Unit 1 Grammar

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Parts of Speech: Nouns (pages4-7)

A noun is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. A common noun names a class of people, places, things, or ideas. A proper noun gives the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. A compound noun consists of two or more words used together to form a single noun.

Practice: Nouns Underline the common nouns in the following sentences-~once and the proper nouns twice. Circle all the compound nouns.

1. Last week, representatives of fifteen nations met in Rio de Janeiro for a

conference dealing with mutual economic problems.

2. Hornbooks, which consisted of lessons mounted on thin boards covered

with a protective sheet of transparent horn, were a common educational

device in colonial North America.

3. Johann Sebastian Bach is the most famous member of his musical

family, which produced more than fifty accomplished musicians.

4. Water polo, a fast-paced game that is popular in many parts of the

world, is one of the exciting sports of the Olympic Games.

5. Indo-European, one of the major language families, is comprised of

most of the languages spoken in Europe, Asia Minor, and India.

6. The "hay-forest" is an agricultural region in northeastern Minnesota.

7. The Mississippi R!ver flows several thousand miles from northern

Minnesota to its delta on the Gulf of Mexico.

8. Our production. of Hamlet, a special adaptation for theater-in-the-round,

will have its initial performance on Wednesday.

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Name Date

Parts of Speech: Nouns (pages4-7J

A collective noun refers to a group of people, places, things, or ideas. Concrete nouns refer to material things, to people, or to places. Concrete nouns usually name things that you can perceive with your senses or that can be measured or perceived with the aid of technical devices. Abstract nouns name ideas, qualities, emotions, or attitudes.

Practice 1: Collective Nouns On the answer lines, write the collective nouns from the list that correctly complete the following sentences. Each collective noun is useo only once.

group orchestra class party association chorus

1. Several students in my chemistry _?_._ have formed a study _?_ to 1. __________ prepare for the final examination.

2. The candidate said that she hoped to win enough delegates during the 2. __________ spring primary to obtain the endorsement of the _?_._ .

3. Several singers from the _?_._ , accompanied by the school _?_ ' 3. performed folk songs from France and Italy.

4. Area merchants have formed a cooperative _?_._ to lobby in 4. Washington.

Practice 2: Concrete and Abstract Nouns Underline the concrete nouns in the following sentences once and the abstract nouns twice.

. . 1. In August 1976, a group of teachers and students from Illinois

embarked on a journey of thirty-three hundred miles.

2. The goal of the group was to follow the route along the Mississippi

River taken by the French explorer La Salle three centuries ago.

3. Plans and preparations for the trip included two years of research

and training, as well as the construction of the equipment.

4. The group duplicated as nearly as possible the hand-crafted canoes

and clothing, as well as the food, songs, and travel schedule of the

original seventeenth-century voyageurs.

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Unit 1 Grammar

Parts of Speech : Pronouns (pages 7--12)

A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. The noun that a pronoun replaces is its antecedent.

Personal pronouns are pronouns that require different forms to express person, number, and gender. Possessive pronouns are personal pronouns that show ownership or belonging.

Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) specify the individual or the group that is being -referred to.

Reflexive pronouns, formed with the suffixes -self and -selves, indicate that people or things perform actions to, for, or on behalf of themselves.

Practice 1: Personal Pronouns On the answer lines, complete the following sentences with the correct pronoun indicated in parentheses.

1. Mark explained that _?_ would be unable to attend the family reunion in Phoenix. (third person, singular, masculine)

_ .. 2. The climbers made _?_. _ camp near the base of the mountain. (third ~ person, plural, possessive)

3. "Linda," said Frank, "would _?_like to join us at _?_. _ table?" (second person, singular; first person, plural, possessive)

4. _?_ noticed that several skiers were already or~zing~ equipment. (first person, plural; third person, plural, possessive)

5. Tom announced, "_?_ asked Margot to bring_?_. _ sister." (first person, singular; third person, singular, feminine, possessive)

Practice 2: Demonstrative and Reflexive Pronouns On the answer lines, write the pronouns that correctly complete the following sentences. Use the kinds of pronouns indicated in parentheses..

