P.D.Bahukhandi Ex.DIR(QC) Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.(MD ...dgca.nic.in/env/Presentations/Global...
Transcript of P.D.Bahukhandi Ex.DIR(QC) Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.(MD ...dgca.nic.in/env/Presentations/Global...
CONTENTSAviation fuel - scenario in India
Development of Aviation Fuel Specifications
Harmonization of Jet Fuel Specification
Aviation Fuel Specification in India,
Critical Characteristics and trend
QC Monitoring Practices
Aviation Bio-fuels – developments & CSR
Conclusion
REFINERIES PRODUCING JET-A-1
S.No Refinery Installed Capacity (MMTA)
ATF Production (TMTPA)
01 Gujarat 13.7 48002 Mathura 8.0 90003 Panipat 12.0 90004 Haldia 7.5 30005 CPCL 9.5 84006 MRPL 9.5 4507 RPL 27 (Dom) +27 (SEZ) 120008 BPCL(M) 7.5 54009 NRL 3.0 3610 HPCL(M) 7.5 65011 HPCL(V) 7.5 7012 Guwahati 2.0 60
JET-A-1 SALES IN INDIA & FUTURE GROWTH
Year
Industry Indian oilSales % Growth Sales Market
Share% Growth
2004-05 3622654 12.18 2339044 64.6 % 7.10
2005-06 4247408 17.25 2722602 64.1 % 16.40
2006-07 5128563 20.75 3226344 62.9% 18.5
2007-08 5841815 13.90 3656403 62.6% 13.33
2008-09 5619548 -3.5 3560448 63.4% -2.1
2009-10 5792275 3.1 3642561 62.9% 2.3
Jet fuel Specifications at a Glance
Country SpecificationUSA ASTM D 1655 –04a, 6615-04aUK DEF STAN 91-91/6, 91-86/4, 91-88/2RUSSIA GOST 10227-86(TS-1, T-1, T-1S, T-2, RT)
GOST R 52050-2003
France DCSEA 134/AColombia NTC 1899Canada CAN/CGSB 3.23-02 & 3.22-02Brazil QAV-1India IS 1571 & IS 1587China GB 6537-94Japan JFSCL Issue 16 & DSP K2206DVenezuela COVENIN-1023
Major Specifications Comparison
USA UK RUSSIA India China
Characteristics D‐1655 91‐91/6 R 52050 IS 1571 GB 6537
Olefins 5.00% Deleted ‐ Deleted ‐08 5
Aromatics 22% 25% 25% 25 / 22 % 20%
Silver Strip 1 max ‐‐ Deleted Deleted ‐08* 1 max
Lubricity ‐ 0.85 0.85 0.85 / 0.65 mm ‐‐‐
Refining Comp ‐ Report Report Report ‐‐‐
Sulphur/ 0.30/ 0.30/ 0.30/ 0.3 0.2
Mercaptan % m 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003/.0020 0.002
18 19 19 19 20Smoke Point & Naphthalene's 3 3 3 3 3
Colour ‐ Report ‐ Report Report
Particulate ‐ 1.0 mg/l ‐ 1.0 mg/l Report
Conductivity 50 ‐ 450 50 ‐ 600 50 ‐ 450 50 ‐ 600 50 ‐450
*Being re intoduced
Harmonisation Of Jet Fuel Specification
Modern aviation recognizes few frontiers.
Need for similar characteristics & requirement.
Common name & standard specifications.
Its availability in all parts of the world.
Globalization.
BUT
Despite efforts differences in minimum quality requirement among the major internationally used specifications.
International airlines are faced with confusing array of names, definitions & specifications for jet fuels.
As a partial solution airlines to quote requirement against DEF STAN AFQRJOS or IATA spec. Russia also follows.
