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Paris Pact Report 2015-2016

CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 4

Regional groupings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 4

Disclaimer …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 4

Acronyms …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 9

The Paris Pact Initiative – Update on the Partnership’s implementation of the Vienna Declaration

& the UNODC global Paris Pact programme ………………………………………………………………………….………… 11

Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration – Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives

to combat illicit traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan …………………………………………………………… 57

Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration – Detecting and blocking financial flows

linked to illicit traffic in opiates …………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 71

Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration – Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals

used in illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan …………………………………………………………….….……… 91

Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration – Reducing drug abuse and dependence

through a comprehensive approach ………………….……………………………………………….………………………… 109

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Acknowledgments The Paris Pact Report 2015-2016, prepared by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit, is the result of an inter-divisional participatory process, benefitting from the expertise and valuable contributions of UNODC colleagues in the Division for Operations, the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and the Division for Treaty Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Regional groupings This report uses a number of regional and sub-regional designations. Along the northern and Balkan drug trafficking routes, these designations are aligned to the respective UNODC Regional Programme. These are not official designations, and are defined as follow: West and Central Asia: The Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. South Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Persian Gulf: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. East Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia and Tanzania.

Disclaimers This report has not been formally edited. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, Members States or contributory organizations, and nor does it imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps within this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Information on uniform resource locators (URL) and links to internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website.

Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Paris Pact Coordination Unit Division for Operations United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-4118 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-74118 E-mail: paris-pact@unodc.org Address: Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.

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ACRONYMS

A AA Acetic Anhydride ADAM Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism, www.paris-pact.net AFRIPOL African Mechanism for Police Cooperation AIRCOP UNODC Airport Communication Programme AKT Tripartite (Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) Initiative ALR annual legitimate requirement (precursor related) AMERIPOL Police Community of the Americas AML Anti-Money Laundering AOTP UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade Project APCU Airport Control Unit APG Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering APICC Asia Pacific Information and Coordination Center ARINAP Asset Recovery Interagency Network - Asia Pacific ARINSA Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network for Southern Africa ARINWA Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network for West Africa ARQ UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire ASEANAPOL Association of Southeast Asian Nations Police ASYCUDA Automated System for Customs Data

B BENATOC UNODC Global Programme on Building Effective Networks Against Transnational Organized Crime

and the Networking the Networks Initiative BOMCA EU Border Management Programme in Central Asia BOMNAF EU Border Management Northern Afghanistan

C CA Prog. UNODC Central Asia Programme CADAP EU Central Asia Drug Action Programme CARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre for Combating Illicit Trafficking of

Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and their Precursors CARIN Camden Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network CASC Network Network of Prosecutors and Central Authorities from Source, Transit and Destination Countries in

response to Transnational Organized Crime in Central Asia and Southern Caucasus CASH Central Asia and Southern Hub initiative CCP UNODC-WCO Container Control Programme CCPCJ Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice CFT Combating the Financing of Terrorism CIP Common Information Picture CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CM Paris Pact Consultative Mechanism CMF Combined Maritime Forces CND Commission on Narcotic Drugs COAFG UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan CPD continuous professional development CPS UNODC Co-Financing and Partnership Section CRS UNODC Crime Research Section CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization

D DDDU UNODC Data Development and Dissemination Unit DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development DHB UNODC Drug Prevention & Health Branch

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DMP Drugs Monitoring Platform, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org DRS UNODC Drug Research Section

E EAG Eurasian Group on combating money laundering and financing of terrorism ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOPOL Economic Cooperation Organization Police EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EU European Union EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission Kosovo Eurojust European Union's Judicial Cooperation Unit Europol European Police Office EWG Paris Pact Expert Working Group

F FAST Families and Schools Together Programme FATF Financial Action Task Force FIU Financial Intelligence Units

G GCC-CICCD Gulf Cooperation Council Criminal Information Center to Combat Drugs GCCPOL Gulf Cooperation Council Police GFPI Interpol Global Focal Point Initiative on Asset Recovery GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Germany GMCP UNODC Global Maritime Crime Programme goAML UNODC software for Financial Intelligence Units goTRACE UNODC Confidential Data Matching System software GPML UNODC Global Programme Against Money Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and Financing of

Terrorism GPTOC UNODC Global Programme for Strengthening the Capacities of Member States to Prevent and

Combat Organized and Serious Crimes

H HARP UNODC’s Harmonized Programme HONLEA Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies

I ICE UNODC's International Collaborative Exercises IDS Individual Drug Seizures ILECU International Law Enforcement Cooperation Unit INCB International Narcotics Control Board Interpol International Criminal Police Organization IOFMC Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime I.R. Islamic Republic of IRDC UNODC’s Inter-regional drug control approach ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISS UNODC Implementation Support Section ITMCFM Russian Federation International Training and Methodology Center for Financial Monitoring

J JPC Joint Planning Cell JPCU Joint Port Control Unit

L LE Law enforcement LE TrainNet Law enforcement training network LSS UNODC Laboratory Support Section

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M ML money laundering MONEYVAL Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of

Terrorism MoU Memorandum of Understanding MSP Money Service Provider MVTS Money or Value Transfer Systems

N NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO non-governmental organization NRA National Risk Assessment

O OFID Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund for International Development OLAF European Anti-Fraud Office OCB UNODC Organized Crime Branch OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

P PCGM Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group Meeting PCU Port Control Unit PEN Online INCB Pre-Export Notification online tool PICS INCB Precursors Incident Communication System PPCU Paris Pact Coordination Unit PPI Paris Pact Initiative PSC Programme Support Costs (UNODC) PTRS UNODC Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Section

R RAB UNODC Research and Trends Analysis Branch REFLECS3 Regional Fusion & Law Enforcement Centre for Safety & Security at Sea RLO Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officer ROCA UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia RP UNODC Regional Programme RP ANC UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries RP SEE UNODC Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe RRAG Research Review and Advisory Group in Latin America RWGFD Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs RWGP Regional Working Group on Precursors RWGT Regional Working Group on Law Enforcement Training

S SARICC South Asian Regional Intelligence and Coordination Centre on Transnational Organized Crime SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SELEC Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre SFP Strengthening Families Programme SMART UNODC Global Synthetics Monitoring Programme StAR Interpol Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative

T TI Triangular Initiative (Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) TADOC Turkish International Academy Against Drugs and Organized Crime TREATNET OFID-UNODC Joint Programme to prevent HIV/AIDS: Treating drug dependence and its health

consequences

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U UICC Union for International Cancer Control UMOJA United Nations Secretariat Enterprise Resource Planning System UN United Nations UN-CTS Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UTC Universal Treatment Curriculum

W WACAP Network of West African Central Authorities and Prosecutors against Organized Crime WCO World Customs Organization WHO World Health Organization

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INTRODUCTION At the request of the Paris Pact partnership and in support of its objectives, the Paris Pact Report 2015/2016, issued in November 2016, covers year 2 and 3 of Phase IV of the Paris Pact Initiative.1 The close alignment of the report to the implementation dynamics of the Consultative Mechanism – whereby a one-year cycle usually goes beyond a calendar year – determines the frequency of the report. Phase IV of the Paris Pact Initiative

