Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning...

Pastorino/Doyle-PortilloEssentials of What Is Psychology? 1st edition

© 2010 Cengage Learning

Chapter 4:Consciousness: Wide Awake, in a Daze,

or Dreaming?



• Consciousness

• Functions of sleep

• How much do we need

• Circadian rhythm– Weekend Lag– Jet Lag– Night Shift Work



The Four Stages of Non-REM Sleep

• Stage I– Light sleep

• Stage II– Clearly asleep

• Stage III– Transitional stage

• Stage IV– Deep sleep, body maintenance and

restoration



REM Sleep: Dream On

• After deep sleep, before REM, body cycles back through stages 3 and 2

• Active stage – brain waves look awake• Body paralysis



A Typical Night’s Sleep

• Stage I, II, III, IV, III, II of non-REM and then REM = one cycle

• Cycle repeats• Complete cycle takes about 90 minutes

– Less time spent in deep sleep and more in REM as night progresses

• About 20% of night spent in REM sleep• Dreaming



Sleeping Disorders: Tossing and Turning – and More

• Sleep disorder = a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleep

• 95% of Americans suffer from a sleep disorder sometime during their life

• 25% to 40% of children and adolescents• Insomnia



How Can You Get the Sleep You Need?

• Establish a regular sleep-wake cycle• Avoid long naps• Only sleep in bed• Get up and do something after 15 minutes• Avoid sleeping pills, alcohol, cigarettes and

caffeine• Exercise during day



Sleep, cont.

• Narcolepsy

• Cataplexy

• Sleep Apnea

• SIDS

• Sleepwalking

• Night Terrors

• Enuresis



Gender Differences in Sleep

• Men report needing less sleep

• Men more likely to snore and have sleep apnea

• Women likely to get more sleep than men

• Women report more daytime sleepiness and difficulty falling asleep

• Women suffer more from insomnia



Consciousness

• Hypnosis– Defined– Theories Explaining

• Psychoactive Drugs



Drugs, cont.

• Tolerance

• Dependence

• Abuse



How Drugs Work: Biology, Expectations, and Culture

• Biologically, drugs interfere with normal nervous system function

• Psychological factors

• Culture – Social acceptance of drug use or non-use



Depressants

• Alcohol– Slows neural functioning– Health Effects– Genes– Social costs



Barbiturates and Sedatives

• Reduce anxiety or induce sleep• Sedatives prescribed for anxiety reduction• Similar effects to alcohol• Potentially lethal combined with alcohol• Rohypnol – rape drug• Physical withdrawal is severe



Opiates (Narcotics): Morphine, Codeine, Opium, and Heroin

• Pain treatment• Create feeling of pleasure• Highly addictive• Severe physical withdrawal symptoms• High overdose risk



Stimulants: Legal and Otherwise

• Interfere with brain functioning by speeding up normal brain activity

• Caffeine• Nicotine• Cocaine and crack• Amphetamines• MDMA (Ecstasy)



Hallucinogens: Distorting Reality

• Interfere with brain functioning by exciting and inhibiting neural activity

• Contrasting effects often cause distorted perceptions (hallucinations)

• Types of hallucinogens– Marijuana– PCP– LSD

Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning...

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Transcript of Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning...