£ï iy.; Ndjhla fyda hï ksYaÑ; wdldrhlg yeisÍu i|yd jk yqÿ whs;sjdislula m%odkh lrkafkao hk lreK u; by; i|yka mßph iy ta ms<sn| j jk ffk;sl úYajdih fnfyúka fjkia úh yelsh'

fuu wOHhk ld¾hh ;=<§" mßph iy ffk;sl úYajdih hk uQ,sldx. oeä fjka lsÍulg ,la lsßu b;d wiSre nj Tmamqlr we;s w;r th b;du;a kHdhd;aul iajNdjhla orkd nj fmkajd § we;' fndfyda úg tlu l%shdj yryd mßph iy ffk;sl úYajdih hkak ms<sônq jk wjia:d olakg we;' ieneúkau" wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh úiska pdß;%dkql+, kS;sfhys fjkia uQ,sldx. oaú;ajhla mj;sk neúka tla yeisÍula yryd tlS uQ,sldx. oaú;ajhu ms<sìUq l< fkdyels nj m%ldY lr fkdue;s nj wka;¾cd;sl kS;s ix.uh fmkajd fokq fohss' i;HjYfhkau fulS uQ,sldx. oaú;ajh fjkalsÍu fndfyda wjia:dj,§ b;d wiSre jkjd muKla fkdj we;eï wjia:dj,§ th lsisfia;au l< fkdyels nj o olakg ,efí'20 ta ukao h;a fndfyda úg jdÑl m%ldYhka" hqouh w;afmd;a jeks foa rdcH mßphka f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r tu wjia:dfõ§u wod< rdcHfha ffk;sl úYajdih o ms<sìUq lrhs'

19 tysu" 12 jk uQ,O¾uhg jk ^wd& úpdrh" ms' 73120 tysu" 7"8 msgqj" $ 10 ^we&" fuu .eg¨j ms<sn| .eUqre úYaf,aIKhla i|yd n,kak' PeterHaggenmacher, “ La doctrine des deux éléments du droit coutumier dans la partique de la our internationale,” Revue générale de droit international Public, 90 fj¿u" 1986" ms' 5

15

rdcH mßph ms<sn|j úuiSfï§" m%udKj;a ;rï nyq, rdcH ixLHdjla th wkq.ukh lrkq ,nkafka kï" tlS mßph ;=< fmdÿfõ udkisl wx.h wka;¾.; jk nj ms<s.kq ,nk neúka udkisl wx.fha meje;au fjku u oelaùu idudkHfhka wjYH fkdfõ' flfia jqjo" rdcH mßph jHdl+, iajNdjhla ork wjia:djkaj,§" wod, pdß;%h we;s lsÍu iïnkaOfhka tlS mßph .Kkh l< yelso" fkdyelso hkak ;SrKh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka udkisl wx.h kï idOlh m%Odk N+ñldjla rÕ olajkq ,nhs' fuu ;;a;ajh fndfyda úg fkdlr yeÍï ^wlrKhka& iïnkaOfhka" tkï rdcHhka úiska we;eï wjia:djkaj,§ hï l%shdjka lsÍfuka je<lS isákafka iy hï hï l%shdjkaj,g m%;sl%shd fkdolajkafka ukaoehs fndfyda úg meyeÈ,s fkdjk wjia:djkays § Woa.; jk nj olakg ,efí' tjeks wjia:djkaj,§ wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh iy tys mQ¾j.dñhd jk wka;¾cd;sl hqla;sh ms<sn| ia:djr wêlrKh úiska jHdl+, mßph iïnkaOfhka mj;akd WodyrK" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ia:dmkh lsÍu msKsi .Kka .; yelsfõo hkak ;SrKh lsÍu msKsi udkisl wx.fhys meje;au fjku u ;yjqre lr .ekSu msKsi wjOdkh fhduq lr we;21'

wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;s lafIa;%h ;=<§ fndfyda Í;ska u.ska hï ksYaÑ; ld¾hhka yS ksr; ùfuka je<lS isák f,i b,a,d isák w;r" fulS wlrKh fya;=fjka udkisl wx.h ;lafiare lsÍu iïnkaOfhka iqúfYaIS .eg¨jla u;= lrkq ,nhs' ukaoh;a" tlS je<lS isàu fyda wlrKh yqÿ wyUqjla fkdj th kS;Hdkql+, wfmalaIdjla mokï lr.ksñka lrk ,oaola nj Tmamq l< hq;=h' fulS je<lS isàfï wjYH;djh wka;¾cd;sl ,shú,s iy ks, m%ldYhka ;=< olajd ;sfnk wjia:djkaj,§" m%Yak.; l%shdfjka je<lS isàu msKsi mj;akd ffk;sl wjYH;djfhys meje;au idudkHfhka Tmamq l< yelsh' óg wu;rj" wod< je<lS isàu ffk;sl j.lSul yeÕSfuka isÿ l< nj Tmamq lsÍu iEu úgu myiq fkdjqjo" tu je<ls isàï m%Yak.; yeiSÍu hï wdkafoda,khla we;s l< miq isÿúh yels neúka th" tlS je<ls isàu yqÿ wyUqjla fkdjk nj fmkajd §ug Wmldrhla jkq we;'

21 n,kak" Wod' wka;¾cd;sl hqla;sh ms<sn| iaÓr wêlrKh" Lotus case (France v. Turkey) kvq ;SrKh" 1927 iema;eïn¾ 7" wka;¾cd;sl hqla;sh ms<sn| wêlrK" fkd' 10" ms' 28" ^rdcHhka úfoaYSh keõj, jerÈ l%shd i|yd kvq mejÍfuka je<lS isáfha Tjqka tf,i lsÍfuka ;ykï lr we;s njg jk yeÕSu ksid fkdjk nj wêlrKh ;SrKh lf<ah'& ¦ wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ^by; igyk 7& ms' 43-44" ILA jd¾;dj ^by; 13 jk igyk& 17 ^¸¹& uQ,O¾uh iy úpdrh

16

iïuq;suh kS;sfha n,mEu

wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha mj;akd hï hï Í;ska rdcHhka olskafka flfiao hkak fidhd .ekSu msKsi iïuq;s kS;sh WmldÍ jk neúka pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha meje;au ;SrKh lsÍu msKsi iïuq;suh kS;sh o wod< lr .; yelsh' tneúka" iïuq;shla im: ^wmrdkqu;& lsÍu" w¾: ksremKh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu iy iïuq;sh im: lsÍfï§ isÿlrk ,nk fjkalr ±laùï fukau im: lsÍfï§ isÿ lrk w¾: ksremKh iïnkaOfhka jk m%ldY fuu wOHhkh ;=<g we;=<;a lr we;' W;=re uqyqfoa uydoaùmsl ;glh ms<sn| kvqj,§ wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh úiska pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ;lafiare lsÍfï §" iïuq;shla im: lr we;s m%udKh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= nj meyeÈ,sj olajk ,§' tu kvqfõ§" úfYaIfhka iïuq;shg mßndysr mßph mgyeks iajNdjhla ork ;;ajhla ;=<§" —fï jk ;=re ;yjqrej we;s im: lsÍï iy m%fõYùï m%udKh ^39& f.!rjKSh jqjo m%udKj;a fkdjk nj˜wêlrKh m%ldY lrk ,§22'

wfkla w;g" kslr.=jd kvq ;SrKfha § wêlrKh" ueÈy;a

fkdùu ms<sn| Í;sfhys pdß;%dkql+, ;;a;ajh ;lafiare lsÍfï§ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh uq¿ukskau mdfya úYaùh jYfhka wkqu; lr ;sîu hk ldrKh u; jeä nrla ;nk ,§'23 hï iïuq;suh m%;smdokhla u.ska pdß;%dkql+, kS;sh ms<sìUq lrkafka kï" tlS iïuq;sh ;ju;a n,d;aulNdjhg meñK fkd;snqK;a" úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka o we;=<;aj m%udKj;a ;rï iudk mßphla mj;S kï" tlS m%Yak.; Í;shg ie,lsh hq;= uÜgfï m%;súfrdaOhla we;s ùug we;s yelshdj b;d wju fõ24'

m%dfhda.slj .;a l<" iïuq;suh kshduhka flgqïm;a lsÍu u.ska

f,dalfha ffk;sl u;h flakaø.; lsÍu iy rdcHhkays ffk;sl wjfndaOh yd wdkqYx.sl yeisÍu u; m%;slafIam l< fkdyels n,mEula

22 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ^by; 7 igyk & ms' 4223 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Case Concerning Military and Para Military Activities in and Against Nicaragua, (Nicaragua v. United States), ^by; 12 jk igyk& ms' 99-100' wêlrKfha ;SrKh jQ ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uy uKav,fha wod< fhdackd iïu;h mq¿,a ms<s.ekSulg ,la ù we;s njhs' úfYaIfhka 2625 fhdackd iïu;h Pkaohla fkdue;sj u wkqu; lrk ,§'24 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Continental Shelf Case, ^by; 6 igyk & ms' 33" wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmh hk ixl,amh pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fldgila njg m;a ù we;s nj wêlrKh i,ld n,k ,§' kuq;a ;ju;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a id.r kS;sh ms<sn| iïuq;sh l%shd;aulNdjhg meñK ke;' ukaoh;a" úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka o we;=¨j wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmSh ms<sn| meñKs,s 56 olajd j¾Okh ù we;s neúks'

17

isÿ lrhs' fuu ;;a;ajh wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh úiska uydoaùmsl ;glh kvq ;SrKh ;=<§ y÷kd.;a w;r"—pdß;% yryd ckkh jk Í;ska jd¾;d.; lsÍu yd ks¾jpkh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fyda i;H jYfhkau tlS Í;ska j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ieneúkau nyq md¾Yùh iïuq;Ska jeo.;a N+ñldjla rÕ olajk˜ nj m%ldY lrk ,§25' fï wkqj wêlrKh úiska" iïuq;Ska yryd mQ¾jfhka mj;akd pdß;%dkql+, kS;sfhys Í;ska ix.%dy.; lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nk nj fukau iïuq;suh kshdu u; mokï fjñka kj pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi moku imhk nj o ;yjqre lrk ,§' wêlrKh ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lr isáfha —;u ne¢hdjka úfYaIfhka n,mEug ,lajk rdcHhka o we;=,;a jkafka kï" iïuq;shlg mq¿,a iy ksfhdackd;aul f,i iyNd.sùu tkhskau m%udKj;a jk njhs'˜26

fuu wOHhkh —mq¿,a wkque;sh˜ hkq yqfola u. fmkaùula

muKla nj;a" th úfYaIfhkau m%Yak.; iïuq;shg md¾Yjhla fkdjk rdcHhka o we;=<;aj mßpfha fiiq uQ,sldx. iu. ;lafiare l<hq;= njg jk m%fõYïldÍ m%fõYhla .kakd ,§' rdcH md¾Yjhla fkdjk rdcHhkays wLKav mßph jeo.;a Okd;aul idCIshla jYfhka i,lk ,È' flfia jqjo" wod< iïuq;shg rdcH md¾Yjhla fkdjk rdcHhkays —m%;súreoaO mßph˜ jeo.;a iDKd;aul idCIshla jYfhka i,lk ,§' rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a fukau md¾Yjhka fkdjk rdcHhkaf.a o mßph wfkHdakH jYfhka jeo.;a fõ'

fuf,i" fuu wOHhkh wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha wod<

iïuq;Skag md¾Yjhla fkdjk rdcHhkays mßphg muKla iSud fkdlrk ,§' WodyrKhla jYfhka" w;sf¾l ikaOdkh wkqu; lr ke;s 30la muK jk rdcHhka ms<sn| j muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh mq¿,a yd ksfhdackd;aul mßphla u; mokï úh hq;= njg jk wjYH;djh iu. wkq.; fkdjk nj olakg we;' ta ksid pdß;%dkql+, kS;sfha meje;au ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi" fuu wOHhkh m%ldYhg m;a lrk wjia:dj jk úg m<uq w;sf¾l ikaOdkh rdcHhka 162la úiska o fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh rdcHhka 157la úiska o wkqu; lr we;s nj ie,ls,a,g .kakd ,È'

25 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Continental Shelf Case, ^by; 6 igyk & ms' 29-3026 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ^by; 7 igyk & ms' 42" ;jo ILA jd¾;dj ^by; 13 igyk&" 20" 21" 24" 26" iy 27 uQ,O¾u" ms' 754-765

18

fuu wOHhkh yryd wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys iEu iïuq;suh Í;shlu mj;akd pdß;%dkql+, iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍu n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ nj i|yka l<hq;= w;r" tys m%;sM,hla f,i th mj;akd iïuq;Skays jHqyh tkhskau wkq.ukh fkdlrk ,§' fï ;=<ska rdcH mßph u; mokï fjñka wkq.dó f,i pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha ljr Í;ska fidhd .; yelso hkak ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd fulS lreKq úYaf,aIKh lsÍu wfmaCId lrk ,§' fuys§ wkq.ukh lrk ,o m%fõYh wkqj" iEu iïuq;suh Í;shlau pdß;%dkql+, Í;shla ia:dmkh lrkjdo hkak úYaf,aIKh fkdl< neúka hï úfYaIs; iïuq;suh Í;shla yqfola wOHhkh ;=< olakg fkd,eîu ksid th pdß;%dkql+, fkdjk njg ks.ukh l< fkdyels fõ'

wOHhkh ixúOdkh lsÍu wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh fj; mjrd we;s fufyjr iïmQ¾K lsÍu ;yjqre lrkq msKsi we;s fyd|u ud¾.h ljrla o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu msKsi l¾;Djreka úiska wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| úfYaI{Ndjfhka hq;= wOHdmkfõ§ka lKavdhula fj;ska Wmfoia ,nd.;a w;r" fuu lKavdhu u.ska fulS wOHhkfha fufyhqï lñgqj ks¾udKh lrk ,§'27 fuu lñgqj úiska 1996 cqks udifha § l%shdldÍ ie,iaula ilia lr ms<s.;a w;r fuu m¾fhaIKh wk;=rej t<Uqk Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § wdrïN lrk ,§' fuu m¾fhaIKh rdcH mßph ms<sìUq lrk cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl uQ,dY%hka Ndú; lrñka mj;ajd f.k .sh w;r" l%shdldÍ ie,iqu u.ska y÷kd .kakd ,o wOHhkfha fldgia yhla fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§'

- fjka fldg ±laùu ms<sn| isoaOdka;h

- úfYaIfhka wdrCId lrk ,o mqoa.,hka iy b,lal

- úfYaIs; hqo Wml%u

- wdhqO

- isú,a jeishkag iy wdhqO ìu ;nd we;s mqoa.,hskag ie,lSu

(hors de combat) - l%shdjg kexùu

27 fufyhqï lïgqj" uydpd¾h fcda¾â wì - Idí" i,dy w,a §ka wu¾" ´ú ì%ka.a" tßla fâúâ" fcdaka vQ.d¾â" *f,dafrkaáfkda fm,sishdfkda" fyda¾iaÜ msI¾" *%ekaisia yeïmika" ;shfvda¾ fïfrdka" vdÜÑâ fudïgdia" ñ,dka ifidúla iy frda,a tñ,sfhda úkqid hk whf.ka iukaú; fõ'

19

cd;sl uQ,dY% ms<sn| m¾fhaIKh cd;sl uQ,dY%hkag m%fõYùu rgla ;=< § jvd;a myiq neúka" ta i|yd cd;sl m¾fhaIlhkaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSug ;SrKh lrk ,§' fï wkqj" rdcHhka 50g wdikak ixLHdjl ^wm%sldfõ 9" wefußldfõ 11" wdishdfõ 15" íafÜ%,shdfõ 1 iy hqfrdamfha 11 we;=<;a j& isák m¾fhaIlhl= fyda m¾fhaIK lKavdhula y÷kd.;a w;r" ;u rfÜ rdcH mßph ms<sn| jd¾;djla bÈßm;a lrk fuka Tjqkaf.ka b,a,d isák ,§'28 fulS rdcHhka f;dard .ekSfï ks¾Kdhlhka f,i N+f.da,sh ksfhdackh fukau" úúOdldrfha hqo Wml%uhka Ndú; lrkq ,enQ úúO ikakoAO .egqï ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| uE; ld,Sk w;a±lSï hk lreKq Wmfhda.s lr .kakd ,§' rdcH mßph ms<sn| jd¾;djka yryd wdjrKh lrkq fkd,enq yuqod ix.%yhka ^hqo w;afmd;a& iy foaYSh jHjia:djka o tla/ia lr m¾fhaIK mj;ajk ,§' fuu ld¾hhg f,dj jgd isák wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkfha ksfhdað; ¥; fufyhka úiska iy wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkfha" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| WmfoaYk fiajdj u.ska tla/ia lrk ,o b;d mq¿,a mrdihl foaYSh jHjia:djka u.ska myiq lrk ,§' wka;¾cd;sl uQ,dY% ms<sn| m¾fhaIKh rdcH mßph olajkq ,nk wka;¾cd;sl uQ,dY% lKavdhï yhla úiska tla/ia lrk ,o w;r" ta tla tla lKavdhu úiska wOHhkfha tla tla fldgi ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§'29 fuu lKavdhï tlai;a