IS No. Salient Features Ref StdIS : 1571 – 1960 - Two Grades were covered, namely K 40 & K 50 DERD
2482/24941st Revision 1965 - Requirement of WSI, Smoke Point, & Thermal
Stability included- Requirement of ROE, Calorific Value, Accelerated Gum , & Mercaptan aligned with DERD2494
Latest IssueDERD 2494
2nd Revision 1967 - Requirement of Silver Strip included &WSI replaced With WSIM
(Issue 3 & 5)
3rd Revision 1976 -Grade K-40 deleted , being no longer used.-Reqt of Acidity , Relative Density & Viscosity aligned with DERD
DERD 2494 (Issue 7)
4th Revision 1982 - Aromatics contents increased from 20 to 22%- Thermal Stability by JEFTOT introduced , alignment with DERD
DERD 2494 (Issue 8)
5th Revision 1985 -Sulphur Contents relaxed from 0.20 to 0.30%Max. Freezing Point relaxed from – 50 to – 47 Deg C. FBP modified from 288 to 300Deg C.-Oxidation Stability deleted . Hydrogen contents &Conductivity added introduced
DERD 2494 (Issue 9)
Indian JET A-1 Specification Development
JET A-1 Specification Development
IS No. Salient Features Ref Std
6th Revision 1992 Silver Strip Corrosion relaxed i.e. 1 at refinery at Delivery end (4 Hrs). Defence Requirement of Aromatics 20 max deleted
DERD 2494 (Issue 10)
7th Revision 2001 Lubricity Requirement introduced 0.85mmMax. Aromatics revised to 25 % .WSIM modified as MSEP with /without SDA .Lumino number deleted
Def Stan (Issue 2)
8th Revision 2008 • Olefins contents deleted• Silver Strip Corrosion Test deleted.*•Sulphur Contents 0.3 %by Mass for Def and Civil • Aromatics Contents revised to 25 for Civil and 22
for Defence (Earlier 25 ( C )/22 ( D)/20 (Russion)• Conductivity Range enhanced from 50-450 to 50-600 * Being reintroduced
DEF STAN 91/91 (Issue 6 ) amendment April 2008 with amendment 1 12/08/2008 is issued with requirement of check fame and report particulate contamination in size
DEF STAN (Issue-5)
DEF STAN (Issue-6)
Trend in Development in Specification Jet Fuel vis-à-vis Auto Fuel
Characteristics Jet Fuel Auto FuelSulphur Content Increased Decreased
Aromatic Content Increased Decreased
Olefin Content Deleted Limit Introduced
Benzene content Not Required/ Specified Decreased
Lubricity Under specified conditions Limit Introduced
FBP, Distillation Increased Decreased
Density Range No Change Narrowed down
Freezing Point Less Stringent Not Applicable
Indian Jet Fuel vis-a-vis of USA & UK
RequirementS.No
Characteristic ASTMD 1655
DEF STAN 91-91/6
IS 1571:2008
1 Appearance C & B C & B,Colour – reportParticulate – 1
mg/l
C & B
2 Composition :
a) Total Acidity, mgKOH/g, Max 0.10 0.015 0.015
b) Aromatics, % by vol., Max 25 25 25/ 22
c) Olefins content, % by vol., Max --- --- Deleted -08
d) Total Sulphur, % by mass, Max 0.30 0.30 0.30Earlier .30/.25)
e) Mercaptan Sulfur, % by mass, Max ORDoctor Test
0.003
Negative
0.0030
Negative
0.003/ 0.002
Negative
JET A-1 Specifications – IOCL products
S.No CHARACTERISTICS DEF STAN 91/91 ISSUE 6
BIS 1571:2008
IOC
1 Aromatics, % by Volume Max
25 25 22
2 Sulphur, total % by mass, Max
0.30 0.30 0 .25
3 Sulphur, mercaptan % by mass, Max
0.003 0.003 0.002
4 Lubricity, WSD mm Max 0.85 0.85 0.65
5. Silver Strip Corrosion Test Dropped 0 Max* (Refinery)
1 Max (Field)
0 (Ref)1 (Field)
*being re-introduced
QC Monitoring Practices: JIG Vs AQCAM
S.NO JIG AQCAM1 Fuel storage Tank internally
inspected and cleaned every three Years.
Fuel storage Tank internally inspected and cleaned every Two Years. Three Years for tanks having 5 Micron filters on receipt line.
2 _ Storage Tank Bottom sample of storage tank subjected for Microbiological test to ascertain tank Hygiene
3 _ Storage Tank Bottom sample subjected for Cu strip corrosion test Monthly.
4 Storage Tanks Floating suction arms shall be checked monthly.
Storage Tanks Floating suction arms shall be checked Weekly.