The report, initiated at the beginning of Phase IV (2013), is an output of the Paris Pact Programme in the Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This mechanism intends to keep partners informed, evaluate progress, suggest new interventions and guide Paris Pact Expert Working Groups. This report complements the well-established Consultative Mechanism's Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) – a forum for all members of the partnership including UNODC to report on activities, priorities and provide guidance on all matters related to the Paris Pact’s mandate. The report represents a non-official record of the various processes of the Consultative Mechanism – the policy and expert levels. Consequently, a degree of flexibility exists in the formal presentation of different sections given the distinctive evolution of each pillar. To produce a print-ready version of the report requires a ‘cut-off date’. Thus, the report represents an ongoing process of information collection and by extension, a ‘work in progress’ which attempts to facilitate the work of the partnership by enhancing information sharing amongst partners as well as identifying strategic priorities for funding and technical assistance. The report is not intended to serve as a comprehensive analytical document and primarily reflects UNODC activities based upon the information made available to the Paris Pact Coordination Unit by the Paris Pact partners, including UNODC. The report can be expanded to capture the activities of other Paris Pact partners based on the principle of voluntary information sharing amongst the partnership.

1 The Paris Pact Report 2014 was published for the 11th Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group Meeting in September 2014 and

covered the period 2013-2014, which corresponds to year 1 of Phase IV of the Paris Pact Initiative (as in the illustration above).

Mandated by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs Resolution 56/3, the Paris Pact Report provides an overview of the partnership’s implementation of the four priority areas for enhanced cooperation identified in the Vienna Declaration at the end of year 3 of Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme.

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In parallel, an online repository of information developed within the Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP) and the Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) 2 – in existence since 2014 and consistently updated – represents a supplementary means for partners to inform themselves and the partnership. The online repository is a valuable advocacy tool for partners to provide information and promote their actions relevant to the Vienna Declaration. The report draws primarily from the results of the 2015 Expert Working Groups (EWGs) and related ‘gap analysis exercise’; it also covers the three EWGs held in 2016 and aims to compile key operational activities related to the Vienna Declaration, looking back to 2015 and ahead to 2016/2017. This report highlights the importance of inter-regional connectivity beyond the traditional Paris Pact setting of the West and Central Asia and South Eastern Europe regions to key trajectories along the ‘southern trafficking route’. For details on the 2014 Paris Pact Report, please refer to ADAM, the Paris Pact’s online information hub.

2 For both ADAM and the DMP, registration and log-in with user name and password is required to access these functionalities.

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The Paris Pact Initiative

Update on the Partnership’s Implementation of the Vienna Declaration & the UNODC global Paris Pact Programme

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CONTENTS

Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

The Paris Pact Initiative ............................................................................................................................. 13

The Vienna Declaration – cornerstone of the Paris Pact .......................................................................... 15

The two Dimensions of the Paris Pact ....................................................................................................... 15

The Paris Pact UNODC Global Programme (GLOY09) and its three Components ..................................... 16

UNODC ‘as an Equal Partner of the Paris Pact’ ......................................................................................... 17

Strategic Setting ............................................................................................................................................ 19

Geographic Context ................................................................................................................................... 19

Global Thematic Context ........................................................................................................................... 21

The Partnership – looking forward ............................................................................................................ 24

The Initiative’s Mandate and a Fourth Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact Partners....................... 26

Update on Vienna Declaration implementation ......................................................................................... 27

Situation Overview .................................................................................................................................... 27

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 27

2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’ ............................................................................... 28

UNODC Paris Pact Global Programme (GLOY09): Update 2015-2016 ........................................................ 33

Consultative Mechanism (Component 1) .................................................................................................. 33

Research and Liaison Officer Network (Component 2) ............................................................................. 36

Information Management (Component 3) ................................................................................................ 39

Programme Funding and Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 40

Annex I: UNODC Programmes and Projects Supporting the Implementation of the Vienna Declaration ... 43

Annex II: Paris Pact Initiative Linkages to International Efforts .................................................................... 50

Annex III: The Paris Pact Questionnaires ...................................................................................................... 55