28 wm%sldj ( we,aÔßhdj" wekaf.da,dj" fndiaájdkd" Bðma;=j" b;sfhdamshdj" khsÔßhdj" rejkavd" ol=Kq wm%sldj iy isïndífõ weußldj ( wd¾ckaákdj" n%iS,h" lekvdj" Ñ,S" fldf,dïìhd" liqnd" t,a ie,ajfodarh" kslr.=jd" fmare" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh iy Wr.=fõ wdishdj ( Ökh" bkaÈhdj" bkaÿkSishdj" brdkh" brdlh" BY%d,h" cmdkh" fcda¾odkh" fldßhdkq rkrch" l=fõgh" f,nkka" uef,aishdj" mlsia:dkh" ms,smskh iy isßhdj íafÜ%ishdj ( íafÜ%,shdj hqfrdamh ( fn,aðhu" fndiakshdj iy y¾ia.dùkdj fl%dtIshdj" m%xYh" c¾uksh" b;d,sh' fko¾,ka;h" reishdj" iamd[a[h" tlai;a rdcOdksh" hqf.diaf,dúhdj 29 fjkialr y\qkd.ekSu ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh ( uydpd¾h fcda¾Ê w,a idí ^úfYaI jd¾;dlre& iy Ôka m%ekaisia .efjkac¾ ^m¾fhaIl& ( úfYaIfhka wdrCId lrk ,o mqoa.,hka iy foam< ( uydpd¾h fydaiaÜ msI¾ ^úfYaI jd¾;dlre& iy fcda¾â iafldgka iy yhsla iamhsl¾ ^m¾fhaIl&¦ hqoaOfha úfYaI úêl%u" uydpd¾h ;sfhdav¾ furka ^úfYaI jd¾;dlre& iy ßpâ äiaf.aka ^m¾fhaIl& ¦ wdhqO ( uydpd¾h ´õ ì%ka.a ^úfYaI jd¾;dlre& iy .iag*a ,skaâ ^m¾fhaIl& ¦ isú,a jeishkag iy Horse de combat mqoa.,hkag ie,lSu ( *%ekaisia yeïmaika ^úfYaI jd¾;dlre& iy

20

cd;Skaf.a iy wm%sldkq ix.uh ^fmrÈ wm%sldkq tluq;=j ms<sn| ixúOdkh&" hqfrdamd ljqkais,h" .,a*a iyfhda.s;d ljqkais,h" hqfrdamd ix.uh" wrdì ,S.h' wefußldkq ckmo ixúOdkh" bia,dñh iuq¿j ms<sn| ixúOdkh iy hqfrdamd iyfhda.s;dj iy wdrCIdj ms<sn| ixúOdkh o we;=¿ fiiq wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhkayS ld¾h rduqj ;=< ys¢ñka m¾fhaIKh lrk ,§' ;jo" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha meje;au ms<sn| idCIs imhkq ,nk ;dla ÿrg wka;¾cd;sl kvq ;SrKhka o tla/ia lrk ,§' wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkfha f,aLkd.drfha ;sfnk m¾fhaIK cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl uQ,dY% ;=< isÿlrkq ,enQ m¾fhaIK iïmQ¾K lrkq msKsi wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh úiska" ikakoAO .egqï 40lg muK wdikak ixLHdjlg iïnkaOj lghq;= l< ;u ixúOdkfha f,aLkd.drh mÍCId lr n,k ,§' ^wm%sldfõ 21" wefußld 2" wdishdfõ 8 iy hqfrdamfha 8&30 fmdÿfõ .;a l<" fuu .egqï f;dard.kq ,enqfõ" tu.ska rdcH mßph iïnkaO jd¾;djka yryd wdjrKh fkdjk rgj,a iy .egqï o wdjrKh jk neúks' fulS ;%s;aj wdldr m%fõYfha tkï" cd;sl uÜgfï" wka;¾cd;sl uÜufï iy wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei uQ,dY% wdY%s; m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM,h kï f,dalfha iEu fldgilu mßph ta yryd bÈßm;a ùuhs' flfia jqjo" mj;akd foaj,ays iajNdjh wkqj fuu m¾fhaIKh mßmq¾K iudma;shla lrd f.k hdug fkdyelsh' fuu wOHhkh úfYaIfhka miq.sh jir 30 ;=< jQ mßph ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< w;r" tys m%;sM,h jkafka iuld,Sk pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh kej; m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu jqjo ;jÿrg;a wod< wjia:djkaj,§ jvd merKs mßphka ms<sn| j o lreKq olajd we;'

leñ,a .s*a¾â ^m¾fhaIl& ¦ l%shd;aul lsÍu ( trls fâúâ ^úfYaI jd¾;dlre & iy ßpâ äiaf.aka ^m¾fhaIl&

30 wm%sldj ( wekaf.da,d" nqrekaä" peâ - ,sìhd" fldkaf.da ckrch" ðnqá" taßáhd" fhaukh" b;sfhdamshd ^1973-1994& ,hsìÍhd" fudieïìla" keóìhd" khsÔßhd" leurEka" rejkavd" fifk.,a" fifk.,a - uõßgdkshd" ishdrd ,sfhdaka" fidaud,shdj" fidaud,shd - b;sfhdamshdj" iQvdkh" W.kavdj iy ngysr iydrdj¦ wefußldkq ( f.da;ud,d iy fulaisfldaj ¦ wdishdj ( we*a.ksia:dkh" ldïfndaðhdj" bkaÈhdj ^cïuq iy ldYaórh&" memqjd ksõ.skshdj" Y%S ,xldj" mdlsia:dkh" fhaukh iy fhauk - tßgd ^wm%sldj hg;g o wh;a fõ&¦ werfïksh - wi¾n¾cka ^k.¾fkda - lrnla&" ihsm%ia" mQ¾j hqf.diaf,daúhdj ^ hqf.diaf,dúhdkq .egqï ^1991 -1992& fndiakshdj iy y¾if.dañkd .egqï ^1992 -1996& fl%dtIshd .egqï ^l%ðkdia& ^1992 -1995&" fcda¾ðhd ^wìldishd&" reishdkq iuQydKavqj ^fpÉkshd& iy ;=¾lsh'

21

úfYaI{ WmfoaYkh Wmfoia ,nd .ekSfï m<uq jgh ;=<" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh úiska wka;¾cd;sl m¾fhaIK lKavdhïj,g wdrdOkd lr isáfha ;uka úiska tla/ia lr .kakd ,o —mßphka˜ mokï lr .ksñka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| uQ,sl uÜgfï ;lafiarejla wvx.= l%shdldÍ idrdxYhla bÈßm;a lrk f,ihs' fuu l%shdldÍ idrdxY" 1998 Ôksjd yS mej;s u. fmkajk lñgq /iaùï ;%s;ajhl § idlÉPdjg n÷ka lrk ,§' fulS l%shdldÍ idrdxY ksis mßÈ mqkÍCIKh lr" Wmfoia ,nd .ekSfï fojk jgfha § f,dalfha ish¨ u l,dm ksfhdackh l< rchkays úfYaI{hka iy wOHdmkfõ§ka lKavdhula fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,§' wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh úiska 1999 Ôksjd ys mej;s fufyhqï lñgq /iaùï follg ;u mqoa.,sl uÜgfuka iyNd.S jk f,i fulS úfYaI{hskag wdrdOkd l< w;r" tys§ Tjqka úiska" tla/ia lr ;snQ mßphka úYaf,aIKh lsÍug iy uÕyeÍ ;snq ksYaÑ; mßphka fidhd .ekSug lñgqjg iydh olajk ,§'31 jd¾;dj ,sùu wOHdmkfõ§ka lKavdhu iy rchka ys úfYaI{hka úiska úu¾Ykh lrk ,o" fufyhqï lñgqfõ we.hqï" wjika jd¾;dj ,sùfï moku f,i fhdod .kakd ,§' fuu wOHhkfha l;Djreka úiska" mßph kej; úNd. lr pdß;%hkayS meje;au kej; ;lafiare lr" Í;ska ks¾udKh lsÍu iy tajdfha ms<sfj< úu¾Ykh lsÍfuka wk;=rej úia;rd;aul igyka flgqïm;a lrk ,§'

31 my; wOHdmk{hska iy rdcH úfYaI{hska ;u fm!oa.,sl ;;a;ajfhka WmfoaYkj,g iyNd.s jQy' wíÿ,a,d woa vqjdß ^brdkh&" fmda,a n¾uka ^tlai;a rdcOdksh&" idÈ flais ^;=¾lsh&" uhsl,a ;jq,ska ^ o' wm%sldj&" tâjâ lñka.aia ^weußld tlai;a ckmoh&" wekafgdaksfhda ä ldid ^fulaisfldaj&" fhdardñ äkaiagka ^BY%d,h&" Ôka uhsl,a *jqß ^m%xYh&" ú,shï fmkaßla ^lekvdj&" Thsg¾ maf,la ^c¾uksh&" cqjka ld¾f,daia f.dauia rïf¾ia ^fldf,dïìhd&"cïfIâ ta yóâ ^mdlsia:dkh&" w¾gqfrda y¾kdkafâia biõ ^fulaisflda&" Bn%dysï bÉßia^b;sfhdamshdj&" yika ldiSï cqúks ^f,nkka&" flfk;a lS;a ^kjis,ka;h&" .s;+ gq.dhs ^flkahdj&" f¾hska uQ,d¾ika ^tiafgdakshd&" ndrd ksheka.a ^fik.,a&" fudfyduâ T,ajdka ^fcda¾odka&" frdaõ,a iS mka.,ka.ka ^ms,smskh&" iafg,afhdia m¾lska ^.%Sish&" fmdaf,da i¾msfhda mskafyhsfrda ^n%iS,h&" w¾úâ ma,ekav¾ ^yxf.aß&" fmñurdcq Y%S ksjdia rd´ ^bkaÈhdj&" lóf,da rhka frdâ%.ka ^fldf,dïìhd&" whs'¾'idf.a ^khsðßhdj&" yer,aâ ikaojd,a ^fldf,dïìhd&" fidñnQka ika.shdkanÜ ^;dhs,ka;h&" udr;a ta' i¾iánfhÜ ^lilia:dkh&" uqyuoa wiSia Iqlaß ^isßhd&" m¾,.ka isfydkaìka.a ^bkaÿkSishdj&" fc*a¾ fÊïia ialsf,ka ^´iafÜ%,shdj& f.daIka ika ^Ökh&" n;a;sh¾ ;iauqlayufoda ^reishdj& iy ler,a fjd*ala ^fmda,ka;h&

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fuf,i flgqïm;a lrk ,o f,aLkh fufyhqï lñgqjg" úfYaI{ lKavdhug iy rchka ys úfYaI{hkag iy wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkfha kS;s wxYhg Tjqkaf.a woyia ,nd .ekSu i|yd bÈßm;a lrk ,§' tf,i ,o woyia ie,ls,a,g .ksñka tu f,aLkh ;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lr" ksu lrk ,§'

fidhd.ekSï ms<sn| idrdxYh fmdÿ 3 jk j.ka;sh o we;=<;a j" Ôksjd iïuq;Skays m%;smdokj,ska úYd, m%udKhla pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fldgia nj i,lk ,§'32 ;jÿrg;a" wo jk úg rdcHhka 192la Ôksjd iïuq;Skaj,g md¾Yjlrejka jk w;r tlS iïuq;Ska" iïuq;suh kS;sh f,i wdikak jYfhka ish¨ u rdcHhka fj; ne£ï iy.; njla we;s lrkq ,nhs' tuksid" iïuq;SkayS mj;sk m%;smdokhkays pdß;%dkql+,uh iajNdjh fuu wOHhkhg úIh fkdùh' ta fjkqjg fulS wOHhkh úfYaIfhka w;sf¾l ikaOdkhka" ixialD;suh foam< wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| jk fya.a iïuq;sh iy wdhqO Ndú;h ms<sn| kS;ska olajk úfYaIs; iïuq;Ska jeks úYaùh jYfhka wkqu; fkdlrk ,o iïuq;Ska ms<sn| j mj;akd .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' my; ±lafjk pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl Í;ska ms<sn| úia;rhka u.ska fuu Í;ska pdß;%dkql+, jYfhka y÷kd.kq ,nkafka ukao hkak úia;r lsÍug W;aidy .kafkaj;a" fuu ks.ukhg t<ôug mokï lr.;a mßph ljrla o hkak bÈßm;a lrkafkaj;a ke;' fuu wOHhkfha m<uq fj¿u ;=<" Í;shla pdß;%dkql+, jYfhka y÷kd.kq ,nkafka wehs o hkak úia;r lrk w;r" fuu wOHhkfha fojk fj¿u ;=< Bg wod< mßph ms<sn| lreKq bÈßm;a lrkq ,en we;' wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqï mQ¾jfhka mej;s pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;suh Í;ska m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< ix.%y .; lr we;s w;r kj pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska ks¾udKh lsÍug wod< moku o tys olajd we;' wOHhkfha ld, rduqj ;=< § tl;= lr.kakd ,o mßphka ms<sn| f;dr;=re u.ska m<uq jk

32 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Legality of the Threat or use of Nuclear Wepons, ^by; igyk 8& ms' 257-258 $$ ^Ôksjd iïuq;shg wod<j& iy Case concerning Military and Para Military Activities in against Nicaragua, ^12 jk igyk& ms' 114" $ 218 ^fmdÿ 3 jk j.ka;shg wod<j&

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w;sf¾l ikaOdkh" wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj,§ muKla fkdj wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ o rdcH mßph iïnkaOfhka uy;a n,mEula isÿlrk njg idCIs bÈßm;a lrkq ,nhs' ^my; n,kak& úfYaIfhka m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfhys mj;akd uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka tys im: lsÍï ms<sn| jd¾;djka úiska ms<sìUq lrk m%udKhg jvd mq¿,aj ms<s.ekSug ,la ù we;s nj wOHhkh u.ska wkdjrKh lrf.k we;' fuu wOHhkh u.ska we;eï ksYaÑ; iïuq;suh m%;smdokhkays mj;akd pdß;%dkql+, iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍug W;aidy fkdl< o fndfyda pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska iïuq;Skays wka;¾.; kS;s m%;smdokhkag fndfyda fihska i¾j iu fyda b;du;a ióm f,i iudk njla ork nj wjidkfha§ meyeÈ,s ù we;' fuf,i m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfha wka;¾.; m%;smdokhkag iudk;djhla ork pdß;%dkql+, Í;skag WodyrKhla jYfhka¦ isú,a jeishka yd hqo Nghka fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu iy isú,a b,lal iy hqo wruqKq fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh"33 bjla njlaa fkdue;s m%ydr ms<sn| jk ;yku34" m%ydrhkays iudkqmd;slNdjhka ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh35" m%ydrhg iy tys m%;sM,hkag tfrys mQ¾jdrCIl l%u .ekSug we;s j.lSu36 ffjoH yd wd.ñl lKavdhïj,g" ffjoH tallhkag yd m%jdykhkag .re lsÍug yd Tjqka wdrCId lsÍug we;s j.lSu"37 udkqIjd§ iyk lKavdhï iy øjH wdrCId lsÍug iy tajdg .re lsÍug we;s j.lSu38" iy isú,a udOHfõ§ka wdrCId lsÍug we;s j.lSu39" ffjoH rdcldÍka wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu40 wkdrCIs; m%foaYhkag iy hqo uqla; l,dmhkag m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ms<sn| ;yku41 wdhqO ìu ;nd ;jÿrg;a hqo fkdjÈk i;=rkag iudj §u iy Tjqka wdrCId lsÍug we;s j.lSu42" l=i.skafka ;eîug tfrys ;yku43" isú,a ck;djf.a meje;au i|yd w;HjYH b,lalj,g m%ydr t,a, lsÍug

33 n,kak" Customary International Humanitarian Law, ^by; 4 igyk & 1 jk fj¿u" 1 jk iy 7 jk Í;sh 34 tysu 11 -13 Í;sh35 tysu 14 jk Í;sh36 tysu 15 -24 olajd Í;ska37 tysu 25 iy 27-30 olajd Í;ska38 tysu 31 -32 Í;ska39 tysu 34 jk Í;sh40 tysu 26 Í;sh41 tysu 36 -37 Í;ska42 tysu 46 -48 Í;ska43 tysu 53 Í;sh

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tfrys ;yku44" ,dxPkhka whq;= f,i Ndú;h iy úYajdih Nx. lsÍug tfrys ;yku45" isú,a jeishka iy ;jÿrg;a hqo Nghka fkdjk ;eke;a;ka úIhfhys we;s uQ,sl iqrCIdjkaj,g .re lsÍug we;s j.lSu46" w;=reoyka jQ mqoa.,hka ms<sn| j.lSu47" ldka;djka iy <uhska úIhfhys úfYaIs; wdrCIdjla iemhSug jk j.lSu48 ±laúh yelsh' wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï miq.sh oYl lSmh mqrdjg wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï ;=< § fun÷ .egqï mj;sk úg wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh wdrCId lsÍu iïnkaOfhka n, lrkq ,nk ie,lsh hq;= mßphla olakg ,efí' fulS mßphka ms<sn| foayh u.ska wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ wod< jk pdß;%dkql+, kS;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu msKsi ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula isÿlrkq ,en we;' m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh fukau fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh o fuu mßphg m%n, n,mEï we;s l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka wo jk úg tys m%;smdokhka fndfyduhla pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys fldgila jYfhka i,lkq ,nhs' fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfhys we;=<;a m%;smdokhkag iudk;d olajk pdß;%dkql+, Í;skag WodyrK f,i isú,a jeishkag m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ms<sn| ;yku49" ffjoH yd wd.ñl msßiaj,g" ffjoH tallhkag iy m%jdykhkag .re lsÍug yd tajd wdrCId lsÍug we;s j.lSu50" ffjoH rdcldß wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu51" l=i.skafka ;eîug tfrys ;yku52" isú,a ck;djf.a meje;au i|yd w;HdjYH jk b,lalj,g m%ydr t,a, lsÍug tfrys ;yku53" isú,a jeishka iy ;jÿrg;a hqo Nghka fkdjk ;eke;a;ka úIhfhys we;s uQ,sl iqrCIdjkaj,g .re lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu54" ;=jd,lrejka" frda.S jQjka iy uqyqÿn;a jQjka fiùug" Tjqkag .re lsÍug iy Tjqka wdrCId lsÍug we;s j.lSu55" ñh