1. I have given _?_ a budget of fifteen dollars per week for lunches and entertainment expenses during the coming month. (Reflexive)

2. Please wear your new slippers; _?_ on your feet must be ten years old. (Demonstrative)

3. Famished, we made ? a chicken dinner. (Reflexive)

4. Tim stood in ffont of the full-length mirror, admiring _?_. _ in his new shirt and slacks. (Reflexive)_5. We should arrivein Denver late _?_ afternoon, in plenty of time for

r~. tonight's concert at eight o'clock. (Demonstrative)

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Parts of Speech:· Pronouns (pages 7-12)

Intensive pronouns are the same words as the reflexive pronouns, but they are used to draw special attention to a person or a thing.

Interrogative pronouns introduce questions. The most frequently used interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, what, and whose.

Relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses, which modify nouns and pronouns. Who, whom, whose, which, and that are relative pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places, or things in general.

Practice 1: Kinds of Pronouns On the answer lines, write Intensive, Inter:rogative, Relative, or Indefinite to identify the pronouns in italic type in the following sentences.

1. No one in this group has had any experience in auto mechanics. 1.

2. The President himself has requested the report by tomorrow morning. 2.

3.· Whom shall we ask to the party? 3.

4. The computer course that I took last year gave me information that I 4. have found valuable in choosing my future career. t)

5. The Capitol itself was destroyed by fire in the war, but many of the . 5. furnishings and papers, whic~ are priceless, were saved.

6. Wh()se responsibility was it to make sure that the gas tanks in the boat 6. had been properly filled?

'-.

7. What would you think of a friend who was more interested in personal 7. advantage than in loyalty?

8. Many find these concerts delightful, but some believe them to be an 8. empty tradition.

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Practice 2: Pronouns On the answer lines, write the pronouns that correctly complete the following sentences., Ust'( the kinds of pronouns indicated in parentheses. .

1. Ellen McCartney, _?_ works with my sister Jane, is visiting friends 1. in England this summer. (Relative)

2. _?_ is the correct official form to use for this request? (Interrogative) 2.

3. You _?_."_ will be responsible for getting good grades. (Intensive) 3. \ 4. Has _?_ in the room seen _?_ pictures, or should we keep them 4.

circulating for a while longer? (Indefinite; Demonstrative)

5. That painting, _?_._ is on display at the gallery on Front Street, was 5. -~ done by an artist _?_._lives in Mexico City. (Relative; Relative)

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Parts of Speech: Verbs (pages 12-17)

A verb is a word that expresses an ~ction or a state of being. An action verb describes the behavlor or action of someone or

something. It may represent physical actions or mental activities. A linking verb connects a noun or a pronoun with the words that

identify or describe the noun or pronoun. Many linking verbs are verbs of being, which you form from the verb be.

An auxiliary verb, or helping verb, is sometimes needed to help the main verb. A main verb and its auxiliary verb or verbs form a verb phrase.

Practice 1: Action Verbs and Linking Verbs On the answer lines, write Action or Linking to identify the verbs in italic type in the following sentences.

1. Half horse and half human, centaurs were mythological creatures that 1. were sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile to humans.

2. A mudskipper is an amphibious fish capable of walking on its front 2. fins.

41 3. Precise words are essential, so writers choose their words carefully. 3. {

4. Artist Emily Carr's paintings depict the scenery and people of the 4. ~'" coasta~ forests of British Columbia.

Practice 2: Auxiliary Verbs Underline the verb phrases in the following sentences. Add a second line under the auxiliary verbs.

1. Despite their common interest in the event, entrants in this year's New

York City Marathon could not have been more diverse.

2. There were previous winners of the event, as ~ell as runners who had

won titles and championships all over the world.

3. One entrant, a restaurant waiter, could not leave his work behind; he

ran the twenty-six miles with a tray and a bottle of mineral water.

4. Some runnersiraced backward for the whole distance, perhaps because

it was better to see where they had been than where they were going.

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Name Date

Parts of Speech: Verbs (pages 12-17)

A verb is transitive when its action is directed toward someone or something, which is called the object of the verb. A verb without an object is intransitive. All linking verbs ar~ intransitive.

Transitive verbs have both active and passive voices. If the verb in a sentence is in the active voice, the subject performs the action. If the verb is in the passive voice, the seubject receives the action.

Practice 1: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs On the answer lines, write Transitive or Intransitive to identify the verbs in italic type in the following sentences. Also write the object of each transitive verb.