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OVERVIEW

The Paris Pact Initiative Since its inception, the broad international coalition known as the Paris Pact Initiative (PPI), made up today of 58 partner countries and 22 organizations,3 including UNODC, has evolved into one of the most important frameworks for combatting the traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan.4 As a well-established platform for consensus building, the Paris Pact functions as an essential bridge between political commitment at the highest international levels and the prioritization of technical assistance interventions on the ground. It is a multi-layered initiative that defines and strengthens linkages between various counter-narcotics actors at the global level. The partnership aims to define policy and provide stronger evidence for coordinated action by all Paris Pact partners. The following presents an overview of the commonly agreed value-added of the Paris Pact partnership culminating in the development of targeted operational activities to combat the opiate threat in support of the various pillars of the Vienna Declaration:5 The Benefits of the Paris Pact Partnership

3 The Eurasian Group on combating money laundering and financing of terrorism (EAG) joined the partnership in 2015.

4 Opiates originating in Afghanistan are hereafter referred to as ‘opiates’ as per the Vienna Declaration, paragraph 1.

5 The Vienna Declaration and the four pillars for enhanced cooperation are explained in further detail in the next section.

Offering a forum for dialogue

Discussion of emerging issues, information sharing, situation analysis, including identification and prioritization of operational technical assistance responses along major opiate trafficking routes

Networking the Networks Initiative / BENATOC

Commission on Narcotic Drugs resolution 58/6 on combating illicit financial flows

Dedicated forum within the Paris Pact framework for drug prevention and health

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Adapting to evolving threats along trafficking routes

Promotion of inter-regional connectivity and inter-thematic cross-fertilization

BENATOC

IOFMC Compendium

Regional Intelligence Working Group on Precursors

Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs

Promoting good practice Increased number of collaborative activities amongst partners and lessons learned

LE TrainNet / BENATOC

Specialised Capacity Building

Private Sector Inclusion

Regional Intelligence Working Group on Precursors

Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs

International Standards on Drug Use Prevention, and for Treatment of Drug Use Disorders

Enhancing evidence-based policy and strategy

Increased availability of data to enable an informed response by partners

Report on Detecting and Blocking Financial Flows

IOFMC Compendium

Drug Use Surveys

Data compilation and analysis to identify emerging trends and threats

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The Vienna Declaration – cornerstone of the Paris Pact The Third Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact partners was held in 2012 and attended by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon. The subsequent adoption of the conference’s outcome document, the Vienna Declaration, significantly changed the focus and strategic vision pushed forward under the aegis of the Paris Pact from 2012 to present. The Vienna Declaration reflects the partnership’s commitment to strengthening international and regional cooperation to counter, in a balanced manner, the global challenge and threat opiates pose to international peace and stability in different regions of the world. The Vienna Declaration embodies a ‘roadmap’ for Paris Pact partners, recognizing their common and shared responsibility.

The Declaration guides the partnership on four interlinked pillars for enhanced cooperation

Pillar I: Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives Pillar II: Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to illicit traffic in

opiates Pillar III: Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals used in

illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan Pillar IV: Reducing drug abuse and dependence through a com-

prehensive approach For international resolutions bolstering the importance of the Paris Pact Initiative, see Annex II.

The two Dimensions of the Paris Pact The scope of the Paris Pact Initiative extends far beyond the involvement of a single stakeholder and requires active collaboration and commitment from a wide range of both bilateral and multilateral actors. As a result, the Paris Pact Initiative, is made up of two equally important and distinct parts:

1) The partnership itself, made up of 58 partner countries and 22 partner organizations, including UNODC, responsible for defining and implementing priorities outlined in the Vienna Declaration, based on the principle of shared responsibility; and

2) The global programme established by UNODC on behalf of the partnership to provide coordination support. The current phase Phase IV of the GLOY09 programme, supported by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit located in the Division for Operations, has been extended to cover a four-year period (2013-2017) with a total budget of roughly 6.7 million USD.6

6 UNODC through the Paris Pact Coordination Unit (PPCU) acts in its capacity as coordinator in support of the partnership and the

realization of its goals. The Paris Pact programme makes available information on the opiates threat and promotes and facilitates the Initiative’s activities thereby linking policy and operational elements.