S.NO JIG AQCAM5. Refuelling vehicle Hose end
strainers not coarser than 60 mesh
Refuelling vehicle Hose end strainers not coarser than 100 mesh
6. Refuelling vehicle Hose end strainers removed & inspected Monthly
Refuelling vehicle Hose end strainers removed & inspected Fortnightly.
7. Filters on vehicles supplying jet fuel be checked by Gravimetric test at least every six months.
Filters on vehicles supplying jet fuel are checked by Gravimetric test every Quarter(three months).
QC Monitoring Practices: JIG Vs AQCAM
Particulate ContaminationSl. Standard Requirement Limiting values
1 DEF STAN 91/91 (ISSUE 5)
At point of Manufacture
Max 1.0 mg/l
2 IATA At the point of delivery
< 0.20 mg/l – Acceptable> 0.20 mg/l - Investigate> 1 mg/l – Reject Fuel
3 IOC At the point of delivery
0.22 mg/l Max is Operating Specification> 0.15 mg/l – Repeat On repetition >0.15 mg/l investigate.> 0.5 mg/l Equipment withdrawn. Re-commission after investigation/ corrective action.
Bio-FuelsFossil Fuels Bio Fuels
ObtainedFrom
Non-Renewable Mineral resources
Renewable plant resources [Absorb CO2 , sunlight to grow]
Reserves Will exhaust one day Can be grown as per requirement
Emit CO2 during :Use as fuel Each stage of distribution
Emit CO2 during :Use as fuel Auxiliary growth operations
Do not absorb CO2 during any stage of their life-cycle
Absorb CO2 during biomass growth in next generation
Environmental Effect
0% Carbon-Neutral 84 % Carbon-Neutral
Impurities Sulphur Nil
Supply Supply only from regions having petroleum fields
Local smaller supply chains can be established
Prices Fluctuating Stable
Carbon Life-Cycle Diagram
Carbon Life-Cycle DiagramFossil Fuel Bio Fuel
CO2 is emitted at each stage of distribution chain
CO2 is reabsorbed as the next generation bio-stock is grown
Importance of Aviation
Importance of Aviation
Impact on Global Economy
Has direct, indirect, induced & catalytic impact
Equivalent to USD 3560 billion
Equals 7.5 % of world Gross Domestic Product
Huge growth since its beginning (5 % per annum)
Moves 2.2 billion passengers annually
Generates 32 million jobs globally
Social ImpactImproves quality of life by rapid worldwide transport
Has shrunk cultural barriers like no other transport sector
Indispensable for tourism & facilitates world trade
Aviation to Climate ChangeAviation to Climate Change
Contribution ToGlobal Warming
2% of manmade CO2 emissionsMay be 3% by 2050 (increase of 2-3% per yr)Lesser pollution than other sectors
Responsible attitude Working towards carbon-neutral growth
Technological Measures Adopted70 % more Fuel-Efficiency in past 40 years
Aircraft EnginesCutting age of efficiency (70% more in 40 yrs)A-380 / B-787 consume less than 3 ltr/100 km/PsgrCompare favorably with small family cars
Aircraft Shape More aerodynamic & lighter than ever before
Air Traffic Control Huge improvements in efficiency
Airport Operations Much more environ-friendly
Generations of Bio-FuelsGenerations of Bio-FuelsFirst Generation Second Generation
Sources Sugar-rich Plants Bio-derived oils
Land for Growth Need food-crop land Affect food-availability
May be grown in desert or salt-water
Examples of Sources
Sugarcane, (Ethanol), Corn (Bio-Diesel)
Soybeans, algae, jatropha, halophytes, camelina
Suitability for modern jet engines
Not suitableDo not have necessary performance & Safety attributes
SuitableMake high quality jet & diesel fuels
Current Use
--Transport--Home-heating, Cooking --Power generation from stationary engines
Jet & Diesel engine fuels
Key Advantages for Aviation
Second Generation Sustainable Bio-FuelsKey Advantages for Aviation
Environmental Reduction in CO2 emissions across their lifecycle
Diversified Supply
Viable alternative to fossil fuels Can substitute traditional jet fuel More diverse geographical fuel supply through non-
food crop sources
Economic / Social
Solution to fuel-price-fluctuations facing aviation Economic benefits to developing world with land
unviable for food but viable for 2G bio-fuels
Technical ChallengesAviation Bio-Fuels : Technical Challenges
Technical Requirements