44 tysu 54 Í;sh45 tysu 57 -65 olajd Í;ka46 tysu 87 -105 olajd Í;ska47 tysu 117 Í;sh48 tysu 134 -137 olajd Í;ska49 tysu 1 jk Í;sh50 tysu 25 iy 27 -30 olajd Í;ska51 tysu 26 jk Í;sh52 tysu 53 jk Í;sh53 tysu 54 jk Í;sh54 tysu 87 -105 olajd Í;ska55 tysu 109 -111 olajd Í;ska

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.sh mqoa.,hska fiùug iy tu uD;foay wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu56" ksoyi wysñ lsÍug ,la jQ mqoa.,hka wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu57" isú,a jeishka n,y;aldrfhka tyd fuyd f.khdu ms<sn| ;yku58" ldka;djka iy <uhska úIhfhys úfYaI wdrCIdjka iemhSu59 ±laúh yelsh' flfia jqjo wNHka;r ikakoAO .egqï úêu;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha w;sYhskau jeo.;a odhl;ajh fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfha m%;smdokhkaf.ka Tíng úys§ hhs' i;H jYfhkau" fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfhays we;s uQ,sl m%;sm;a;suh m%;smdokhkag jvd fulS mßph u.ska jvd;a iúia;rd;aul" pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r ta wkqj wNHka;r ikakoAO .egqï úêu;a lsÍfuys,d mej;s jeo.;a ysia;eka .Kkdjla iïmQ¾K lrk ,§' WodyrK jYfhka fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< wka;¾.; jkafka tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hdu iïnkaOfhka jk uQ,sl m%;sm;a;suh m%;smdokhka muKs' tys 13 jk j.ka;sfhka oelafjkafka —isú,a ck;dj fukau ;ks isú,a jeishka o" ' ' ' Tjqka iDcqj hqoaOfha fldgialrejka fkdjk ;=rdjg m%ydrfha wruqKq fkdúh hq;=h˜ hkqfjks' m<uqjk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh fuka fkdj" fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< fjka fldg y÷kd.ekSu iy iudkqmd;slNdjh ms<sn| uQ,O¾uhka iïnkaOfhka úfYaIs; Í;ska iy ks¾jpkhka wka;¾.; fkdfõ' flfia jqjo fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajdf.k hdu úêu;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk ysia;eka úYd, jYfhka rdcH mßph yryd iïmQ¾K lr we;s w;r tajd m<uqjk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfha Í;skag iu.dó fõ' tfy;a" tajd wod< jkafka wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ wod< jk pdß;%dkql+, kS;shla jYfhks' fuu.ska tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hk wdldrh ms<sn| uQ,sl isoaOdka;hka wdjrKh lrk w;r úfYaIfhka wdrCId lrk ,o mqoa.,hska iy b,lal fukau hqoaOfha úfYaI úêl%u iïnkaO Í;ska o wka;¾.; lr we;60'

56 tysu 112 -113 olajd Í;ska57 tysu 118 -119 iy 121 iy 125 Í;ska58 tysu 129 jk Í;sh59 tysu 134 -137 Í;ska60 n,kak" WodyrKh' tysu 7 -10 olajd Í;ska ^isú,a b,lal yd hqo b,lal w;r fjki&" 11-13 olajd Í;ska ^fjkia fldg fkdi,lk m%ydr&" 14 jk Í;sh ^m%ydrhl iudkqmd;slNdjh&" 15-21 olajd Í;ska ^m%ydrhl § mQ¾j wdrCIK úê wkq.ukh lsÍu&" 22-24 Í;ska ^m%ydrfha m%;sM,j,g

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ta wdldrfhkau fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=<" wjYH;d iys; isú,a ck;dj fjkqfjka udkqIjd§ iyk ie,iSu iïnkaOfhka b;d u idudkH m%;smdokhka muKla wka;¾.; fõ' 18^2& j.ka;sh olajk mßÈ —isú,a ck;dj úiska Tjqkaf.a meje;aug wjYH w;HjYH iemhSïj, ysÕ nj fya;= fldgf.k wkjYH ÿIalr;dj,ska mSvd ú¢kafka kï ' ' ' lsisÿ wys;lr fjkalr ±laùulska f;drj isÿ lrkq ,nk" w;sYhskau udkqIjd§ iy wmCImd;s iajNdjfha iyk l%shd isú,a jeishka fjkqfjka isÿl< hq;=h'˜ 18^2& j.ka;sh u.ska tn÷ wjYH lsÍï jHx. jYfhka olajk nj ;¾l lr isáh yels jqjo" m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh fuka fkdj fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< udkqIjd§ iyk imhk ;eke;a;ka iy b,lal fj; wdrCIdj iemhSu iy .re lsÍu iïnkaOfhka úfYaI m%;smdokhka wka;¾.; fkdjk w;r tu.ska wjYH;d iys; isú,a jeishka fjkqfjka udkqIjd§ iyk iemhSu msKsi blauka iy ks¾ndê; wjldYhla i|yd wjir ,nd§ug iy ta i|yd myiqlï iemhSug;a" wjir ,;a udkqIjd§ iyk iemhqï lKavdhïj,g ksoyfia .uka lsÍfï whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi;a .egqfï md¾Yjhka fj; ne£ula we;s lrkq fkd,nhs' flfia jqjo mq¿,a j me;sÍ hk ksfhdackd;aul iajNdjfha iy taldldß rdcH mßpfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka by; olajk ,o wjYH;d pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ;=<g we;=<;a ù we;s w;r tneúka tlS wjYH;d wka;¾cd;sl yd wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaOfhka wod< fõ' fï iïnkaOfhka ie,lSfï §" w;sf¾l ikaOdkhka fol ;=< u iyk l%shd ie,iSu iïnkaOfhka wod< md¾Yjhkaf.a leue;a; wjYH nj olajd ;snqK o" tla/ia lrk ,o fndfydauhla mßphka ;=< tlS wjYH;djh ms<sn| i|yka ù fkd;sìKs'61 flfia jqjo" wod< md¾Yjhkaf.a leue;a; rys;j udkqIjd§ ixúOdkhlg l%shd;aul úh fkdyels nj tkhskau m%;HCI fõ' flfia jqjo" tfia leue;a; ,nd §u w;a;fkdau;sl lreKq mokï lr .ksñka m%;slafIam l< fkdyelsh' isú,a ck;dj l=i.skafka ;eîu iïnkaO ;¾ckhl uqyqK md isák nj ;yjqre lr ;sfí kï iy wmCImd;Sj iy fjkia fldg ie,lSfï mokula rys;j iyk imhk udkqIjd§ ixúOdkhg wod< ;;a;ajhg

tfrys mQ¾j wdrCIK l%u&" 31- 32 Í;ska ûdkqIjd§ iyk msßia iy foam<&" 34 jk Í;sh îsú,a udOHfõ§ka&" 35- 37 Í;ska ^wdrCIs; l,dm&" 46-48 Í;ska ^ld¾;=j je<elaùu&" 55-56 Í;ska ûdkqIjd§ iykhkag m%fõYùu&" iy 57 - 65 olajd Í;ska ^/jàu&'61 n,kak" m<uqjk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh 70^1& jHjia:dj iy fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfha 18^2& jHjia:dj

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m%;sl¾u lsÍug yelshdjla we;akï wod< md¾Yjhka úiska leue;a; ,nd §ug ne£ isáhs62' w;a;fkdau;sl fya;+ka u; leue;a; ,nd§u m%;slafIam lsÍug md¾Yjhlg fkdyels jqjo iyk l%shdud¾. iïnkaOfhka wod< md¾Yjhg hï md,khla ;sìh yels nj;a" wod< udkqIjd§ iyk lKavdhï" foaY iSudjkag m%fõY ùu iïnkaO foaYSh kS;skag iy n,d;aulj mj;akd wdrCIl wjYH;djkag .re l< hq;= nj;a rdcH mßph u.ska y÷kd .kq ,en we;'

jeäÿr meyeÈ,s lsÍï wjYH lreKq fuu wOHhkh yryd —mßph˜ meyeÈ,s ke;s fCIa;%hka .Kkdjla y÷kd.kakd ,§' WodyrKhla jYfhka" —hqo Nghd˜ iy —isú,a jeishd˜ hk jpk wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqï ;=< § meyeÈ,sj ks¾jpkh lr ;snqK o63" wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§" tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hdfï wruqKq fjkqfjka wú.;a úreoaO md¾Yjfha idudðlhl=" —ikakoaO yuqodjl idudðlhl=˜ jYfhka i,lkjdo ke;skï" —isú,a jeishl=˜ jYfhka i,lkjdo hkak iïnkaO mßph meyeÈ,s ke;' úfYaIfhka" —wú.;a˜ m%;súreoaO lKavdhfï idudðlhka" iDcqj hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu fya;=fjka m%ydr ksid ;u wdrCIdj wysñ lr.;a isú,a jeishka o" ke;fyd;a" tjeks m%ydrhlg j.lsj hq;= mqoa.,hka o hkak meyeÈ,s ke;' fuu wmyeÈ,s nj iïuq;suh kS;sh ;=<ska o ms<sìUq fõ' WodyrK jYfhka fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfha fndfyda m%;smdokj, —isú,a jeishka˜" —isú,a ck;dj˜ hk jpk Ndú; l< o ta ms<sn| ks¾jpkhka wod< fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ;=< wka;¾.; fkdfõ64' tfukau wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< miqld,Sk iïuq;Ska ;=< o" isú,a jeishka iy isú,a ck;dj hk jpk ks¾jpkh lsÍula rys;j Ndú; lrkq ,nhs65' wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï úêu;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka n,mdk tla wod< wúksYaÑ; fCIa;%hla jkafka —

62 n,kak" hqfjia iekafvdaia" l%siafgdama iaúk¾ials" nDDfkda Isu¾uka îxialrKh&" Commentary on the Additional Protocols, wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh" Ôksjd" 1987' $ 4885 n,kak $280563 n,kak" Customary International Humanitarian Law, îgyk 4&" 1 fj¿u 3 jk Í;sh ^hqo Nghka& 4 jk Í;sh ^Ng msßia& iy 5 Í;sh îsú,a jeishka iy isú,a m%cdj&64 »» jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh" 13-15 jHjia:d iy 17 -1865 n,kak" WodyrK( ksYaÑ; iïm%odhsl wú ms<sn| iïuq;sfha ixfYdaê; fojk ikaOdkfha 3^7& - fojk jHjia:d" tu iïuq;sfha ;=kajk ikaOdkfha 2 jHjia:dj" mqoa., kdYl ìï fndaïn ;ykï lsÍu ms<sn| Tgdjd iïuq;sfha mQ¾úldj" wka;¾cd;sl wmrdO wêlrKfha jHjia:dj" 8 ^2& ^b& ^¸&" ÎII& iy (VIII) jHjia:d

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iDcqj tÈßjdÈlïj,g iïnkaOùu˜ hk jdlHdxYh iïnkaOfhka ksYaÑ; ks¾jpkhla fkdue;s ùuhs' isú,a jeishka úiska i;=re yuqodjkays fin¿kag fyda Tjqka i;= foam<j,g tfrysj wú Ndú; lsÍu fyda fiiq m%pKavldÍ l%shdjka isÿ lsÍfï § m%ydrhkag tfrys wdrCIdj ke;s lr.kakd nj meyeÈ,s iy wújdÈ;h' kuq;a" fuys§ ie,lsh hq;= rdcH mßphla mj;sk w;r tu.ska —iDcq iyNd.S;ajh˜ hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ u. fmkaùula ,nd fkdfoa' WodyrK jYfhka tu ;lafiarej isÿ l< hq;= jkafka tla tla isoaêh mokï lr .ksñka fyda isú,a jeishka iDcqj hqoaOhg iyNd.sùu u.ska m%ydrhkag tfrys wdrCIdj wysñ lr .kafkah hk fmdÿ Í;sh ir, f,i mqkreÉpdrKh lsÍfuks' fï iïnkaOj mj;sk .eg¨j jkafka ielhla mj;akd wjia:djl § mqoa.,hl= fjka fldg y÷kd .kafka flfiao hkakhs' wúksYaÑ;;d fya;=fjka" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh úiska —iDcq iyNd.S;ajh˜ hkak meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd 2003 j¾Ifhka wdrïN lrk ,o úfYaI{ /iaùï ud,djla Wmfhda.s lr .kakd ,§ 66' ;jÿrg;a m%Yak.; lsÍï i|yd újD;j mj;akd .eg¨jla jkafka" m%ydrhl § iudkqmd;slNdjh ms<sn| isoaOdka;h wod< lr .kakd wdldrh yd tys mrdih fldmuK o hkakhs' fuu wOHhkh yryd" fulS isoaOdka;h iïnkaOfhka mq¿,a iydhla mj;akd nj fy<sorõ l< o" ta ;=<ska o wdkqYx.slj isú,a jeishkag isÿjk ydksj,g tfrysj hqouh jdis ;=,kh lrkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn| j iïuq;suh kS;sfhys i|yka jkjdg jvd meyeÈ,s lsÍula imhkq fkd,nhs' tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| f;dard .;a lreKq m<uq jk iy fojk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh u.ska" isú,a ck;djg b;d nrm;< ydks isÿúh yels wdldrfha ydkslr n,hka uqody, yels wkaofï m%;sM, iys; m%ydrhla jkafka kï tlS m%ydrfha wruqK hqo wruqKla jqjo" ydkslr n,hka wka;¾.; ia:dk iy n,d.dr iys; wruqKqj,g m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ;ykï lrñka kj Í;ska y÷kajd § we;67' fuu úfYaIs; Í;Ska" pdß;%dkql+, kS;sfha fldgila njg m;aù ;sfío hkak wmyeÈ,s jqjo" tajd yuqoduh wruqKq njg m;aj we;s úgÈ ydksodhl n,hka wka;¾.; ia:dk yd n,d.drj,g m%ydr t,a, lsÍfï

66 n,kak" WodyrK ( wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh hgf;a hqoaOhkag iDcqj iyNd.sùu" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei lñgqj úiska ilia lrk ,o jd¾;dj" Ôksjd" 2003 iema;eïn¾ www.icrc.org ys we;'67 m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh" 56^1& jHjia:dj ^2 jk fþofha i|yka jH;sf¾lj,g hg;ajh& iy »» jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkfha 15 jk jHjia:dj ^lsisÿ jH;sf¾lhla fkdue;sj&

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m%;sM,hla f,i wdkqYx.slj we;súh yels nrm;< ydks iïnkaO by< wjodku ms<sn| j rdcHhka ;u wjOdkh fhduq lrk nj mßph u.ska olakg we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" ´kEu ikakoAO .egqul § ydkslr n,hka uqod yeÍu je<elaùug iy tu.ska wk;=rej isú,a ck;dj w;r nrm;< ydks Woa.; ùu je<elaùu msKsi úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= nj Tjqka y÷kd .kakd w;r" fuu wjYH;djh ´kEu ikakoAO .egqulg wod< jk pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fldgila jYfhka y÷kd.kq ,efí' m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh u.ska y÷kajd ÿka ;j;a kj Í;shla jkafka" iajdNdúl mßirhg mq¿,a" È.= ld,Sk iy nrm;< ydks isÿlsÍu msKsi fÉ;dkaú;j fyda tfia isÿúh yels njg wfmaCId l< yels wdldrfha hqouh úêl%u Ndú;h ;ykï lsÍuhs' m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ms<s.;a od mgka fuu Í;shg rdcH mßph yryd mq¿,a iyfhda.hla ,enqKq w;r" th pdß;%dkql+, kS;sh ;=<g wka;¾.%yKh ù we;' tfia jqjo" we;eï rdcHhka úiska È.ska È.gu m%ldY lr isákafka fuu Í;sh kHIaál wú iïnkaOfhka wod< fkdjk nj;a" tneúka kHIaál wú iïnkaOj Tjqka fulS Í;sfhka fkdnef|k nj;ah68' fulS úfYaIs; Í;sfhka Tíng hñka iajdNdúl mßirh isú,a b,lalhla jYfhka i,lk nj wOHhkh y÷kd.kq ,nk w;r" tneúka iajdNdúl mßirh fiiq isú,a b,lal iïnkaOfhka fhÈh hq;= njg wfmaCId lrk isoaOdka; iy Í;s tkï úfYaIfhka fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu ms<sn| isoaOdka;h" iudkqmd;slNdjh ms<sn| isoaOdka;h iy m%ydrhl § mQ¾j wdrCIK úê wkq.ukh lsÍu wdrCId lr we;' fï wkqj" hqouh wruqKla fkdjk ;=rdjg iajdNdúl mßirfha lsisÿ fldgila m%ydrhlg b,lalhla fkdúh hq;= w;r" mßirhg wdkqYx.sl jYfhka ydks l< yels njg wfmaCId l< yels" hqouh wruqKlg t,a, lrk m%ydrhla u.ska ,efnk iDcq yd m%n, hqouh jdiskag idfmaCIj mßirhg jk ydksh jeä kï" tjeks m%ydrhka ;ykï lr we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka kHIaál wdhqO ms<sn| kvqfõ § ;u WmfoaYd;aul u;h m%ldY lrñka wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh m%ldY lr isáfha" —rdcHhka úiska" kS;Hdkql+, hqo b,lal imqrd .ekSu msKsi wjYH jkafka iy iudkqmd;sl jkafka l=uk foaj,a o hkak ;lafiare lsÍfï § mdßißl idOlh o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h˜ hkakhs69' Bg wu;rj tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajdf.k hdfï § mßirhg isÿúh yels wdkqYx.sl ydks j<lajd