1. The scientists examined specimens taken from animals thathad been 1. innoculated with the experimental serum.

2. Direct mail promotions and telephone ad campaign~ ~re the source of 2. the increase in company sales.

3. Officials from the county health department took several samples from 3, the water in the ponds ..

4. Migrating birds frequently stop along this river for food and rest. 4.

5. Senator Blount's campaign workers distributed several thousand 5. brochures outside Toledo factories this afternoon. •

6. The cast assembled after the performance to discuss changes in the 6. script and in the choreography.

Practice 2: Active arid Passive Voice Underline the verbs in the active voice in the following sentences once and the verbs in the passive voice twice.

1. Body movement among vertebrates is a result of the interaction of thCf

muscles alld skeleton.

2. About 350 bones are found in the skeleton of a human infant.

3. Since many bones fuse together during the growth' process, the average

human adult skeleton possesses only about 206 bones.

4. That same average adult's body contains more than four hundred I

skeletal muscles, whose functions are performed by muscles acting in

groups.

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Date

Unit 1 Grammar

Parts of Speech: . Adjectives (pages 18-23)

An adjective is a word that modifies, or changes, a noun or a pronoun by describing it, limiting it, or making it more specific. An adjective answers one of three questions: Which? What kind? or How many? The most frequently used adjectives are the articles a, an, and the.

Practice: Adjectives Underline the adjectives in the following sentences once and the articles twice. Draw arrows from the adjectives to the words that they modify; do not include articles.

1. The members of the special corigressional committee worked diligently

to accumulate relevant data for the next report.

2. All money r&ised during the annual spring car wash is donated to the

scholarship fund at Livingston High School.

413. From the northwestern pinnacle of Hunter Mountain, we could see

down to the silver line of the Layton River and the white buildings of

Lakeville.

4. The hi)cers, cold and discouraged, finally returned to the small camp in

the shelter of the pine grove.

5. The morning light revealed trees and tall shrubs bent to the ground ,~

under the heavy weight of the fresh snow.

6. Reporters from many newspapers and from the major television and

radio stations gathered for the presidential news conference.

7. We brought several bags of groceries with us to the cabin, so that there

would be enough food for the weekend.

8. A delegation of corporate leaders is visiting countries that are

4t interested ~'-expanding industrial production and foreign trade.

Copyright © 1986, 1984 by Houghton Mimin Company. Ail rights reserved. Houghton MijJlin English, GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, Sixth Course, Practice Book 7

Name Date

.Parts of Speech: Adjectives (pages 18-23)

A proper adjective is a name that functions as the mOdifier of a nbun or a pronoun. Always capitalize proper adjectives .

. Possessive nouns, which show possession or ownership, function as adjectives because they modify nouns or pronouns. Possessive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and the relative pronoun whose may also serve as adjectives.

Practice 1: Proper Adjectives Rewrite the following sentences. Use proper adjectives in place of the proper nouns.

1. Which would you prefer for dinner tonight, r60d of India or of China?

2. The era of Elizabeth, in England, saw a flowering of poetry and drama.

3. The strong tail wind soon brought the jet to the coast of North Africa.

4. The ice floes of the Arctic have made polar exploration treacherous.

Practice 2: Nouns and Pronouns Used as AdjeCtives On the answer lines, write the adjectives in the following sentences. Do not include articles. Label each adjective Noun, Possessive noun, or Pronoun.

1 .. The limestone columns of the goverhment's assembly buiidings were in need of repair.

2. The silk-screen print on my bedroom wall is my birthday gift.

3. Few seemed to have heard his radio arinouncement that Monday's drama club meeting had been canceled.

4. When you have completed your answer page, place it in the folder.

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Unit 1 Grammar

Date

Parts of Speech: Adverbs (pages 23-26)

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb answers one of five questions about the word or phrase that it modifies: How? When? Where? How often? To what extent?

Adverbs such as rather, really, certainly, indeed, and truly are adverps of extent that you use for emphasis. The words not and never are adverbs that tell to what extent and when. Many nouns function a~

adverbs.

Practice 1 : Adverbs On the answer lines, write How? When? Where? How Dften? or To what extent? to identify the questions answered by the adverbs in italic type in the following sentences.

1. The startled horses galloped swiftly across the open fields. 1.

2. Such warm weather is rather unusual for this time of year. 2.

3. Tomorrow the committee will interview several candidates for the 3. position of college athletiC director. tt4. Glenn spoke enthusiastically about the new computer science program. 4.