High performance level to meet : Range of operational conditionsStringent performance targets
Safety requirements“Drop-in replacement “ for Jet A-1
Without the need to redesign Aircraft engine & fuel delivery system
First Generation Bio-Fuels
Ethanol & BiodieselDo not meet high performance & safety requirements
Second Generation Bio-Fuels
Recent advances :Not only meet but exceed many of the current Jet A-1 specifications
Jet Fuel Specifications
Second generation Bio-Fuels Exceed Jet A-1 Specifications
Criteria Jet A-1 Spec
2nd Gen Bio-Fuel
Flash Point (oC) 38 Min √
Freezing Point (oC) -47 Max √
Combustion Heat (MJ/kg) 42.8 Min √
Viscosity (mm2/s) 8.000 Max √
Sulphur Content (ppm) 0.30 Max √
Density (kg/m3) 775-840 √
Economic ViabilityAviation Bio-Fuels : Economic Viability against Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Costs may increase due to :
Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels
Increasing carbon costs due to “Emission Trading Scheme”
Sustainable
Bio-Fuels
Costs may reduce due to :
Improvement in harvesting & processing technology
Reduction in taxes on low carbon fuels
New developments on advanced bio-fuels :
(1) Advanced cheaper refining techniques using bacteria
(2) Use of less costly feed-stocks including waste products
Bio-Fuels expected to be viable by 2020 (with 10% aviation market)[Estimate may vary due to fluctuating costs of fossil fuels]
From Field to WingsAviation Second Generation Bio-Fuels
From Field to WingsCultivation &Harvesting
Grown in fairly harsh condition with little water, Grown in non-food-crop land or even waste-landJust need to be planted, cared for, cultivated & harvested Major challenges :
Increasing productivity through advanced methodsDecreasing cost-to-unit ratio
ProcessingTo Extract
Feedstock is pressed to extract oilSolid waste (meal) is used for various purposes
Refining by Hydroprocessing
Removal of oxygen from feedstockIsomerisation to meet specs of Jet fuel
Blending with Jet Fuel
”drop-in” blend with traditional jet fuelBio-fuel quantities in blend to increase graduallyMay take place at : bio-fuel refinery / petro refinery / separate facility / airport
The Next StepsAviation Second Generation Bio-Fuels
The Next StepsTo Ensure Steady supply of feedstock is grown & processed into bio-fuel
Refining & blending facilities are in placeCost is right to compete with petro-based fuelShare-allocation for bio-fuel in spite of competitionIncentives for bio-fuel supplySustainability of the bio-fuel supplies
Positive Incentives
Assistance in identifying areas for bio-fuel growthSupport in starting farming & production o algaeIncentives to develop processing & refining capacityFiscal & legal framework to facilitate economic viability
Commitment Use of sustainable bio-fuels in commercial flights by 2012Significant supply of bio-fuel in jet fuel mix by 2020
Aviation Bio-Fuels Are
Aviation Second Generation Bio-Fuels Are
Essential Continuing to burn fossil fuels is not sustainable
Viable Tests prove that bio-fuels can be used in flight
SustainableSecond generation bio-fuels have low impact on land or water used for food-crops
CleanerThey have around 80% reduction in CO2 lifecycle emissions compared to fossil fuels
PracticalSecond generation bio-fuels can be mixed with existing aviation fuel supplies. Ass more bio-fuel is produced, we can use more across the industry
Coming Soon
With certification expected by 2011 bio-fuels could be used on commercial flights within 3-5 years
Save Humanity
Aviation Bio-Fuels Role to Save Humanity
Petro-Fuels End dependence on petro-fuels that are on the verge of extinction
Global-Warming Delay or Prevent devastating consequences of global warming
• Harmonization of Jet fuel specification for both civil and defence requirement will help in
Availability of Common JET fuel world wide.
Better Yields with less and friendly emissions
Flexibility in operations/Logistics, Import/Export.
Better Aviation Economics.
Enhanced Flight Safety
•Bio-fuel for sustainability and environment protection
CONCLUSION