68 n,kak" Customary International Humanitarian Law,^by; igyk 4& 1 fj¿u" 45 jk Í;sh69 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Legality of the threat or use of Nuclear Weapons, ^by; igyk 8&" $ 30

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.ekSug iy tajd ´kEu wjia:djl§ wju lsÍug .; yels ish¨u wdldrfha mQ¾j wdrCIK l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu .egqug iïnkaO ish¨ md¾Yjhka fj;ska wfmaCId flf¾' hïlsis ikakoAO fufyhqula yryd mßirhg isÿjk ydks ms<sn| j úoHd;aul ksYaÑ;;djhla fkdmej;Su u; wod< .egqug iïnkaOj md¾Yjlrejkaj by;ska i|yka l< mQ¾j wdrCIK úê wkq.ukh lsÍfuka uqla; lrkq fkd,nhs70' w;sf¾l ikaOdkhka u.ska wduka;%Kh fkdlrk ,o .eg¨ lSmhla mj;S' WodyrK jYfhka fuu w;sf¾l ikaOdkhka ;=< idu idOl fufyhqïj,g iïnkaO mqoa.,hka yd foam< wdrCId lsÍu iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ úfYaI m%;smdokhka wka;¾.; fkdfõ' flfia jqjo" mßphka ;=< tjeks mqoa.,hkag yd foam<j,g" isú,a jeishkag yd Tjqkaf.a foam<j,g ,nd fok wdldrfha wdrCIdjla ,nd fokq ,nhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh m%ldrj idu idOl fufyhqïj, fhfok mqoa.,hka iy foam<" m%ydrhkag tfrysj wdrCId lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk Í;sh u.ska Tjqka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh hgf;a isú,a jeishka iy foam<j,g ,nd fok wdrCIdj ,nd .ekSug whs;sh ,nk m%udKhg rdcH mßph ;=<ska ixj¾Okh lrk ,o w;r" th wka;¾cd;sl wmrdO wêlrK jHjia:dj ;=< wka;¾.; ù we;' th wo jk úg ´kEu j¾.hl ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk wdldrfha pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fldgila njg m;aù we;71' tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hk wdldrhg wod< .eg¨ .Kkdjla fya.a fr.=,dis u.ska úêu;a lr we;72' tajdfha Í;ska wo jk úg wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaO pdß;%dkql+, kS;s jYfhka ms<s.kq ,nhs' flfia jqjo" fuys we;eï Í;ska wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï iïnkaOfhka o pdß;%dkql+, kS;s f,i fhfok nj wo jk úg ms<sf.k ;sfí' WodyrK jYfhka" È.= l,la ;siafia mj;akd pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha Í;ska u.ska" ^1& w;HjYH hqouh wjYH;djh u.ska wjYH lrkafka kï ñi" m%;sjdÈfhl=f.a foam<la úkdY lsÍu fyda w;am;a lr .ekSu ^2& fld,a,lEï ;ykï lrkq ,en ;sfí' fuh wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g o iudkj wod< fõ' fld,a,lEu hkq i;=rdf.a hg;a jeishkaf.a fm!oa.,sl foam<" fm!oa.,sl

70 n,kak" Customary International Humanitarian Law, ^by; igyk 4&" 1 fj¿u 44 jk Í;sh 71 tysu" 33 Í;sh72 n,kak" WodyrK ( ksõrkan¾.ays wka;¾cd;sl hqo wêlrKh" Case of the major war criminals kvq ;SrKh" 1946 Tlaf;daïn¾ 1 Èk" ks, f,aLkh" 1 fj¿u" ms' 253-254

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fyda mqoa., Ndú;h i|yd n,y;aldrfhka ,nd .ekSuhs73' fulS ;ykï lsÍï oaú;ajh i;=re md¾Yjhla i;= hqouh wdïmkak nf,ka w;am;a lr .ekSu ^hqo ¨xÑ;hka& ms<sn| pdß;%dkql+, mßphg n,mEï lrkq fkd,nhs' pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a" ´kEu ikaksfõok udOHhla yryd wd{dm;Skag tÈßjd§ fkdjk in|;dj,g t<öug yels w;r tlS in|;d ioaNdjh mokï lrf.k isÿúh hq;=h' mßph olajk mßÈ fulS ikaksfõokhka mKsjqvldr idu ksfhdað;hka

(Parlementaires) f,i y÷kajk ueoy;alrejka yryd isÿl< yels w;r" ÿrl:k" .=jkaúÿ,sh jeks fjk;a udOH yryd o isÿl< yelsh' mKsjqvldr idu ksfhdað;hl= hkq" .egqfuys md¾Yjhlg wh;a mqoa.,fhl= jk w;r fudyqg wfkla md¾Yj iu. ikaksfõokhkag t<öu i|yd wjia:d ,nd § we;s w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka Tyqf.a ;;a;ajh wkq,x>kSh fõ' fujeks mqoa.,fhl= idu ksfhdað;hl= jYfhka y÷kd.ekSu msKsi mej;s idïm%odhsl l%uh jkafka Tyq iqÿ fldähla ord isàu jk w;r tu l%uh wog;a j,x.= fõ' óg wu;rj md¾Yjhkag f;jk md¾Yjhla fj;ska ikaksfõokh msKsi myiqlï imhk f,i b,a,d isáh yels w;r th ms<s.;a mßphla fõ' WodyrK jYfhka wdrCIdj imhk n, wêldßhla fyda thg wdfoaYlfhla jYfhka l%shdlrkq ,nk wmCImd;s fyda uOHia: udkqIjd§ ixúOdkhla" úfYaIfhka wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh jeks wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhla fyda idu idOl n,ldhla fmkajd Èh yelsh' tla/ia lrk ,o mßphka fmkajd fokq ,nkafka wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ úúO wdh;khka iy ixúOdkhka idlÉPdj, ueÈy;alrejka jYfhka lghq;= lr we;s nj;a th fmdÿfõ ms<sf.k we;s nj;a h' mKsjqvldr idu ksfhdað;hkaf.a ;;a;ajh md,kh lrkq ,nk Í;ska fya.a fr.=,dis olajd Èjhk w;r" fndfyda ld,hl isg wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj, § th pdß;%dkql+, f,i ms<s.kq ,en ;sfí' miq.sh jir 50l muK ld,hl isg mej;s mßph wkqj tu Í;ska wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ o pdß;%dkql+, njg m;aù ;sfí74'

73 n,kak" wka;¾cd;sl wmrdO wêlrKfha wmrdOhkays uQ,sldx." hqo wmrdOhla jYfhka fld,a,lEu' wka;¾cd;sl hqo wmrdO wêlrK jHjia:dfõ 8^2& ^wd& º ¹¸ iy ^b& ^¹& jHjia:d

74 n,kak" Customary International Humanitarian Law,^by; igyk 4& 1 fj¿u" 67-69 Í;ska

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ixialD;suh foam< wdrCId lrk kS;sfha iqrCIdjka oaú;ajhla" mßph u.ska fy<slrkq ,nhs' ñka m<uqjekak fya.a fr.=,dis olajd w;S;hg úysfok w;r" tu.ska hqo wruqKq fkdjk ;=rdjg" l,d;aul" úoHd;aul" wOHdmksl fyda mqKHuh mrud¾:j,g fjka ù we;s f.dvke.s,s" ft;sydisl iaudrl hkdÈhg jk ydksh je<elaùu msKsi úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= nj olajhs' ;jÿrg;a tjeks f.dvke.s,s iy iaudrlhka nf,ka w;am;a lr .ekSu" úkdY lsÍu fyda fÉ;kdkaú;j ydks lsÍu ;ykï lr we;' fuu Í;ska È.= ld,hla mqrdjg wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj,§ pdß;%dkql+, jYfhka i,lkq ,enQ w;r wo jk úg wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj, § o pdß;%dkql+, f,i i,lkq ,efí' fojk iqrCIdj mokï jkafka ixialD;suh foam< iqrCIs; lsÍu ms<sn| 1954 fya.a iïuq;sfha úfYaI m%;smdokhka u;h' tu.ska —iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.au ixialD;sluh Wreuhka jk iqúfYaIs jeo.;alula we;s foam<˜ wdrCId lrkq ,nk w;r tjeks foam< y÷kd .ekSu i|yd úfYaIs; ,dxPkhla y÷kajd § we;' wo jk úg pdß;%dkql+, kS;sh wkqj" hqouh wjYH;djhla fjkqfjka w;HjYH jkafka kï ñi tjeks foam<j,g m%ydr t,a, lsÍu fyda tajd úkdY jk wdldrfha fyda ydks jk wdldrfha wruqKqj,g Ndú; fkdl< hq;= nj olajd we;' ;jÿrg;a tjeks foam< fidrlï lsÍu" fld,a,lEu fyda whq;= mßyrKh lsÍu iy tjeks foam< oafõY iy.; f,i úkdY lsÍfï l%shd isÿ lsÍu ;ykï lr we;' fuu ;ykï lsÍï fya.a iïuq;sfha m%;smdokhkag iu.dó jk w;r" tu ;;a;ajh tu iïuq;sh u.ska jeo.;a ixialD;suh foam< iq/lSu ms<sn| rdcH mßph fj; isÿ lrk ,o n,mEu ms<sn| idCIs imhkq ,nhs'

wú wdhqO ´kEu ikakoAO .egqula ;=< §" iSudj blaujd hñka ±ä úkdYldÍ ;=jd, isÿlrk fyda wkjYH mSvdjka we;s lrk iy bjla njla fkdue;s ydks isÿ lrk iajNdjfha wú wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï lsÍfï fmdÿ isoaOdka;hka pdß;%dkql+, fõ' óg wu;rj iy fuu isoaOdka;hka u; nyq,j mokï fjñka pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a úfYaIs; wú wdhqO .Kkdjla Ndú; lsÍu fyda Ndú; lsÍfï we;eï úê rdcH mßph yryd ;ykï lr we;' tkï úI iys; fyda úI ñY% lrk ,o wú wdhqO" Ôj úoHd;aul wdhqO" ridhksl wú" hqo úê l%uhla f,i le/,s u¾ok

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ldrl" hqo Wml%uhla f,i m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h75" ukqIH YÍrh ;=<g myiqfjka úys§ hk fyda iu;,d lrkq ,nk WKav Ndú;h" ñksia YÍrh ;=< § mqmqrd hk mqoa., kdYl WKav Ndú;h" tlaia lsrK u.ska fyda y÷kd.; fkdyels jk mßÈ ukqIH YÍrh ;=< ;=jd, we;s lrk wdhqO Ndú;h" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh hgf;a úfYaIs; wdrCIdjg ysñlï lshk mqoa.,hka fyda foam<j,g iú l< ur W.=,a fyda isú,a jeishka wdl¾Ykh lr.; yels wdldrfha foam<j,g wgjk ur W.=,a" iy ;u tlu hqo wruqK f,i fyda tla hqo wruqKla f,i mqoa.,hska wkaONdjhg meñKsùu wruqKq lrf.k ks¾udKh l< f,ai¾ wú Ndú;h ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yelsh' flfia jqjo" pdß;%dkql+, kS;sh u.ska ;ykï fkdlrk ,o we;eï wdhqO iSud lsÍïj,g hg;a ù ;sfí' WodyrK jYfhka ìï fndaïn iy .sks wjq,jk iq¿ wdhqO fmkajd Èh yelsh' ìï fndaïnj, we;s fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSug fkdyels iajNdjfha n,mEu wju lsÍu msKsi úfYaI ie,ls,a,la ±laúh hq;=h' WodyrK jYfhka .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yjlrejka úiska ;uka úiska wgjkq ,nk ìï fndaïn ia:dk.; lsÍï ms<sn| jd¾;djla yels;dla ÿrg ;nd .ekSu ms<sn| isoaOdka;h fï ;=< wka;¾.; fõ' ;jo" il%sh tÈßjdÈlï wjidk ùfuka miqj" ìï fndaïn Ndú; lrk ,o hqoaOfha md¾Yjhka úiska tlS ìï fndaïn bj;a lsÍu fyda tu.ska isú,a jeishkag ydks fkdjk ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu fyda tajd bj;a lsÍug myiqlï ie,ish hq;=h' rdcHhka 140la blaujñka im: l< Tgdjd iïuq;sh hgf;a nyq;rhla rdcHhka mqoa., kdYl ìï fndaïn Ndú; lsÍu" ksIamdokh lsÍu" f;d. /ialr ;nd .ekSu iy m%jdykh lsÍu ;jÿrg;a isÿ fkdlsÍug iïuq;suh jYfhka ne£ug ,la ú we;' wo jk úg fuu ;ykï lsÍu pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fldgila fkdjkafka ta iïnkaOfhka we;s m%;súreoaO mßph fya;=fjks' iïuq;shg md¾Yjhla fkdjk rdcHhka ish,a,u mdfya m%;súreoaO mßphla olajk w;r jydu

75 fuu Í;sh ;=< pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha we;s fjk;a Í;ska .Kkdjlg in|;djhla we;=<;a ù we;' kï jYfhka .;a l< Ôj úoHd;aul iy ridhksl wú Ndú;h ;ykï lsÍu¦ yuqoduh b,lalhla fkdjk mqoa., jdiia:dkhkag tfrysj m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ;ykï¦ m%ydrfhka ,efnk m%n, iy iDcq m%;s,dNhkag idfmaCIj tu.ska isÿ fj;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;=re ydks jYfhka isú,a Ôú; wysñ ùu" isú,a jeishkag ;=jd, isÿùu" isú,a foam<j,g ydks isÿùu fyda ta ish,af,ys tl;=fjys ydksh m%n, kï tu m%ydr ;ykï fõ¦ iy iajdNdúl mßirhg mq¿,a È.= ld,Sk iy nrm;< ydks isÿ lsÍu ;ykï fõ' n,kak tysu" 76 jk Í;sh

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l%shd;aul jk mßÈ fuu ;yku ms<s.ekSug leue;a;la fkdolajk rdcHhka iy Tgdjd iïuq;shg md¾Yjhla fkdjk rdcHhka úiska mqoa., kdYl ìï fndaïn Ndú;h l%ñlj ;=rka lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍfï wjYH;djh y÷kdf.k ;sfí'

;eke;af;l= wú ìu ;enq wfhl= (hors de combat) njg m;a lsÍu i|yd ydksodhl nfjka wvq wdhqOhla Ndú; lsÍu myiq fkdjk wjia:djl§ yer mqoa., kdYl .sks wjq,jk iq¿ wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' fuhg wu;rj" tu wdhqO Ndú; lrkafka kï" isú,a jeishkaf.a Ôú;j,g isÿjk wdkqYx.sl ydks" isú,a jeishkag isÿjk ;=jd, iy isú,a b,lalj,g isÿjk ydks je<elaùug fyda hï úfgl§ wju lsÍug úfYaIs; wjOdkhla ±laúh hq;=h' wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj,g muKla by; § wod< jQ iïuq;suh m%;smdokhkag fuu Í;Ska fndfyduhla iudk;ajhla olajhs' fuu rgdj l%ñlj wdmiq yerú ;sfnk w;r" ksoiqkla f,i wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï flfrys o wod< jk 1996 we;eï idïm%odhsl

wdhqO ms<sn| iïuq;sfha fojk ikaOdkhg uE;l § I – IV olajd w;sf¾l ikaOdkj, mrdih wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqï flfrys fh§u olajd mq¿,a lrñka 2001§ we;eï idïm%odhsl wdhqO ms<sn| iïuq;shg we;s l< ixfYdaOkh fmkajd Èh yelsh' by; i|yka l< pdß;%dkql+, ;ykï lsÍï iy iSud lsÍï ´kEu j¾.hl ikakoAO .egqulg wod< fõ' wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkhg pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkfhys j.lSu Ndr .ekSfï ld¾hh ,efnk wjia:dj jk úg wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh úiska" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska b,a,d isák ,o WmfoaYd;aul u;hla bÈßm;a lsÍu msKsi kHIaál wdhqO Ndú;h iy bka Woa.; jk ;¾ckfha ffk;slNdjh ms<sn|j i,ld n,ñka isák ,§' tneúka ta ms<sn| ;u u;h m%ldY lr isàfuka je<lSug wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh ;SrKh lrk ,§' ;u WmfoaYd;aul u;h m%ldY lrñka wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh talu;slj m%ldY lr isáfha —kHIaál wú Ndú;h fyda ;¾ckh lsÍu ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha" úfYaIfhka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha" Í;ska iy uQ,O¾u iu. wkql+, úh hq;= njhs76'˜