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The Paris Pact UNODC Global Programme (GLOY09) and its three Components

Launched on the 10th anniversary of the Initiative in 2013, Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme builds upon the previous phases of UNODC’s global programme and seeks to enhance synergies and increase cooperation among Paris Pact partners including UNODC. Phase IV, coordinated by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit, continues to drive forward the three well-established components developed over the preceding phases:7

7 For further information on the activities of the three components of the Paris Pact global programme, please refer to the

subsequent section titled: ‘UNODC Paris Pact Global Programme – Update 2015/2016’.

1st Component:

Consultative Mechanism (CM)

made up of two distinct structures:

Expert Working Groups (EWGs) identify operational

priorities for implementation according to the Vienna

Declaration pillars.

The annual Policy Consultative Group Meeting

(PCGM) is responsible for providing strategic guidance

to the Initiative and for reviewing and endorsing

EWG outcomes and setting priorities for the subsequent

year’s meetings.

2nd Component:

Research and Liaison Officers (RLOs) Network

The field-based network of the Paris Pact Research and

Liaison Officers (RLOs) is made up of national staff based in UNODC offices in

countries of West and Central Asia as well as South

Eastern Europe.

Funding permitting, an expansion of the RLO

network along key trajectories of the southern

route is envisaged to increase the coverage of

UNODC’s research capacity.

3rd Component:

Information Management through ADAM and the DMP

Drugs Monitoring Platform

The product of joint efforts of the Paris Pact programme,

AOTP and the UNODC Regional Office for Central

Asia, and currently hosted in and operated from Tashkent,

Uzbekistan.

ADAM

The Paris Pact’s “one-stop-shop” for the partnership on

everything concerning the Paris Pact Initiative.

Paris Pact Coordination Unit provides coordination support, interfaces with partners, facilitates information sharing

and reports on partnership priorities

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UNODC ‘as an Equal Partner of the Paris Pact’ UNODC has a dual role to play in support to the Paris Pact: one is a coordination role (as described above) in support of the partnership, and the second is as an equal member of the partnership, working to implement the Vienna Declaration.

UNODC’s Global and Regional Responses to Specific Thematic Issues UNODC delivers an integrated, cross-thematic ‘one-UNODC’ operational response through a variety of global, regional and country programmes in support of the Vienna Declaration. Inter-regional drug control approach (IRDC) In 2013, UNODC initiated the Inter-regional drug control approach (IRDC) to stem opiates originating in Afghanistan.8 This umbrella approach can address the drug trade along all three of the traditional trafficking routes as well as along new trajectories, including by sea. The approach facilitates the promotion of coordinated actions among UNODC programmes addressing the opiate trade and its partners to enhance inter-regional coordination. All of the programmes encapsulated within the IRDC are involved in implementing the Vienna Declaration. The IRDC facilitates this bolstering of inter-regional operational efforts to support the priorities of the Vienna Declaration that will require the Paris Pact to collaborate with the Global Maritime Crime Programme, the UNODC Strategic Partnership with the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council as well as the global, regional and countries programmes implemented in East Africa. Within the IRDC, the Networking the Networks initiative will remain a pivotal inter-regional vehicle to support many of the Vienna Declaration priorities. Harmonized Programme (HARP) – an integrated UNODC solution for Europe, West and Central Asia For Europe and the West and Central Asia region, UNODC has been moving towards more effective integration of country, regional and global programmes to enable synergy of efforts and increased impact related to transnational organized crime, drug trafficking and terrorism threats. UNODC developed a harmonized ‘three-tier’ approach to support Europe, West and Central Asia with interventions at three distinct yet closely inter-connected levels: country, regional and inter-regional. The initiative, which is referred to as the Harmonized Programme (HARP), brings the comparative advantages of each UNODC office in West and Central Asia together in an integrated programing effort, with coordination by the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. The Paris Pact provides strategic guidance through its Policy Consultative Group Meetings and related expert meetings.9

Paris Pact Programme – evolving partnerships within UNODC The Paris Pact programme facilitates cross-divisional and horizontal coordination and collaboration across UNODC structures to enable the successful implementation of the Paris Pact’s strategy. Within the framework of the Paris Pact Programme, inter-divisional and geographical UNODC partnerships continued to expand in 2015. It is anticipated that these partnerships will continue to grow for the foreseeable future, especially along the southern route in response to ongoing shifts in the opiate threat.

