Part 7 (Memory Basics).ppt - University of MichiganMemory Basics Two types of models STM vs. LTM...

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5/28/2015 1 Part VII Short-Term/Working Memory Ulric Neisser (1928-2012) On pre-1970s memory research: “If X is an important or interesting feature of human behavior, then X has rarely been studied by psychologists” (Neisser, 1976) Reaction against the time Behaviorism William James: Primary vs. Secondary Primary Memory Secondary Memory Iconic Memory (~.25 sec) Sperling’s (1960) | Whole Report | Partial Report Echoic Memory (~4 sec) Neisser (1967) | Immediate Report | Delayed Report Not controllable! Tachistoscope Multi-Store Approach Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) model Components of Model Components of Model Distinction between STM and LTM

Transcript of Part 7 (Memory Basics).ppt - University of MichiganMemory Basics Two types of models STM vs. LTM...

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Part VIIShort-Term/Working Memory

Ulric Neisser(1928-2012)

On pre-1970s memory research:“If X is an important or interesting feature of human behavior, then X has rarely been studied by psychologists” (Neisser, 1976)

Reaction against the timeBehaviorism

William James: Primary vs. Secondary

Primary Memory

SecondaryMemory

Iconic Memory (~.25 sec)Sperling’s (1960)

Whole Report Partial Report

Echoic Memory (~4 sec)Neisser (1967)

Immediate ReportDelayed Report

Not controllable!

Tachistoscope

Multi-Store Approach

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) model

Components of ModelComponents of Model

Distinction between STM and LTM

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Single Store Approach

Embedded Process Model (e.g., Cowan, 1995)

Do we have evidence for this distinction?

Activity

Why is one more active than the other?

AccessAccess

Questions about 30 years war

Availability of info in STM vs. LTM

Phone-number example

Capacity

STM vs. LTM

Maintenance

Code

Clinical Evidence

H.M.

N.A.

Different abilities?

Conclusion

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Leaky Bucket Metaphor of STM

Memory SpanMiller’s (1956) Magic Number 7 ± 2

Capacity & Chunking3.5 Nonsense Syl.5.5 Words7.8 Digits

Memory Experts?Other enhancements?

Memory Training?Can we do it?

Transfer of skill?Does the skill aid in other tasks?

What is it?

Why does it occur?

What about Steve Faloon?

STM vs. LTM

Speed

Brown and Peterson Task

Serial Position Effects

Time?

HWJTRKQPTBHS

“Please learn the following”

MXG

Count Backwards by 3s397394391298295…

“Please recall the consonant trigram.” Very Rapid Forgetting

Mutter (1980) Sebrechts, Marsh, & Seamon (1989)

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2 competing theories

Rust and Time metaphor

Back to Brown-Peterson task

Keppel & Underwood (1962)

New twist?

Probe Digit (Waugh & Norman;1965)Presentation Rate: 1 vs. 4 per second)Probe Position: Beginning or End of List

Similarity (Reitman, 1973; 1974)

White noiseSyllable detectionCapacity?

Rehearsal and Coding

Acoustic, Visual, Semantic?Intuition?

Nature of Rehearsal/Coding?Rehearsal Rate (Landauer, 1962)

Welsh Digits > English Digits (Ellis & Hennelly, 1980)

Back to perceptual confusions (Conrad, 1964)Word Length Effect (Baddeley et al., 1975)

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Alternate Type of Coding?

Hierarchical Organization (Seamon & Chumbley, 1977)

Back to ideas of chunking

Ericcson, Chase, & Falloon (1980): 80 digits!

New conceptualization of STM?

Role of Working Memory

STM and its relationship with LTM

Working Memory and STM

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Nine Digits, visuallyThree Conditions

Spoken WordsNonsense SyllablesSilence

Phonological Loop?

New Experiment…

Vallar & Baddeley (1984)Instructions: Repeat the following word over and

over and…

“THE”

Role of Phonological LoopRecodeSubvocal Rehearsal

What is it?

Why does it occur?

Evidence for existence

2 different strategies

Recall for different strategies

Selective interference

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Baddeley et al. (1975) & Brooks (1967)More Selective Interference

Role

Why is it hard to pin down?

Back to Reason’s slips of action

Attention

Memory Basics

Two types of models

STM vs. LTM

Working Memory