76 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,^n,kak igyk 8& ms' 226

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fuu f;dr;=re b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' tkï m<uq jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh ms<sn| idlÉPdj,g fndfyduhla rdcH t,eôfha tu ikaOdkh kHIaál wúj,g wod< fkdjk njg jk wjfndaOh iys;jh' flfia jqjo" wêlrKfha u;h wkqj tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hdu iïnkaOfhka jk Í;s iy wú Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka jk fmdÿ isoaOdka;hka kHIaál wú Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka o wod< úh hq;= nj woyia fjhs' fuu uQ,O¾uhka iy Í;ska wod< lr.ksñka wêlrKh m%ldY lr isáfha" —kHIaál wú Ndú;h fyda ;¾ckh lsÍu wú .egqï iïnkaOfhka jk wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha Í;skag mgyeks jk nj;a" úfYaIfhka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha Í;skag mgyeks jk nj;ah'77˜

uQ,sl iqrCIdjka (Fundamental Guarantees) uQ,sl iqrCIdjka" .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yjhl n,h ;=< isák ishü isú,a jeishkag;a" .egqïj,g iDcqj iïnkaO fkdjQ fyda ;jÿrg;a

iïnkaOùu w;yer ;sfnk ishü ;eke;a;kag;aa (hors de combat) wod< fõ' ukaoh;a" uQ,sl iqrCIdjka ishü mqoa.,hkag wod< jk mq¿,a Í;ska jk neúka tajd wOHhkh ;=< § kej; wkq fldgiaj,g fnod olajñka tla tla j¾.j, mqoa.,hkag wod< jk úfYaIs; Í;ska jYfhka wOHhkh lrkq fkd,efí' fuu uQ,sl iqrCIdjka ish,a,g" wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha Yla;su;a n,meula we;' fuu wOHhkh ;=< §" uQ,sl iqrCIdjka j,g iïnkaO fndfyduhla Í;ska idïm%odhsl udkqIjd§ kS;shg úfYaI jQ NdIdjlska fm< .iajk ,§' ta ukaoh;a" tu.ska Bg iu.dó pdß;%dkql+, Í;sh jvd;a fyd¢ka ms<sìUq jk neúks78'

77 tysu" n,kak" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uy uKav,h" 51 jk ieisjdrh" m<uq lñgqj" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei lñgqfõ m%ldYh" UN DOC A/C.1/51/PV.8, 1996 Tlaf;dan¾ 18" 10 jk msgqj' m%;sksIamdokh wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei Ydia;%sh iÕrdj, No. 316,1997,118-119 msgq ^wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha Í;ska iu. kHIaál wú Ndú;h iumd; jkafka flfiao hkak úoyd ±laùu wmyiq fõ'&78 fuu Í;ska ;=< uQ,sl iy;sl lsÍï we;=<;a fõ' isú,a jeishka iy hors de combat kï Nghkag m%;súreoaO fjkia lsÍula rys;j udkqIsh jYfhka ie,lSu ¦ ñks ueÍu ;ykï lsÍu¦ jo ysxidjg ,la lsÍu ;ykï lsÍu¦ udkj .re;ajhg tfrys lDDr yd wudkqIsh iy wys;lr f,i ie,lSu ;ykï¦ úfYaIfhka wmydid;aul yd my;a f,i ie,lSu ;ykï lsÍu¦ YdÍßl jo ysxidj ;ykï lsÍu¦ ffjoH fyda úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj,g fhdod .ekSu ;ykï" ia;%S ¥IKh fyda fjk;a wdldrj, ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajh ;ykï" jy,a Ndjh iy ishü wdldrfha jy,a fj<|du ;ykï" m%dK wemlrejka njg m;a lsÍu ;ykï" ñksia m,syla jYfhka Ndú;h ;ykï" idOdrK kvq

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flfia jqjo" iuyr Í;ska úfYaIs; úIhhkag iïnkaO iúia;rd;aul m%;smdok rdYshl yrh .%yKh lr .ekSu msKsi flgqïm;a lrk ,§' tkï" úfYaIfhkau jkaÈ fkdf.jk fyda whq;= f,i ,nd .kakd n,y;aldr fiajfha fhoùï" n,y;aldrfhka w;=reoyka lrùu" iy w;a;fkdau;slj r|jd ;nd .ekSu ;ykï lsÍug wod< Í;ska iy mjq,a Ôú;hg .re lsÍu ms<sn| Í;sh79 hkdÈhhs' wjYH wjia:dj,§ wOHhkh ;=<g úfYaIfhkau uQ,sl iqrCIdjka iïnkaOfhka jk mßÉfþohg" wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï kS;sh hgf;a jk mßph we;=<;a lr ;sfí' fuh isÿlrkq ,enqfõ wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï kS;sh ms<sn| iïuq;Skays m%ldYs;j i|yka jk wdldrhg wka;¾cd;sl udkj ysñlï kS;sh ikakoAO .egqï iuhkago ;jÿrg;a wLKavj wod< jk neúks' tfy;a fmdÿ yÈis wjia:d ;;a;ajhkaj,§ we;eï m%;smdokhka hï hï fldkafoaisj,g hg;aj iSud lsÍïj,g k;= fõ' ikakoAO .egqï w;r;=r udkj ysñlï kS;sfha wod<;ajfha wLKav;djh wjia:djka .Kkdjl§ rdcH mßph úiska o udkj ysñlï wdrCId lrk foayhka úiska o" wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh úiska o ;yjqre lr we;80' b;du;a uE;ld,Skj w;am;a lr.;a m,ia;Sk foaY N+ñh yryd ;dmamhla ne£u ms<sn| j jk WmfoaYd;aul u;hla bÈßm;a lsÍu iïnkaO kvqfõ § wêlrKh m%ldY lr isáfha" —ikakoAO .egqï ;;a;ajhl§ udkj ysñlï iïuq;sh u.ska ,nd fok wdrCIdj wjidkhg m;a fkdjk nj˜ iy we;eï whs;sjdislï w;Hka;fhkau wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg wod< fyda udkj ysñlï kS;shg wod< .eg¨ úh yels w;r wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha by; lS wxY folgu wod< fmdÿ whs;Ska ms<sn| .eg¨ úh yels njhs'81 flfia jqjo" fuu wOHhkh u.ska pdß;%dkql+, udkj ysñlï kS;sh ms<sn| we.hqula bÈßm;a lrkq fkd,nhs' ta fjkqjg wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s uQ,O¾uhkag iydh ±laùu" Yla;su;a lsÍu iy meyeÈ,s lsÍu msKsi udkj ysñlï kS;sh hgf;a jk mßphka o wka;¾.; lr we;'

úNd.h ;yjqre lsÍu" iduqysl o~qjï ;ykï lsÍu iy u;hkag iy wd.ñl pdß;%hkag .re lsÍu" n,kak" Customary International Humanitarian Law,^by; igyk 4& 1 fj¿u" 87-94" 96-97 iy 100 -104 79 tysu" 95-99 iy 105 Í;ska80 tysu" 32 mßÉfþofhys ye¢kaùu" uQ,sl iy;sl lsÍu81 wka;¾cd;sl hqla;s wêlrKh" Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied palestinian Territory, WmfoaYd;aul u;h" 2004' cQ,s 9 $ 106

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l%shdjg kexùu wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh l%shdjg kexùu ms<sn| Í;ska .Kkdjla pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfha fldgila njg m;a ù we;' úfYaIfhka" .egqfuys iEu md¾Yjhlau ;u ikakoaO yuqodjka iy tys Wmfoia u; l%shdlrk fjk;a mqoa.,hka" lKavdhï fyda tys u. fmkaùï hgf;a iy md,kh hgf;a jk mqoa.,hka úiska wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg .re lrk nj iy;sl l< hq;=h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" .egqfuys iEu md¾Yjhlau ikakoaO m%;sjd§ lKavdhï o we;=<;aj" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh iïnkaO Wmfoia ;u yuqodjkag ,nd Èh hq;=h' fulS fmdÿ j.lSïj,g wu;rj rdcHhka ne£ug hg;a jk fiiq úfYaIs; l%shdjg kexùfï hdka;%Khka u.ska fl;rï ÿrg m%;sjd§ ikakoaO lKavdhï ne£ug ,lajkjd o hkak t;rï meyeÈ,s ke;' WodyrKhla jYfhka wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg .re lsÍu ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi ;u yuqodjka fj; ksfhda. ksl=;a lsÍug iy Wmfoia ,nd §ug we;s j.lSu" meyeÈ,sju wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a rdcHhka fj; mjrd ;snqK o m%;sjd§ ikakoaO lKavdhï fj; tfia j.lSula mjrd fkdue;' tfukau" wjYH wjia:djkaj,§ wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh wod< lr .ekSfï iqÿiq m%udKh ms<sn| j yuqod wd{dm;sjrekag wjYH wjia:djkaj, § Wmfoia §u msKsi rdcHhka fj; j.lSula mjrd ;snqK o" m%;sjd§ ikakoaO lKavdhï fj; tjeks j.lSula mjrd fkdue;' ;jÿrg;a rdcH fj; wdfrdamKh l< yels wdldrfha wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;ska W,a,x>kh lsÍï iïnkaOfhka rdcHhka j.lSug hg;a jk w;r tlS W,a,x>kh lsÍï fya;=fjka we;s jk ydkSka fyda ;=jd, i|yd iïmQ¾K ydks mQrKhla isÿ lsÍu wjYH fõ' flfia kuq;a m%;súreoaO ikakoaO lKavdhï úiska ;u idudðlhska úiska isÿ lrkq ,enq tjeks W,a,x>kh lsÍï iïnkaOfhka ta yd iudk j.lSula orkjd o hkak t;rï meyeÈ,s fkdue;s w;r" tjeks j.lSul wdkqYx. ljrlao hkak o meyeÈ,s ke;' by; i|yka l< wdldrhg m%;súreoaO ikakoaO lKavdhï wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg .re l< hq;= w;r Tjqka —j.lsj hq;= wK§ï˜ hgf;a l%shdl< hq;=h82' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tn÷ lKavdhï ieÿï ,nk tys idudðlfhl=f.a l%shdjka i|yd wod< m%;súreoaO ikakoaO lKavdhï j.lSug ,lajk njg ;¾l l< yelsh' flfia jqjo" tjeks j.lSul w;=re m%;sM, jkafka ljf¾o hkak meyeÈ,s

82 fojk jk w;sf¾l ikaOdkh" 1 ^1& jHjia:dj

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ke;' úfYaIfhka" fndfyda rgj, jerÈlreg tfrysj úkaÈ;hdg jkaÈ ,nd .ekSu fjkqfjka isú,a kvqlrhla f.k wd yels jqjo" wod< m%;súreoaO ikakoaO lKavdhï ljr m%udKhlg ydks mQrKh lsÍu i|yd j.lSulg hg;ajkjd o hkak meyeÈ,s ke;' ;ks mqoa., j.lSu ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sfï§" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh hqo wmrdO isÿ lsÍu iïnkaOfhka" tu wmrdOh isÿl< mqoa.,hd" ta i|yd wK ÿka mqoa.,hd fyda wK fokafkl= f,i fyda by< ks,Odßfhl= f,i fjk;a f,ilska j.lSug hg;a jkakd jQ mqoa.,hdg wdÈ ishü ;eke;a;kag wmrdO j.lSu mjrkq ,nhs' hqo wmrdO ms<sn| kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu tkï" hqo wmrdO ms<sn|j úu¾Ykh lr iellrejkag kvq mejÍu iïnkaO kS;s moaO;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu rdcH fj; mjrd we;' rdcHhka u.ska ta i|yd wka;¾cd;sl fyda ñY% úksYaphl m¾Io msysgqjd fuu j.lSu bgql< yelsh'

ks.ukh fuu wOHhkh u.ska wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys tla tla iïuq;suh Í;sfhys mj;akd pdß;%dkql+, iajNdjh ;SrKh lsÍug W;aidy fkdl< w;r" tu.ska rdcH mßph u; mokï fjñka pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhka ljr Í;ska m%udKhla wkqu; l< yels o hk .eg¨j úi£ug W;aidy lrk ,§' flfia jqjo" fulS wOHhkfha we;eï lreKq iïnkaOfhka l< o< úYaf,aIKfha§ olakg ,enqfka" iïuq;s kS;sfha uQ,O¾u yd Í;ska rdcH mßph yryd mq¿,a f,i ms<s.ekSug ,laù we;s nj;a" ta yryd pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu msKsi úYd, n,mEula isÿlr we;s nj;ah' fulS uQ,O¾uhka yd Í;ska fndfyduhla wo jk úg pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys fldgila njg m;aù we;' tfukau" tajd iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; lSßu hk idOlh fkdi<ld ishü rdcHhka fj; ne£ï iy.; jk w;r" wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g iïnkaO fjk ishü md¾Yjhka fj; wod< jk Í;ska iïnkaOj .;a l< m%;sjd§ ikakoaO lKavdhï flfrys o ne£ï iy.; fõ' fuu wOHhkh u.ska pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfhys fndfyda Í;ska wka;¾cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk nj fmkajd fok w;r" rdcH mßph mj;akd iïuq;suh kS;skaf.ka Tíng f.dia we;s m%udKh iy wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g o wod< jk mßÈ Í;ska mq¿,a lr we;s wdldrh o fmkajd foa' tneúka

39

tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hk wdldrh iy wNHka;r ikakoAO .egqïj,§ mqoa.,hkag i,lk wdldrh úêu;a lsÍu ms<sn| lreKq iïuq;Skays mj;skjdg jvd úia;rd;aul iy iïmQ¾K fõ' fulS jvd úia;rd;aul iy iïmQ¾K fr.=,dis m%udKj;a o ke;skï ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh ùu wjYH o hkak udkqIjd§ iy yuqoduh oDIaÀ fldaKhlska ;jÿrg;a úu¾Ykh lr ne,sh hq;=h' iïuq;s Í;ska iïnkaê; ;;a;ajh fukau" pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys Í;ska o jHdma; lsÍu" mqyqKq lsÍu iy n,d;aul lsÍu u.ska m%;sM,odhl f,i l%shdjg kexúh hq;=h' fuu Í;ska fuhg fmr tfia we;=<;a lr fkdue;s kï" yuqod ix.%yhka iy cd;sl jHjia:djka ;=<g we;=<;a l< hq;=h' wOHhkh u.ska wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§ olakg ,efnk —isú,a jeishd˜ hkafkys ks¾jpkh" tÈßjdÈlïj,g iDcqj iyNd.Súu ms<sn| ixl,amh iy iudkqmd;slNdjh ms<sn| isoaOdka;fha mrdih iy wod<;ajh jeks ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lsÍï wjYH .eg¨ ms<sn| j o wkdjrKh lrhs' fï olajd ,o ch.%yKhka iy ;jÿrg;a l< hq;=j mj;akd ld¾hhka wkqidrfhka úuiSfï § fuu wOHhkh wjidkhla f,i fkdj" wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys Í;ska iy isoaOdka; ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï iy tlÕ;djhg meñKsu ms<sn| kj l%shdj,shl wdrïNhla f,i ie,lsh hq;=h' fuu l%shdj,sh ;=< fuu wOHhkh kS;sh l%shdjg kexùu" meyeÈ,s lsÍu iy yels ixj¾Okhla lsÍu ms<sn| M,odhs idlÉPdjla iy ixjdohla we;s lsÍu msKsi jk mokula ks¾udKh lsÍug fhdod .; yelsh'

40

weñKqu ( wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha pdß;%dkql+,

Í;ska wvx.= ,ehsia;=j∗ pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| wOHhkfha m<uq fj¿fuys wka;¾.; ks.ukhka u; fuu ,ehsia;=j mokï ù ;sfí' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha tla tla iïuq;suh Í;sfha pdß;%dkql+, iajNdjh ksYaph lsÍu wOHhkfhys wruqK fkdjQ fyhska mj;sk iïuq;Skays wdlD;sh fuu.ska wkq.ukh lr fkdue;' Í;ska fhfok úIh fCIa;%h jryka u.ska olajd ;sfí' —wcdhq.e˜ hk flá fhÿu wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska olajk w;r —wcdfkdhq.e˜ hk flá fhÿu wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,g wod< jk pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska olajhs' we;eï Í;Ska iu. miqj olakg ,efnk —;¾l l< yels wdldrhg˜ hk fhÿu u.ska woyia jkafka wod< mßph fmdÿfõ tu ÈYdjg fhduq jqjo t;rï mq¿,aj olakg fkd,efnk njhs'

wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfhys pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska

fjkafldg y÷kd.ekSu ms<sn| isoaOdka;h isú,a jeishka iy igka lrejkaa w;r fjki 1 jk Í;sh' ^ikakoAO& .egqug md¾Yjlrejka ish¨ u wjia:djka j,§ isú,a jeishka iy hqo fin¿ka fjkafldg y÷kd .; hq;=h' hqo fin¿kag tfrysj muKla m%ydr t,a, l< yelsh' isú,a jeishkag tfrysj m%ydr t,a, fkdl< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 2 jk Í;sh' isú,a ck;dj w;r NS;sh me;srùu uQ,sl wruqK lr.;a m%pKav l%shd lsÍu fyda ;¾ckhka lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 3 jk Í;sh' ffjoH yd wd.ñl ld¾h uKav, yer" .egqïj,g md¾Yjhla ù isák ikakoaO yuqodjkays ish¨ u idudðlhka hqo fin¿ka fõ' ^wcdhq.e& 4' jk Í;sh' ikakoAO .egqug md¾Yjhka jk ikakoaO yuqod" ish¨ u ixúOdkd;aul ikakoaO yuqod" lKavdhï iy tallj,ska iukaú; jk

