Parts of Speech

and

Functions of Words

Part of Speech: NOUN

Nouns name– Person– Place– Thing– Abstraction

• Idea• Emotion

Kinds of nouns– Common– Proper

Function of NOUN in Sentence

Subject: – Jack jumped over the candlestick.

Direct object: – Mary had a little lamb.– Jack sent Mary an invitation.

Indirect object: – Jack sent Mary an invitation.

Object of the preposition: – Jack jumped over the candlestick.

Noun function

Noun in direct address: – Jack, will you help me?

Appositive: – Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill.

Predicate nominative or subject complement: – Mr. Smith is a grocer.

Possessive: – Jack’s pail has a hole in it.– The boys’ game was cancelled.– The men’s game was cancelled.

Part of Speech: PRONOUN

Pronouns replace nouns: stand-in for a person, place thing or abstraction.

The noun replaced by the pronoun is known as the antecedent

Function of PRONOUN in Sentence

Pronouns have all the same functions as nouns.

Kinds of PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns – replace noun– 1st person singular: I, me, my, mine – 1st person plural: we, us, our– 2nd person : you, you, your (thou, thee, thine)– 3rd person singular: He,she,it; him, her, it;

his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no apostrophe! it’s = it is )

– 3rd person plural: They, them, their

Interrogative pronouns – ask questions– Who, whom, whose?– Which, what?

Kinds of Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns – do not require an antecedent: – Singular: another, any, each, nothing, one, anyone,

everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, neither

– Plural: few, many, some, all

Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by introducing a noun or adjective clause– The man, who hit my car, did not give me his license

number.– who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what,

whatever, that

Kinds of Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns – point– This, these– That, those

Intensive pronouns – emphasize preceding noun. Same form asReflexive pronouns – receive the action of the subject who is the same person– Singular: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself– Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Part of Speech: ADJECTIVE

Adjectives describe, limit or modify a noun or pronoun – The blue dress was beautiful.

Article– Definite: the– Indefinite: a, an

Part of Speech: ADVERB

Adverbs modify or describe: verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.– He ran quickly. – He ran very quickly.– The dress was cobalt blue.

Part of Speech: PREPOSITION

Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence creating a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: preposition + noun– He ran to the bus.– She met me at six o’clock.

Function of PREPOSITION in Sentence

Prepositional phrases always modify or describe something.

Adjectival prepositional phrases:– The stew for dinner was delicious.

Adverbial prepositional phrases:– The stew was made with beef, potatoes,

carrots and onions.

Part of Speech: CONJUNCTION

Conjunctions connect Coordinate conjunctions– and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet

Correlative conjunctions– both…and– either…or– neither…nor– Not only…but also– Whether…or

Subordinate conjunctions

Function of CONJUNCTIONS in Sentences

Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words, phrases or clauses of equal weight.– Jack and Jill went up the hill.– Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after.

Correlative conjunctions – always used in pairs also connect terms of equal weight – Both Jack and Jill went up the hill.– Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also tumbled after

him.

Subordinate conjunctions – create dependant clauses by introducing adverb clauses– When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.

Common Subordinate Conjunctions

After

Although

As

As if

Because

Before

If

Once

Since

That

Unless

Until

When

Whenever

Where

While

Part of Speech: INTERJECTION

Interjections exclaim or express emotions – Ouch– Alas– Oh– All those words you curse with

Part of Speech: VERB

Verbs express action, state of being or condition

Function of VERB in Sentence

Main verbs– Action: walk, sing, fly– State of being or linking: is, feel

Auxiliary (helping) verbs – combine with main verbs to create verb phrases– Be: am walking, was sung– Have: had flown

Principal Parts of Verbs

Infinitive: to be3rd person present tense: is3rd person past tense: wasPast participle: been

to have, has, had, had to walk, walks, walked, walked to sing, sings, sang, sung to fly, flies, flew, flown

VERB Tenses

Present: – I walk– The bird flies

Past – I walked– The bird flew

Future – I shall walk– The bird will fly

Perfect VERB Tenses

Present Perfect– I have walked– The bird has flown

Past Perfect– I had walked– The bird had flown

Future Perfect– I shall have walked– The bird will have flown

Progressive VERB Tenses

Present progressive– I am walking– The bird is flying

Past progressive– I was walking– The bird was flying

Future progressive– I shall be walking– The bird will be flying

VERB Voice

Active – Jack threw the ball

Passive– The ball was thrown by Jack

VERB Moods

Indicative – makes a statement– The cow jumped over the moon.

Interrogative – asks a question– Who jumped over the moon?

Imperative – gives a command or direct request– Jump over the moon.

Subjunctive – expresses a wish or contrary-to-fact statement– If the cow jump over the moon, I will be surprised.– I wish the cow would jump over the moon.

VERBALS

Parts of verbs that function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs– Present participle: being, walking, singing, flying

• The flying bird overhead is a blue heron.– Past participle: been, walked, sung, flown

• The opera sung last night was Carmen.– Infinitive: to be, to walk, to sing, to fly

• To walk a mile every day is healthy.– Gerund (always as a noun): being, walking,

singing, flying• Flying is his passion