5. Tourists seldom use this beach, and most of the swimmers are residents 5. of the immediately surrounding area.

Practice 2: Using Adverbs 'On the answer lines, write the adverbs from the following list that correctly complete the sentences that follow. Each adverb is used only once.

seldom not frequently very vigorously soon

1. The area around the ski resort was _?_._ hilly. 1.

2. I have _?_ yet been able to locate a store that sells those shoes. 2.

3. The plane would _?_._land, so the passengers began to gather their 3. belongings and toJasten their seat belts.

4. Severe thunderstorms occur _?_ in this area during the late summer 4. and early auturp.n, but fortunately, they _?_._ cause major problems.

5. I had to pedal _?_ in order to keep pace with the other cyclists. 5.

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Name

Parts of Speech: Adverbs (pages 23-26)

An adverb does not have to appear next to the verb that it modifies, but an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb usually does.

Practice: Adverbs On the answer lines, list the adverbs in the following sentences. Next to each adverb, write the word or phrase that it modifies and the part of speech-Verb, Adjective, or Adverb-of that modified word. , 1. Greek and Roman myths frequently have supplied themes for art.

i 2. Numerous recognized works of poetry, prose, drama, sculpture, and r painting have used these almost universally known figures and tales. !

f 1 3. Such works of poetry as John Milton's Paradise Lost and John Keat's

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" clearly reflect the influence of mythology.

t.p

4. During the Renaissance and the Neoclassical period, painters often chose subjects from mythology and dramatically depicted commonly known scenes of Greek and Roman myth and legend.

\ 5. Today, writers are equally indebted to classical mythology.

6. Historically, myths also have been an amazingly rich source of names for animals, plants, and heavenly bodies. ~ <

7. Certainly, few of us would know the identities of any constellations if we were not able to use the mythological names that dramatically capture the shapes of these heavenly bodies.

8. Not unexpectedly, myths also have had rather important influences on our everyday language.

f

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Unit 1 Grammar

Name Date

Parts of Speech: Prepositions (pages 26-29)

A preposition is a word that expresses a relationship between a noun ' /

or a pronoun and another word in a sentence. A compound preposition consists of more than one word. The noun or a pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. The preposition, the object, and the modifiers of that object form a prepositional phrase.

Practice 1: Prepositions Underline the prepositions in the following sentences once and the compound prepositions twice.

1. As of November 1963, there was a new island in the Atlantic'Ocean

near Iceland called Surtsey.

2. The island, about one square mile (2.6 km), was formed from the lava·

of a volcanic eruption that broke the surface of the ocean.

41 3. Two other islands, in addition to Surtsey, were formed at that time.

4. These islands, however, eventually sank beneath the sea.

5. Surtsey, however, survived, and plants grow on the small island.

Practice 2: Prepositional Phrases Underline the prepositional phrases once and the objects of the prepositions twice in the following sentences.

1. In the Bering Strait, between Alaska and Siberia, there are two islands •'"

that are steppingstones between two of Earth's largest land masses.

2. One of the islands, named Big Diomede, is owned by the Soviet Union;

the other, Little Diomede, is owned by the United States.

3. According to many scientists, these two islands are all that remain of a

land bridge that once joined Asia and North America.

4. Now, however, the continents are separated by the icy waters of the

e Bering Strait.

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Name Date

Parts of Speech: Prepositions (pages 26-29)

A prepositional phrase functions as an adjective if it modifies a noun or a pron,oun. A prepositional phrase functions as an adverb if it modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Some words can function as either prepositions or adverbs, depending on their use in a sentence.

Practice 1: Prepositional Phrases Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. On the answer lines, write Adjective or Adverb to show what kind of phrase each is. Then draw an arrow to the word that the phrase modifies.

1. A perpetual motion device is one that can continue moving without an 1.

outside energy source. J­

2. Over the years, a number of attempts have been made to create such 2 . •

a device.

3. All of these attempts, however, have ended in failure. 3.

4. ____________________4. The main reason for these failures is that the energy that starts the

device is used during its operation to overcome friction.

5. In recent years, many people have powered perpetual motion devices 5.

with solar energy or by other means.

Practice 2: Prepositions and Adverbs On the answer lines, write Preposition or Adverb to identify the words in italic type in the following sentences.