∗ wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha pdß;%dkql+, Í;ska ms<sn| ,ehsia;=fõ mßj¾;kh wdpd¾h fkdfh,a vhia msh;=uka úiska mÍlaId lrk ,o'S

41

w;r tu yuqod ;u hg;a Nghkaf.a yeisÍï iïnkaOfhka tu md¾Yjhg j.ùfï wd{djlg hg;a fj;s' ^wcdhq.e& 5 jk Í;sh' isú,a jeishka hkq ikakoaO yuqodjkays idudðlhka fkdjk mqoa.,hka h' isú,a ck;dj isú,a jeishka jk ish¨ u ;eke;a;kaf.ka iukaú; fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 6 jk Í;sh' iDcqj tÈßjdÈlïj,g iyNd.S fkdjkafka kï iy tfia fkdjk ;dla l,a isú,a jeishka m%ydrj,g tfrysj wdrCId lrkq ,efí'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

isú,a b,lal iy hqouh wruqKq w;r fjki 7 jk Í;sh' .egqug md¾Yjlrejka ish¨ u wjia:djkaj,§ isú,a b,lal iy hqouh wruqKq w;r fjki fjkafldg y÷kd.; hq;=h' hqouh wruqKqj,g tfrysj muKla m%ydr t,a, l< yelsh' isú,a b,lalj,g tfrysj m%ydr t,a, fkdl< hq;=h'^whq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 8 jk Í;sh' b,lal ms<sn| j i,ld n,k úg" hqouh wruqKq tajdfha iajNdjh" msysàu" wruqK fyda m%fhdackh wkqj hqouh l%shdkaú;hg iy tajdfha iuia; fyda w¾O úkdYh" tajd w;am;a lr .ekSu fyda ksYam%N lsÍu flfrys n,d;aul odhl;ajhla i,ik ;dla ÿrg iy wod< wjia:dj md,kh lrk idOl wkqj" iaÓr hqouh ch.%yKhla odkh lrk b,lalj,g iSud fõ'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 9 jk Í;sh' hqouh wruqKq fkdjk ish¨ u b,lal isú,a b,lal fõ'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 10 jk Í;sh' isú,a b,lal" hqouh wruqKq fkdjk;dla ÿrg iy tfia fkdjk ld,h ;=<§" m%ydrj,g tfrysj wdrCId lrkq ,efí'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

wúpdrj;a m%ydr ^bjla njla fkdue;s m%ydr& 11 jk Í;sh' wúpdrj;a m%ydr ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 12 jk Í;sh' wúpdrj;a m%ydr jkafka ( ^w& úfYaIs; hqouh wruqKq fj; t,a, fkdlrk ,o m%ydr ¦ ^wd& úfYaIs; hqouh b,lalhla fj; t,a, l< fkdyels wdldrfha

Wml%u fyda l%shdud¾. fhdodf.k t,a, lrk m%ydr ¦ fyda ^we& m%ydrfha m%;sM,h wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh úiska

wfmaCIs; whqßka iSud l< fkdyels wdldrfha hqo Wml%uhla fyda l%shd ud¾. fhdod f.k t,a, lrk m%ydr¦

42

iy wdkqYx.slj tn÷ tla tla wjia:djkays § tu m%ydr hqouh wruqKq iy isú,a jeishkaj fyda

isú,a b,lal fjka lr y÷kd fkdf.k myr t,a, jk iajNdjh ork m%ydr fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

13 jk Í;sh' k.rhl" .ul fyda ta yd iudk isú,a jeishka fyda isú,a b,lal ixflakaø.; ù we;s fjk;a ia:dkhl msysgd ;sfnk meyeÈ,s" fjka fjka jQ iy úfYaIs; hqouh wruqKq .Kkdjla tla hqo wruqKla f,i i,lñka fndaïn fy,Su" fjk;a Wml%u fyda l%shdud¾. fhdod .ksñka isÿlrk m%ydr ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

m%ydrfha iudkqmd;slNdjh 14 jk Í;sh' wfmaCIs; iaÓr iy iDcq hqouh jdisfha m%udKh blaujkakd jQ" isú,a jeishkaf.a Ôú;j,g wdkqIx.sl ydks i,ik" isú,a jeishkag ydks muqKqjk" isú,a b,lalj,g ydks muqKqjk fyda by; lreKq iuia;h wfmaCId lrñka Èh;a lrk m%ydrhla ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

m%ydr t,a, lsÍfï § .; hq;= mQ¾jdrCIl ms<sfj;a 15 jk Í;sh' hqouh fufyhqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï § isú,a ck;dj" isú,a jeishka iy isú,a b,lal wdrCId lsÍu i|yd ksrka;rj ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' tys§ wdkqIx.sl isú,a Ôú; wysñùï" isú,a jeishkag ;=jd,ùu iy isú,a b,lal fj; ydks meñKùï je<elaùug iy yels iEu úgu tjeks oE wju lr .ekSu msKsi .;yels ish¨ u mq¾jdrCIl mshjr .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 16 jk Í;sh' b,lalhka hqouh wruqKq nj ;yjqre lr .ekSu msKsi .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska l< yels iEu fohlau l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 17 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhka úiska" Ndú; lrk hqouh úêl%u yd ud¾. f;dard .ekSfï § wdkqIx.sl isú,a Ôú; wysñùï" isú,a jeishkag ;=jd, ùï iy isú,a b,lalhkag jk ydkSka j<lajd .ekSug iy wju lr .ekSug .; yels ish¨ u mQ¾jdCIl ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 18 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska u" m%ydrh u.ska wdkqIx.sl isú,a Ôú; wysñùï" isú,a jeishkag ;=jd, ùï fyda isú,a b,lal fj; ydks meñKùï fyda by; lreKqj, iuia;h wdrCIs; o hkak iy tu.ska wfmaCIs; iaÓr yd iDcq hqo jdis blaujd hkjd±hs

43

;lafiare lsÍu msKsi .; yels ish¨ u l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 19 jk Í;sh' b,lalh hqouh wruqKla fkdjk nj fyda bka <Õd lr .ekSug wfmaCIs; m%n, iy iDcq hqo jdishg wu;rj wdkqIx.slj isú,a Ôú; wysñ lsÍu" isú,a jeishkag ;=jd, isÿ lsÍu iy isú,a b,lalhkag ydks meñKsùu fyda by; lreKqj, iuia;h isÿúh yels nj meyeÈ,sj fmfkkakg ;sfí kï" wod< .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska m%ydrhla wj,x.= lsÍug fyda w;aysgqùug .; yels ish¨ u foa isÿl< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 20 jk Í;sh' mj;sk ;;a;ajhka hgf;a wjir fkd,efnkafka kï ñi" isú,a ck;djg n,mEï we;s úh yels m%ydr iïnkaOfhka .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska m%ydrhka ms<sn| j M,odhs mQ¾j wk;=re weÕùï ,ndÈh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 21 jk Í;sh' iudk hqouh jdishla ,efnk hqouh b,lal lSmhla w;ßka f;dard .ekSula lsÍug yelshdj mj;sk wjia:djl §" f;dard.; hq;= b,lalh jkafka" isú,a Ôú;j,g iy isú,a b,lal fj; wju ydkshla isÿfõ hehs wfmaCId lrkq ,nk b,lalhs' ^wcdhq.e$;d¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e&

m%ydrfha m%;sM, j,g tfrys mQ¾jdrCIdjka 22 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO md¾Yjhka úiska ;u md,kh hgf;a isák isú,a ck;dj iy ;ud hgf;a ;sfnk isú,a b,lalhka m%ydrj, m%;sM,j,g tfrysj wdrCId lsÍug .; yels iEu mQ¾jdrCIdjlau .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 23 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska yels;dla ÿrg wêl ck .K;ajhla iys; m%foaY ;=< fyda tu m%foaYj,g wdikakfha hqouh wruqKq ia:dk.; lsÍfuka je<lsh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e& 24 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska yels;dla ÿrg ;u md,kh hgf;a isák isú,a jeishka iy mj;sk isú,a b,lal hqo wruqKqj,g wdikak m%foaYfhka bj;a l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e&

44

úfYaIfhka wdrCId l< hq;= mqoa.,hka iy jia;+ka ffjoH yd wd.ñl ld¾h uKav, iy jia;+ka 25 jk Í;sh' ffjoH rdcldß i|ydu muKla wkqhqla; lr ;sfnk ffjoH ld¾h uKav, ish¨ u wjia:dkq.; ;;a;ajhka hgf;a§ wdrCId l< hq;= w;r Tjqkag f.!rj lsÍu l< hq;=h' Tjqka úiska ;u udkqIjd§ l%shdj,ska neyerj i;=rkag ydkslr l%shdjkaj, ksr; fõ kï fuu wdrCIdj wysñ lr.kq ,n;s' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 26 jk Í;sh' ffjoH wdpdr O¾uj,g wkql+,j ;u rdcldß bgqlrk mqoa.,fhl=g o~qjï lsÍu fyda ffjoH lghq;=j, fh§ isákd mqoa.,fhl=g ffjoH wdpdr O¾uj,g mgyeks l%shd lsÍug n, lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 27 jk Í;sh' wd.ñl lghq;= i|ydu muKla wkqhqla; lr ;sfnk mQcl ld¾h uKav, ish¨ u wjia:dkq.; ;;a;ajhka hgf;a § wdrCId l< hq;= w;r Tjqkg f.!rj lsÍu l< hq;=h' Tjqka úiska ;u udkqIjd§ l%shdj,Ska neyer j i;=rkag ydkslr l%shdj, ksr; fõ kï Tjqka fj; ,efnk fuu wdrCIdj wysñ lr.kq ,n;s' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 28 jk Í;sh' ffjoH wruqKq Wfoid muKla wkqhqla; lr we;s ffjoH tall ish¨ u wjia:dkq.; ;;a;ajhka hgf;a § wdrCId l< hq;= w;r Tjqkg .re lsÍu l< hq;=h' Tjqka udkqIjd§ l%shdj,Ska neyerj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kafka kï fyda Tjqka i;=rdg ydkslr l%shdj, ksr; jkafka kï" ;ukag ,efnk fuu wdrCIdj Tjqyq wysñ lr.kq ,n;s' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 29 jk Í;sh' ffjoHuh m%jdyk lghq;= i|ydu muKla wkqhqla; lr we;s ffjoH m%jdyk udOHhka ish¨ u wjia:dkq.; ;;a;ajhka hgf;a § wdrCId l< hq;= w;r" tajdg .re lsÍu l< hq;=h' tu m%jdyk udOHhka udkqIjd§ l%shdj,ska neyerj i;=rdg ydkslr l%shd lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kshs kï ;ukag ,efnk wdrCIdj wysñ lr .kshs' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 30 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl kS;shg wkql+,j Ôksjd iïuq;Skays wka;¾.; úfYaIs; ,dxPk m%o¾Ykh lrk ffjoH fyda wd.ñl ld¾h uKav, iy b,lalj,g tfrys m%ydr ;ykï fõ'^wcdhq.e$wfkdhq.e& udkqIjd§ iyk fiajd i,ik mqoa.,hka iy jia;+ka 31 jk Í;sh'udkqIjd§ iyk fiajd i,ik mqoa.,hkag .re l< hq;= w;r Tjqkaj wdrCId l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

45

32 jk Í;sh' udkqIjd§ iyk ie,iSfï fufyhqï i|yd Ndú; jk b,lal fj; .re l< hq;= w;r tajd wdrCId l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& idu idOl fufyhkays ksr; mqoa.,hka iy jia;+ka 33 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh hgf;a isú,a jeishkag iy isú,a b,lalj,g wdrCIdj imhkq ,nk ;dla ÿrg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh m%ldrj idu idOl fufyhkays ksr; mqoa.,hka iy b,lalj,g tfrysj m%ydrhla t,a, lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& udOHfõ§ka 34 jk Í;sh' iDcq f,i tÈßjdÈlïj,g iyNd.S fkdjk ;dla ÿrg ikakoAO .egqï mj;akd m%foaYj, jD;a;Sh fufyjrhkays ksr; ù isák isú,a udOHfõ§kag .re l<hq;= w;r Tjqkaj wdrCId l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

wdrCIs; l,dm 35 jk Í;sh';=jd,lrejka" frda.Ska iy isú,a jeishkaj ikakoAO .egqïj, m%;sM, j,ska wdrCId lr .ekSu msKsi msysgqjd we;s l,dmhkag m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 36 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO md¾Yjhka hqo uqla; l,dmhla f,i tlÕ;djhg meñKs l,dm fj; m%ydrhla t,a, lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 37 jk Í;sh' wdrCIdj imhd fkdue;s m%foaYhlg m%ydrhla t,a, lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

ixialD;suh foam< 38 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO iEu md¾Yjhla úiska u ixialD;sluh foam<j,g .re l< hq;=h' ^w'& yuqod fufyhqïj,§" hqouh b,lal fkdjk ;dla ÿrg wd.ñl"

l,d" úoHd" wOHdmksl fyda mqKHuh lghq;= i|yd fjkafldg ;sfnk f.dvke.s,s iy ft;sydisl iaudrl j,g isÿjk ydks

46

je<elaùu i|yd .egqïj,g iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h'

^wd& hqouh wjYH;d i|yd w;HjYH fkdjkafka kï ñi" ish¨ u mqoa.,hkaf.a ixialD;sluh Wreuhla jYfhka iqúfYaIs; jeo.;alulska hq;= foam< m%ydrhkag b,lal fkdúh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

39 jk Í;sh'hqouh wjYH;d wkqj w;HjYH fkdjkafka kï ñi" ish¨ u mqoa.,hkaf.a ixialD;suh Wreuhla jYfhka iqúfYaIs; jeo.;alulska hq;= foam< úkdYhg fya;= jk fyda ydkshg muqKq jk wdldrfha wruqKq i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 40 jk Í;sh' .egqïj,g iïnkaO jk iEu md¾Yjhla úiska u ixialD;sluh foam< wdrCId l< hq;=h ( ^w'& wd.ñl" mqKHuh" wOHdmksl" l,d iy úoHdjkag fjka lr

we;s wdh;khka" ft;sydisl iaudrlhka iy l,d lD;Ska yd úoHd;aul lD;Ska iïnkaO ish¨ u wdldrfha nf,ka w;am;a lr .ekSï" úkdY lsÍï yd fÉ;kdkaú; ydks lsÍï ;ykï fõ'

^wd'& ish¨ u mqoa.,hkaf.a ixialD;sluh Wreuhla jYfhka iqúfYaIs; jeo.;alulska hq;= foam<j,g tfrysj isÿ lrk ´kEu wdldrhl fidrlï lsÍula" fld,a,lEula fyda whq;= w;am;a lr .ekSula iy ´kEu wdldrhl oafõY iy.; úkdY lsÍï ;ykï fõ'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

41 jk Í;sh' w;am;a lr.;a foaY N+ñfhys msysá ixialD;sluh foam< kS;s úfrdaê f,i bka neyerg f.k hdu n,h w;am;a lrf.k isák md¾Yjh úiska je<elaúh hq;= w;r tf,i kS;s úfrdaê f,i neyerg f.k hk ,o foam< wod< w;am;a lr.;a foaY N+ñfhys ksis n,OdÍka fj; kej; NdrÈh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e&

wka;rdhodhl n,hka wka;¾.; ksuejqï iy bÈlsÍï 42 jk Í;sh' fõ,s" fldgq fõ,s iy kHIaál úoHq;a W;amdok n,d.dr iy wfkl=;a bÈlsÍï jeks wka;rdodhl n,hka wka;¾.; ksuejqï iy bÈ lsÍï msysgd ;sfnk ia:dkj, fyda ta yd wdikakfha § isÿ lrk m%ydrj,§ wka;rdodhl n,hka uqod yeÍu je<elaùu iy isú,a ckhd w;r we;súh yels wdkqYx.sl nrm;< ydks je<elaùu i|yd úfYaIs; wjOdkhla ±ßh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

47

iajdNdúl mßirh 43 jk Í;sh' tÈßjdÈlï mj;ajd f.k hdfï§ fhfok iajdNdúl mßirh ms<sn| fmdÿ uQ,O¾u ( ^w'& hqo b,lalhla jkafka kï ñi iajdNdúl mßirfha lsisÿ

fldgilg m%ydr t,a, l< fkdyelsh' ^wd& fkdje<elaúh yels hqo wjYH;d fjkqfjka ñi" iajdNdúl

mßirfha lsisÿ fldgila úkdY lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^we& wfmaCIs; iaÓr iy iDcq hqouh jdish blaujd hkakd jQ

iajdNdúl mßirhg wdkqYx.sl ydks meñKsùu wfmaCId lrñka hqouh wruqKlg tfrysj m%ydrhla Èh;a lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

44 jk Í;sh' iajdNdúl mßirh wdrCId lsÍu iy ixrCIKh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ksis wjOdkfhka hq;=j hqo Wml%u iy wdldr Ndú; l< hq;=h' yuqod fufyhqï isÿ lsÍfï § mßirhg isÿjk wdkqYx.sl ydks je<elaùug iy we;eï wjia:djkays§ wju lsÍug .; yels ish¨ u mq¾jdrCIdjka wkq.ukh l< hq;=h' ksYaÑ; yuqod fufyhqulska mßirh u; Woa.; jk m%;súmdl ms<sn| úoHd;aul ksh;;djhla fkdue;s ùu .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yjhka tn÷ mQ¾jdrCIdjka .ekSfuka uqla; fkdlrhs' ^wcdhq.e$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e& 45 jk Í;sh' iajdNdúl mßirhg me;sÍ hk iajNdjfha" §¾> ld,Sk iy nrm;< ydks Woa.; lsÍu woyia lrñka fyda isÿfj;ehs wfmaCId lrñka hqo Wml%u iy wdldr Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' iajdNdúl mßirh úkdY lsÍu wdhqOhla f,i Ndú; fkdl< yelsfõ' ^wcdhq.e$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e&

úfYaIs; hqo Wml%u iudj §u m%;sfCIm lsÍu 46 jk Í;sh' lsisÿ iudjla fkdÈh hq;= njg ksfhda. lssÍu" ta njg úreoaOjd§fhl=g ;¾ckh lsÍu fyda fuu moku u; msysgd tÈßjdÈlïys ksr; ùu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 47 jk Í;sh' wdhqO ìu ;nd we;s whj¨ka fia y÷kd.;a ;eke;a;kag tfrysj m%ydr t,a, lsÍu ;ykï fõ' wdhqO ìu ;nd we;s wfhl= kï ( ^w& i;=re md¾Yjhl n,h hgf;a isák ´kEu ;eke;af;l= ¦ ^wd& isys úi{ùu" uqyqÿn;a ùu" ;=jd, ,eîu fyda frda.d;=rùu

48

fya;=fjka wkdrCIs;j isák ´kEu ;eke;af;l= ¦ fyda ^we& hg;aùfï fÉ;kdjla meyeÈ,s f,iu m%ldY lrk ´kEu

;eke;af;l= ¦m,d hEug W;aidy fkdlrkafka kï iy lsisÿ tÈßjdÈ l%shdjlska je<lS isákafka kï fï hg;g .efka' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

48 jk Í;sh' wdmodjl§ merIqghla u.ska .=jkahdkdjlska ìug nisk ;eke;a;kaj Tjqkaf.a wjfrdayKfha§ m%ydrhl b,lalh njg m;a lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

foam< úkdY lsÍu iy mß.%yKh ^w;am;alr .ekSu& 49 jk Í;sh' .egqug md¾Yjhka i;=re md¾Yjhg wh;a hqo WmlrK" hqo ¨xákhka ^hqoaOfhka meyer.;a foaj,a& f,i w;am;a lr.; yelsfõ' ^wcdhq.e& 50 jk Í;sh' w;HjYH hqouh wjYH;djh u; Wjukd fkdlrkafka kï ñi i;=frl= i;= foam< úkdY lsÍu fyda w;am;a lr .ekSu ;ykï fõ'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 51 jk Í;sh' w;HjYH hqouh wjYH;djh fya;=fjka tn÷ foam< úkdY lsÍu fyda w;am;a lr .ekSu wjYH lrk úg§ yer w;am;a lr.;a foaY N+ñhla ;=< ( ^w& yuqod fufyhqï i|yd fhdod.; yels fmdÿ pxp, foam< rdcika;l l< yelsh" ^wd& N=la;sfha Í;shg hg;aj fmdÿ ksYap, foam< mßmd,kh l<

hq;=h" ^we& fm!oa.,sl foam<j,g .re l<hq;= w;r rdcika;l l<

fkdyelsh' ^wcdhq.e& 52 jk Í;sh' fld,a,lEu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

ksrdydrj ;eîu iy udkqIjd§ iyk flfrys m%fõYh 53 jk Í;sh' isú,a ck;dj ksrdydrj ;eîu hqo Wml%uhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 54 jk Í;sh' isú,a ck;djf.a meje;au i|yd w;HdjYH foaj,a j,g ^b,lal j,g& m%ydr t,a, lsÍu" úkdY lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu fyda ksIam%fhdack njg m;a lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 55 jk Í;sh' ikakoAO .egqug md¾Yjhka úsiska wmCImd;s iajNdjfhka hq;= iy lsisÿ i;=re iajNdjhlska isÿ fkdlrk isú,a jeishkag wjYH

49

udkqIjd§ iyk iemhqï ud¾. i|yd ;u md,kh ms<sn| whs;shg hg;aj wjir§u iy myiqlï ie,iSu isÿl< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 56 jk Í;sh' .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yjhka úiska wjir,;a udkqIjd§ iyk imhk mqoa.,hkag ;u lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH jk hdfï iy Bfï ksoyi ;yjqre l< hq;=h' w;HjYH hqouh wjYH;djhkays § Tjqkaf.a hdï Bï ;djld,slj w;aysgqúh yelsh' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

uq<d lsÍu 57 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha Í;shla W,a,x>kh fkdlrk;dlaa ÿrg hqo m%fhda. ;ykï fkdfõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 58 jk Í;sh' hqo úrduh ms<sn| Yafõ; Och whq;= f,i Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 59 jk Í;sh' Ôksjd iïuq;Skays wka;¾.; úfYaIs; ,dxPk whq;= f,i Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 60 jk Í;sh' ixúOdkh úiska wjir § we;s mßÈ yer tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ,dxPkh iy ks, we÷ï Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 61 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.;a fjk;a ,dxPk whq;= f,i Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 62 jk Í;sh' úreoaOjdÈhdf.a Oc fyda hqo ,dxPk" wêldr úyak fyda ks, we÷ï whq;= f,i Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e& 63 jk Í;sh' wmCImd;s fyda .egqug md¾Yjhla fkdjk fjk;a rdcHhkaf.a Oc fyda hqo ,dxPk" wêldß úyak fyda ks, we÷ï Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e& 64 jk Í;sh' tn÷ tlÕ;djhla u; úYajdih ;nk i;=rd úiauhg m;ajk wdldrhg myr§u wruqKq fldg f.k hqo .egqu w;aysgqùu i|yd tlÕ;ajhlg t<öu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 65 jk Í;sh' úYajdi Nx. jk l%shdj,g fhduqùu u.ska i;=rl= >d;kh lsÍu" ;=jd, isÿ lsÍu fyda w,a,d .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

i;=rd iu. ikaksfõokh

66 jk Í;sh' wd{dm;Skag ^wKfok ks,OdÍkag& l=uk fyda ikaksfõok ud¾.hla u.ska i;=re fkdjk iïnkaO;dj,g t<ôh yelsh' tn÷ iïnkaO;d fyd| ys; u; mokï úh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

50

67 jk Í;sh' mKsjqvldr idu ksfhdað;hka (parlementaires) w,x>kSh fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 68 jk Í;sh' w.;s.dñ ùu je<elaùu i|yd wd{dm;Skag mKsjqvldr idu ksfhdað;hl=f.a meñKsu je<elaùu i|yd wjYH lrk mQ¾jdrCIdjka .; yelsh' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 69 jk Í;sh' ;u jrm%ido iys; ;;a;ajfha jdish ,nd .ksñka wka;¾cd;sl kS;shg mgyeks l%shdjka isÿlrk iy i;=rdg wk¾:odhl jk mKsjqvldr idu ksfhdað;fhda ;u w,x>kSh;ajh wysñ lr .ks;s' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

wdhqO

wdhqO Ndú;h ms<sn| fmdÿ isoaOdka;h 70 jk Í;sh' jeäuk;a ydks fyda wkjYH jo fõokd muqKqjk wdldrfha hqo Wml%u fyda wdldr Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 71 jk Í;sh' j. úNd.hla ke;s iajNdjfha wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& úI 72 jk Í;sh' úI fyda úI iys; wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& Ôj úoHd;aul wdhqO 73 jk Í;sh' Ôj úoHd;aul wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& ridhksl wdhqO 74 jk Í;sh' ridhksl wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 75 jk Í;sh' le/,s u¾ok ldrlhka hqo Wml%uhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

51

76 jk Í;sh' my; iajrEm .kakd wjia:djkays§ hqo Wml%uhla f,i m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^w & ;ykï ridhksl wdhqO njg m;aùfï iajNdjfhka hqla; kï" ^wd& ;ykï Ôj úoHd;aul wdhqO njg m;aùfï iajNdjfhka hqla; kï" ^we& hqo wruqKla fkdjk YdL m%cdj wruqKq fldg .kS kï" ^wE& wfmaCIs; iaÒr iy iDcq hqouh jdishg wu;rj isú,a jeishkaf.a

Ôú;j,g wdkqYx.sl ydks i,ik" isú,a jeishkag ydks muqKqjk" isú,a b,lalj,g ydks muqKqjk fyda by; lreKqj, iuia;h wfmaCId lrhs kï"

^b& iajdNdúl mßirhg me;sß hk" È.= ld,Sk iy nrm;< ydks Woa.; lrhs kï¦ ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

m%idrKh jk uQksiaiï 77 jk Í;sh' ukqIH YÍrh ;=< myiqfjka m%idrKh jk fyda me;,s lrjk uQKsiaiï Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& mqmqrd hk uQKsiaiï 78 jk Í;sh' ukqIH YÍrh ;=< mqmqrd hk uQksiaiï mqoa., kdYl Ndú;hg fhdod .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

wkdjrKh lr.; fkdyels fldgia u.ska uQ,sl jYfhka ;=jd, isÿ lrk wdhqO 79 jk Í;sh' tlaia lsrK u.ska wkdjrKh lr.; fkdyels len,s u.ska ukqIH YÍrhg ;=jd, isÿ lsÍu uQ,sl m%;sM,h jk wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& ur W.=,a 80 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh hgf;a úfYaIs; /ljrKh ,eîug ysñlï ,nk mqoa.,hka fyda b,lal wdY%s; fyda isú,a jeishka wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSug iu;a wdldrfha b,lal wdY%s; fyda fjk lsishï fyda wdldrhlg tajd iu. iïnkaê; ur W.=,a Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

52

ìï fndaïn 81 jk Í;sh' ìï fndaïn Ndú; lrk úg tajdfha bjla njla fkdue;s m%;súmdl wju lsÍu i|yd úfYaIs; wjOdkh ±laúh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 82 jk Í;sh' yels;dla ÿrg .egqug md¾Yjhka úiska ìï fndaïn Ndú; lrk úg tajd ia:dms; ia:dk jd¾;d .; l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$;¾ldkql+,j wcdfkdhq.e& 83 jk Í;sh' il%sh tÈßjdÈlï wjidkfha§" ìï fndaïn Ndú; l< .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yjhka úiska tajd bj;a lsÍu fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska tajd isú,a jeishkag ydks rys; njg m;a lsÍu fyda tajd bj;a lsÍug myiqlï ie,iSu fyda isÿl< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& .sks wjq,k iq¿ wdhqO 84 jk Í;sh' hï fyhlska .sks wjq,jk iq¿ wdhqO Ndú; lrkafka kï" isú,a jeishkaf.a Ôú;j,g isÿjk wdkqYx.sl ydks" isú,a jeishkag isÿjk ;=jd, iy isú,a b,lalj,g isÿjk w,dN ydks je<elaùug fyda hïlsis wjia:djl§ wju lsÍug úfYaI wjOdkhla ±laúh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 85 jk Í;sh' hï ;eke;af;l= wdhqO ìu ;enqfjl= njg m;a lsÍu i|yd thg jvd ydksodhl nfjka wvq wdhqOhla Ndú; lsÍu g wmyiq jkafka kï ñi .sks wjq,jk iq¿ wdhqO" mqoa., kdYl Ndú;h i|yd fhdod .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& wkaO lrjk f,ai¾ wdhqO 86 jk Í;sh' ^weia& fmkSu wysñ lrñka iaÓr jYfhkau wkaONdjh we;s lsÍu tlu hqo ld¾hh jk f,i fyda hqo ld¾hhkaf.ka tlla jk f,i úfYaIs;j ks¾udKh lr ;sfnk f,ai¾ wdhqO Ndú;h ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

53

isú,a jeishkag iy wdhqO ìu ;nd we;s ;eke;a;kag ie,lSu uQ,sl iqrCIdjka 87 jk Í;sh' isú,a jeishkag iy wdhqO ìu ;nd we;s ;eke;a;kag udkqIslj ie,lsh hq;=fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 88 jk Í;sh' j¾.h" j¾Kh" ,sx. fNaoh" NdIdj" wd.u fyda úYajdi" foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a u;h" cd;sl fyda idudÔh iïNjh" Okh" Wm; fyda fjk;a ;;a;ajhka fyda ta yd iudk fjk;a ks¾Kdhlhka mokï fldg f.k wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh fhÈfï§ mSvdldÍ f,i fjkia fldg ±laùï lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 89 jk Í;sh' ñks uereï ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 90 jk Í;sh' jo ysxikh" l=Íre fyda wudkqIsl ie,lSu iy mqoa.,sl .re;ajhg idyisl f,i ks.re muqKqjk" úfYaIfhkau wudkqIsl iy wjuka iy.; ie,lSï ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 91 jk Í;sh' YdÍßl oKavkh ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 92 jk Í;sh' wx. fþokh" ffjoH fyda úoHd;aul w;ayod ne,Sï fyda fmdÿfõ ms<s.;a ffjoH m%ñ;Ska yd wkql+, fkdjk fukau mqoa.,hdf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh u.ska wjYH fkdlrk wfkl=;a ffjoH ld¾h mámdàka ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 93 jk Í;sh' ia;%S ¥IKh iy wfkl=;a wdldrj, ,sx.sl ysxikhka ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 94 jk Í;sh' ish¨u wdldrfha jy,a Ndjhka iy jy,a fj<|du ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 95 jk Í;sh' jkaÈ fkdf.jk ,o fyda wmfhdackd;aul n,y;aldÍ fiajh .ekSï ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 96 jk Í;sh' m%dK wemlrejka f,i .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 97 jk Í;sh' ñksia m,syla f,i fhdod .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 98 jk Í;sh' n,y;aldr w;=reoyka lsÍï ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 99 jk Í;sh' ksoyi w;a;fkdau;sl f,i wysñ lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 100 jk Í;sh' ish¨ u w;HjYH wêlrKuh iqrCIdjka i,iñka mj;ajkq ,nk idOdrK kvq úNd.hlska wk;=rej ñi lsisÿ wfhl=j jrolre lsÍu fyda o~qjï meKùu l< fkdyelsh' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

54

101 jk Í;sh' hï l%shdjla fyda fkdlr yeÍula isÿ lrk wjia:dfõ§ foaYSh kS;sh hgf;a fyda wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a th wmrdO jrola ixia:dmkh fkdlrkafka kï lsisÿ wfhl=g hï l%shdjla fyda fkdlr yeÍula mokï fldg .ksñka wmrdO jrola iïnkaOfhka fpdaokd ke.Su fyda jrolre lsÍu fkdl< yelsh' wmrdO jro isÿl< wjia:dfõ § wod< jQ o~qjug jvd nrm;< o~qjula mekùu fkdl< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 102 jk Í;sh' ;ks mqoa., wmrdOkSh j.lSu ms<sn| moku u; ñi lsisÿ ;eke;af;l=j jrola iïnkaOfhka jrolre l< fkdyelsh' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 103 jk Í;sh' iduQysl o~qjï meñKùu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 104 jk Í;sh' isú,a jeishkaf.a iy wdhqO ìu ;nd we;s ;eke;a;kaf.a úYajdihkag iy wd.ñl mßphkag .re l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 105 jk Í;sh' mjq,a Ôú;hg yels;dla ÿrg .re l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

igka lrejkaa iy hqo isrldr ;;a;ajh 106 jk Í;sh' m%ydrhlg iQodkï fjñka isÿ lrk yuqod fufyhqul§ fyda m%ydrhl ksr; ù isák wjia:djl§ hqo Nghka ;ukaj isú,a ck;djf.ka fjka fldg ±laúh hq;=h' tfia lsÍug wiu;a jkafka kï Tjqyq hqo isrldr ;;a;ajhg whs;sjdislï fkd,n;s' ^wcdhq.e& 107 jk Í;sh' pr mqreI fiajfha fh§ isák wjia:dfõ§ w,a,d .kq ,enq hqo Ngfhda hqo isrldr ;;a;ajhg whs;sjdislï fkd,n;s' mQ¾j kvq úNd.hlska f;drj Tjqkaj jerÈlrejka lsÍu fyda o~qjï lsÍu fkdl< yelsh' ^wcdhq.e& 108 jk Í;sh' l=,S fyajdfhda m<uq ikaOdkfha w¾: ksrEmkh lr we;s mßÈ hqo isrldr ;;a;ajhg fyda hqo Nghd hk ;;a;ajhg whs;sjdislï fkd,n;s' mQ¾j kvq úNd.hlska f;drj Tjqkaj jerÈlrejka lsÍu fyda o~qjï lsÍu fkdl< yelsh' ^wcdhq.e& ;=jd, ,;a" frda.d;=r jQ iy uqyqÿn;a jQjka 109 jk Í;sh' wjia:dkq.; idOl bv i,ik ´kEu úfgl§" úfYaIfhkau hqo l%shdkaú;hlska wk;=rej .egqug iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjh m%udohlska f;drj ;=jd, ,;a" frda.d;=r jQ iy uqyqÿ n;a jQjka fidhd .ekSug" tl;= lr .ekSug iy bj;a lsÍug lsisÿ wksis fjka