1. To get to Emerson Lane, drive down Pond Lake Road for about two 1. miles and make a right just beyond the Acme Filling Station.

2. If you would like to come along, we would love to have yo':-with us for 2. the weekend at Silver Lake.

3. No one, besides Cheryl and Kate, helped to shovel the driveway. 3.

4. Sid and Karen ,(arne over, and then we went to the movies. 4.

5. Jan just drove by on hen way to work. 5.

6. Hadley walked by the post office on her way home. 6. ...~....~'...

~:~

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Unit 1 Grammar

Name Date

Parts of Speech: Conjunctions (pages 29-33)

A coordinating conjunction connects words or groups of words that perform the same function in a sentence. A correlative conjunction consists of two or more words that connect words or groups of words that perform equal functions in a sentence. A subordinating conjunction connects a Subordinate clause to an independent clause. A conjunctive adverb usually connects independent clauses.

Practice: Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs On the answer lines, write the conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs in the following sentences. Label them Coordinating conjunction, Correlative conjunction, Subordinating conjunction, or Conjunctive adverb. ,

1. Amid the rivers and~forests of tropical New Guinea, you can see not only the unusual riflebird but also the beautiful bird of paradise.

We considered several different albums before we finally chose one to give to Jeff for his birthday.

3. Although it seemed early in the season for swimming, we found that the water in the lake was cool but refreshing.

4. The small citrus grove is in the middle of the desert, but it flourishes because an intricate irrigation system supplieSit with water.

5. So that we may eat by seven, we should quit skiing by six; moreover, we should leave time to stow our gear and change our c1otnes.

6. Before the game begins, the National Anthem will be performed either by the marching band or by a group of singers from the chorus.

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Parts of Speech: Interjections (pages 33-34)

An interjection is an exclamatory word or phrase that can stand by itself, although it may also appear in a sentence. Interjections that express strong emotions are followed by an exclamation point; those that appear within ~entences are set off with commas.

Practice 1: Interjections Underline the interjections in the following sentences. Circle any letters that should be capitalized and add commas and exclamation points where necessary.

1. Of course you know that you will be required to take at least

five major subjects next year.

2. Wow that was an absolutely fantastic film.

3. No the painting is not straight yet; lower the left side a little.

4. No don't give that book to Jan; it's mine.

Practice 2: Using Conjunctions and Interjections On the answer lines, write the conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and interjections from the list that correctly complete the following sentences. Add any punctuation that is needed. Each word is used only once. ..

although but consequently nevertheless because unless ouch moreover yes

1. _?_ I just touched that red-hot iron! 1. ___________ "

2. The members of the club have many differences of opinion _?_._ the 2. ___-.,.._______ meetings seldom are peaceful.

3. _?_ she has only been studying it for two years, Anne speaks French 3. almost fluently.

4. The mayor obviously was disturbed by the reporters' questions _?_._ 4. he managed to maintain his composure.

5. _?_. there is a ~jor change in the weather soon, our vacation will 5. have been a complete washout.

6. _?_ we just receive? confirmation of our flight reservations. 6.

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Name

Four Sentence Purposes (pages34-35)

A sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. A declarative sentence makes a statement and ends with a period. An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. An imperative sentence gives an order or makes a request and ends with a period if the command or request is mild or with an exclamation point if the command or request is strong.

Practice 1: Sentence Purpose On the answer lines, write Declarative, Interrogative, Exclamatory, or Imperative to identify the following sentences. ~

1. To research the marine life near the reef in more detail, the scientists descended in the bathysphere.

...2. Mail this letter now, before the post office closes for the day.

3. From our seats at the very rear of the balcony, we could hardly see the actors on the stage.

4. How pleased I am to see you!

5. Timmy! Get down from there this minute!

6. Why didn't you notify me that your flight had been postponed?

7. Check to see if there are enough vegetables for dinner tonight.

8. Will you go to the grocery store for me? "

.L' Practice 2: Sentence Purpose Add the appropriate end punctuation to the following sentences.

1. What herbs did you use when you made this delicious soup

2. Negotiations between union and management have become critical

3. That was a trulyre~arkable concert last night

4. Try to speak louder, please, so that everyone can hear you I

5. Do whatever you think is best

6. The monument's steps have been eroded by the feet of millions of

visitors

7. Don't let that player get near the basket

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Unit i .Grammar

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