55

fldg ±laùulska f;drj .; yels ish¨u l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 110 jk Í;sh' Tjqkaf.a ;;a;ajhg wkqj wjYH lrk ffjoH /ljrKh iy wjOdkh yels wju ndOdjka iys;j iïmQ¾Kfhkau m%dfhda.sl m%udKhg ;=jd, ,;a" frda.d;=r jQ iy uqyqÿ n;a jQjka fj; ,eìh hq;=h' ffjoHuh lreKq yer fjk;a lsisÿ mokula u; Tjqka w;r lsisÿ fjkialula isÿ fkdl< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 111 jk Í;sh' .egqug iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjlrejka úiska ;=jd, ,;a" frda.d;=r jQ iy uqyqÿn;a jQ ;eke;a;kaj" Tjqkag mSvd lsÍug iy Tjqkaf.a mqoa.,sl foam< fld,a,lEug tfrysj wdrCId lsÍug yels ish¨u l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& ñh .sh wh 112 jk Í;sh' wjia:dkq.; ;;a;ajhka bv i,ik ´kEu úfgl§" úfYaIfhkau hqo l%shdkaú;hlska miqj" .egqug iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska m%udohlska f;drj ñh .sh ;eke;a;ka fiùug" tl;= lsÍug iy bj;a lsÍug lsisÿ wksis fjkafldg ±laùulska f;drj .; yels ish¨ u l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 113 jk Í;sh' .egqug iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhka úiska ñh .sh ;eke;a;ka meyer .ekSu je<elaùu i|yd .; yels ish¨ u l%shdud¾.hka .; hq;=h' uD; YÍrj, wx. fþokh lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 114 jk Í;sh' .egqug md¾Yjhka ñh .sh ;eke;a;kaf.a wjfYaI wdmiq Ndr§u i|yd Tjqka wh;a md¾Yjfha fyda Tjqkaf.a wdikak;u {d;shdf.a b,a,Su u; myiqlï iemhSug mshjr .; hq;=h' Tjqka ñh.sh ;eke;a;kaf.a mqoa.,sl foam< o wdmiq NdrÈh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e& 115 jk Í;sh' ñh .sh ;eke;a;kaj f.!rj iïm%hqla;j neyer l< hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a fidfydkaj,g .re lsÍu iy ksis whqßka kv;a;= lsÍu l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 116 jk Í;sh' ñh .sh ;eke;a;dj y÷kd.ekSfï wfmaCIdfjka hq;=j .egqug iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhla úiska Tjqkaj neyer lsÍug fmrd;=j mj;sk ish¨ u f;dr;=re jd¾;d.; l<hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a fidfydka msysá ia:dkh i<l=Kq l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

56

w;=reoykajQ ;eke;a;ka 117 jk Í;sh' .egqug iïnkaO tla tla md¾Yjhka úiska ke;s jQ ;eke;a;ka f,i jd¾;d jQ wh ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sug .; yels ish¨ u l%shdud¾. .; hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a brKu ms<sn| j Tjqka i;= hï f;dr;=rla Tjqkaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhkag iemhsh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o ;eke;a;ka 118 jk Í;sh' ;u ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o ;eke;a;kag m%udKj;a mßÈ wdydr" c,h" we÷ï me<÷ï" jdiia:dk iy ffjoH wjOdkh iemhsh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 119 jk Í;sh' mjq,a tall f,i mjq,aj,g kjd;eka imhd we;s wjia:dj,§ yer ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o ldka;djkaj tn÷u ;;a;ajfha isák mqreIhka f.ka fjkajQ jdiia:dkj, kj;d ;eìh hq;= w;r Tjqkaj ldka;djkaf.a ióm wëCIKh hgf;a ;eìh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 120 jk Í;sh' mjq,a tall f,i mjq,aj,g kjd;eka imhd we;s wjia:dj,§ yer ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o <uqkaj tn÷u jeäysáhka f.ka fjkajQ jdiia:dkj, kj;d ;eìh hq;=h'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 121 jk Í;sh'ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o ;eke;a;kaj ikakoAO .egqï l,dmj,ska ÿria:j msysá mßY%j, Tjqkaf.a fi!LHh iy iajia:;djh wdrCId jk mßÈ r|jd ;eìh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 122 jk Í;sh' ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o ;eke;a;kag wh;a fm!oa.,sl foaj,a fld,a,lEu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 123 jk Í;sh' ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o ;eke;a;kaf.a fm!oa.,sl úia;r jd¾;d.; l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 124 jk Í;sh' ^w& wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqul§ ksoyi wysñ lrk ,o

;eke;a;kaf.a r|jd ;eìï ys i;H ;;a;ajh mÍCId lsÍu iy tu ;eke;a;kaf.a iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, iïnkaO;d kej; f.dvke.Su i|yd wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkhg ksoyi wysñ lrk ,enQ ish¨ u ;eke;a;ka fj; ksrka;rj m%fõY ùug bv ie,ish hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e&

^wd& wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqïj,§" wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei ixúOdkh úiska .egqug iïnkaO fya;+ka u; ksoyi wysñ lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;kaj yuqùfï wruqKska Tjqkaf.a r|jd ;eîï ys ;;a;ajh mÍCId lsÍu iy tu ;eke;a;kaf.a iy Tjqkaf.a

57

mjq,aj, iïnkaO;d kej; f.dvke.Su i|yd ;u fiajdjka .egqug md¾Yjlrejka fj; msßkeñh yelsh' ^wcdfkdhq.e&

125 jk Í;sh' meyer .kakd ,o iy n,OdÍka úiska jdrKh lsÍfï wjYH;djh ms<sn| idOdrK fldkafoaiSkaj,g hg;aj ksoyi wysñ lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;ka yg Tjqkaf.a mjq,a iu. .; lsÍug wjir ,ndÈh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 126 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqula iïnkaOfhka r|jd .kq ,enQ isú,a jeishkag iy ksoyi wysñ lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;kag úfYaIfhkau wdikak {d;Ska we;=¨ wuq;a;ka ms<s.ekSug yels m%dfhda.sl m%udKhg wjir Èh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 127 jk Í;sh' ksoyi wysñ lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;kaf.a mqoa.,sl úYajdihkag iy wd.ñl mßphkag .re l< hq;=h'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 128 jk Í;sh' ^w& il%sh tÈßjdÈlï wjidk ùfuka wk;=rej m%udohlska f;drj hqo

isrlrejkaj ksoyia fldg kej; ish rgg meñK úh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e&

^wd& il%sh tÈßjdÈlï kej;Sfuka miqj iudfrdaê; ^r|jd .;a& isú,a jeishkaj Tjqka tfia iudfrdaOkh lsÍug ^hqo ld,fha r|jd .ekSug& fya;= jQ lreKq ;jÿrg;a fkdmj;S kï yels m<uq wjia:dfõ§u ksoyia l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e&

^we& wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqula fya;=fjka ksoyi wysñ lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;kaj tfia Tjqkaf.a ksoyi wysñ lsÍug fya;= jQ lreKq wjidk ùu;a iu. yels ú.iska ksoyia l< hq;=h' ^wcdfkdhq.e&

by; i|yka mqoa.,hkag tfrysj ;jÿrg;a oKavk$ wêlrKuh lghq;= mej;Sug kshñ; úg fyda kS;Hdkql+,j Tjqka fj; muqKqjk ,o o~qjula N+la;s ú¢ñka isákafka kï fyda Tjqkaf.a ksoyi ;jÿrg;a wysñ lsÍu isÿúh yelsh'

wj;ekaùu iy wj;eka jQ mqoa.,hka 129 jk Í;sh' ^w& isú,a jeishkaf.a wdrCIdj iïnkaO jk úg fyda w;HjYH hqouh

fya;+ka tf,i wfmaCId fkdlrkafka kï wka;¾cd;sl ikakoAO .egqulg md¾Yjlrejka úiska w;am;a lr.;a foaY N+ñhl isák isú,a ck;dj uq¿ukskau fyda fldgia jYfhka msgqjy,a lsÍu fyda n,y;aldrfhka udre lr heùu fkdl< yelsh' ^wcdhq.e&

58

^wd& isú,a jeishka f.a wdrCIdj iïnkaO jk úg fyda w;HjYH hqouh fya;+ka tf,i wfmaCId fkdlrkafka kï wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqul md¾Yjlrejka úiska isú,a ck;dj uq¿ukskau fyda fldgia jYfhka .egqug iïnkaO fya;+ka u; wj;eka lsÍu i|yd ksfhda. fkdl< yelsh' ^wcdfkdhq.e&

130 jk Í;sh' rdcHhka úiska ;ukaf.a w;am;a lr.;a foaY N+ñhla fj; ;ukaf.au isú,a ck;djf.ka fldgia msgqjy,a lsÍu fyda udrelr heùu fkdl< yelsh' ^wcdhq.e& 131 jk Í;sh' wj;ekaùu isÿù ;sfnk úg§ wod< isú,a jeishkag i;=gqodhl ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jdiia:dk" iajia:;djh" fi!LHh" wdrCIdj iy fmdaIKh ,nd§ug iy tlu mjqf,a idudðlhka fjka fkdlsÍug yels ish¨ u mshjrhka .; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 132 jk Í;sh' ish wj;ekaùu mej;Su wjidk jkjd;a iu. u wj;eka jQ ;eke;a;ka yg ish ksjdi fyda mqreÿ jdiia:dk msysá ia:dkj,g wdrCIs;j iafõÉPdfjka wdmiq hdu i|yd whs;shla mj;S' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 133 jk Í;sh' wj;eka jQjkaf.a foam< whs;Ska j,g .re l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

úfYaIs; wdrCIdj i,ik ,o wfkl=;a ;eke;a;ka 134 jk Í;sh' ikakoAO .egqïj,ska mSvdjg m;a ldka;djka f.a úfYaIs; wdrCIdj" fi!LHh iy iykdOdr wjYH;dj,g .re l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 135 jk Í;sh' ikakoAO .egqïj,ska mSvdjg m;a <uqka úfYaIs; wdor f.!rjhg iy wdrCIdjg ysñlï ,n;s' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 136 jk Í;sh' <uqkaj ikakoaO yuqodjkag fyda ikakoaO lKavdhïj,g n|jd fkd.; hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 137 jk Í;sh' tÈßjdÈlïj,g iyNd.S ùug <uqkag wjir fkdÈh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 138 jk Í;sh' ikakoAO .egqïj,ska mSvdjg m;a jeäysáhka" wdndê; ;eke;a;ka iy fn,ySk jQjka úfYaIs; wdor f.!rjhg iy wdrCIdjg ysñlï ,n;s' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

59

l%shd;aul lsÍu wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg wjk; ùu 139 jk Í;sh' .egqfï tla tla md¾Yjh ;u ikakoaO yuqod iy tys Wmfoia wkqj fyda tys u.fmkaùu fyda md,kh hgf;a l%shd lrk wfkl=;a ;eke;a;ka iy lKavdhï wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg .re lsÍu iy tfia .re lrk nj ;yjqre l< hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 140 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;shg .re lsÍu iy .re lrk nj ;yjqre lsÍfï ne£ï iy.; Ndjh WNhNdj;ajh ^wfkHdakH;dj& u; r|d fkdmj;shs' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 141 jk Í;sh' tla tla rdcHhka úiska wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha fhÿu ms<sn| j fhda.H uÜgïj, isák yuqod wd{dm;Skag wjYH úg§ Wmfoia ,nd§u i|yd kS;s WmfoaYlhka fiajfha fhoúh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 142 jk Í;sh' rdcHhka iy .egqug md¾Yjlrejka ;u ikakoaO yuqodjkag wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh ms<sn| Wmfoia iemhsh hq;= fõ' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 143 jk Í;sh' isú,a ck;djg wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh b.ekaùu i|yd rdcHhka úiska wkqn, Èh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍu 144 jk Í;sh' rdcHhka" ikakoAO .egqul md¾Yjhka úiska wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;s W,a,x>kh isÿ lsÍug wkqn, fkdÈh yelsh' Tjqyq ;u n,mEu yels;dla ÿrg wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍu keje;aùu i|yd fhÈh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 145 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh úiska ;ykï lr fkdue;s úg ix.%dñl m<s.ekSï ^m%;sm%ydr& ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e& 146 jk Í;sh' Ôksjd iïuq;Ska u.ska wdrCId lrk ;eke;a;kag tfrysj ix.%dñl m<s.ekSï ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e& 147 jk Í;sh' Ôksjd iïuq;Ska iy ixialD;sl iïuq;Ska u.ska wdrCId lrk b,lal$wruqKqj,g tfrys m<s.ekSï ;ykï fõ' ^wcdhq.e& 148 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqul md¾Yjhka yg ix.%dñl m<s.ekSï j,g fhduqùu i|yd whs;shla fkdmj;shs' tÈßjdÈlïj,g iDcqj iïnkaO fkdjk fyda iïnkaOùu wjika fldg we;s ;eke;a;kag tfrysj wfkl=;a m%;súreoaO l%shdud¾. .ekSu ;ykï fõ' ^wcdfkdhq.e&

60

j.lSu iy ydks mQrKh 149 jk Í;sh' my; i|yka foa we;=¿j ;uka fj; wdfrdamKh l< yels wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;s W,a,x>khka iïnkaOfhka rdcHhla j.lSug nef|hs ( ^w& ;u ikakoaO yuqodjka we;=¨j ;ukaf.a wxYhka úiska isÿlrk

,o W,a,x>khka ¦ ^wd& wdKavqfõ n,dêldßfha uQ,dx. l%shdjg kexùu i|yd rdcHh úiska

n,h mjrk ,o ;eke;a;ka fyda tallhka úiska isÿ lrk ,o W,a,x>khka ¦

^we& ieneúkau rdcHfha Wmfoia fyda tys u. fmkaùu fyda md,kh hgf;a lghq;= lrñka ;eke;a;ka fyda lKavdhï úiska isÿ lrk ,o W,a,x>khka ¦ iy

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155 jk Í;sh' ksfhda. l< l%shdj kS;s úfrdaê nj ±k isáfha kï iy ksfhda. l< l%shdfõ meyeÈ,s kS;s úfrdaê iajrEmh fya;=fjka ta nj ±k isáh hq;=j ;snqKs kï m%Odkshd f.a wd{djg wjk; ùu fya;=fjka hg;a ks,Odßfhl=j wmrdO j.lSfuka uqojkq fkd,nhs' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& hqo wmrdO 156 jk Í;sh' wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ kS;sfha nrm;< W,a,x>khka hqo wmrdO ixia:dmkh lrhs' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 157 jk Í;sh' ;u foaYSh wêlrKh ;=< § hqo wmrdO flfrys úYajuh wêlrK n,h mejÍug rdcHhkag whs;sjdislï mj;shs' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 158 jk Í;sh' rdcHfhda ;u foaY N+ñh ;=< fyda ;u cd;slhka fyda ikakoaO yuqodjka úiska isÿl< njg fpdaÈ; hqo wmrdO úu¾Ykh l< hq;= w;r" WÑ; mßÈ iellrejkag wNsfpdaokd l< hq;=h' tfiau ;uka i;=j wêlrK n,h mj;sk wfkl=;a hqo wmrdO o Tjqka úiska úu¾Ykh l<hq;= w;r WÑ; mßÈ iellrejkag kvq mejßh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 159 jk Í;sh' tÈßjdÈlï wjidkfha § hqo wmrdO i|yd o~qjï muqKqjk ,o fyda fpdaÈ; fyda iel lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;ka yer wka;¾cd;sl fkdjk ikakoAO .egqulg iyNd.s jQ ;eke;a;ka fyda ikakoAO .egqug iïnkaO fya;+ u; ksoyi wysñ lrkq ,enQjka fj; yels mq¿,a u fmdÿ iudj msßkeóug n,fha isák wêldÍyq mshjr .; hq;=h' ^wcdfkdhq.e& 160 jk Í;sh' iSudjka iys; jHjia:djka hqo wmrdOj,g fhÈh fkdyelsh'^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e& 161 jk Í;sh'hqo wmrdO úu¾Ykh lsÍug myiqlï ie,iSu iy iellrejkag kvq mejÍu i|yd yels;dla ÿrg rdcHhka tlsfkld iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug ish¨ u mßY%uhka ±ßh hq;=h' ^wcdhq.e$wcdfkdhq.e&

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pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ Í;Ska · 4. ye¢kaùu . j¾I 1949 § Ôksjd iïuq;Ska ms

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Transcript of pdß;%dkql+, wka;¾cd;sl udkqIjd§ Í;Ska · 4. ye¢kaùu . j¾I 1949 § Ôksjd iïuq;Ska ms