8 Strategic Paper ‘Inter-regional drug control approach: connecting UNODC programmes and initiatives to stem drug trafficking

originating from Afghanistan’, February 2013 9 One UNODC Concerted Approach – Interconnecting Europe with West and Central Asia.

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The following diagram depicts (without claiming to be exhaustive) the coordination layers between the Paris Pact programme and other UNODC structures to support the comprehensive implementation of the Vienna Declaration. Coordination between the Paris Pact Global Programme (GLOYO9) and other UNODC interventions

For detailed information on the main UNODC programmes and projects that support the implementation of the Vienna Declaration, please refer to Annex I.

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STRATEGIC SETTING

Geographic Context The concept of the Paris Pact centers on developments along major opiate trafficking routes. Since the inception of the Paris Pact, the partnership has adapted operational responses according to emerging geographic trends, starting with the northern route followed by an expansion along the Balkan route. More recently under the Paris Pact, there is increased focus on certain trajectories of the southern route, specifically the trajectories through specific countries along the Persian Gulf and East Africa.10 To effectively and comprehensively tackle the threat of opiates, operational responses are needed on ‘land, sea and air’ under the Paris Pact. Flows of heroin from/to countries or regions

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2016

The priorities and outcomes of Paris Pact policy and operational level discussions related to drug supply have specifically highlighted the necessity of a continued response to trends along the Balkan, northern and most recently as of 2013, the southern route. Developments along these routes underline the importance of mutual cooperation between countries, regions and organizations. The opiate menace is not static. In order for the Paris Pact to maintain its dynamism, a well-timed response to on-the-ground realities is vital.

10

As outlined in the regional groupings of this report p. 2.

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UNODC’s Programmatic Evolution In response to the Paris Pact’s strategic interests in relation to shifts along trafficking routes, and as an equal member of the partnership, the Paris Pact global programme funds the participation of experts to enable engagement in Expert Working Group meetings and places field staff in countries that have requested varying levels of support and backstopping from UNODC and other stakeholders to combat the threat of opiates.11 Starting with the West and Central Asia region (northern route response – Phase I and II of the Paris Pact) and, in a second step, along the Balkan route (South Eastern Europe – Phase III),12 the Paris Pact programme is currently expanding its activities along the southern route (Phase IV).

Paris Pact Outreach Since the beginning of Phase IV of the Paris Pact in 2013, the operational resolve of the partnership to adapt to emerging threats and issues is at an all-time high. The Paris Pact is witnessing an unprecedented level of partner and UNODC programme engagement. Membership to the Paris Pact Initiative is open to all interested countries and organizations, particularly as a mechanism for dialogue and the exchange of best practices extending beyond Europe and West and Central Asia. To comprehensively address key challenges in tackling both the supply and demand sides of opiates trafficking, political will and action must extend beyond the current ‘priority countries’ of the Paris Pact as identified at the outset of the Initiative. A clear example of these evolving trends and priorities, that have emerged during the current Phase IV of the Paris Pact, includes the participation of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and Kenya (non-partner countries), and the United Arab Emirates at several Paris Pact meetings in 2015 and 2016. The United Arab Emirates officially joined the Initiative at the last Paris Pact Ministerial Conference of 2012, and remains as of today the only partner among the Persian Gulf states, paving the way for strengthened inter-regional dialogue to better understand and address trafficking flows. At present, none of the African countries are Paris Pact partners. This participation underlines both the significance and readiness of countries situated along key trajectories of the southern route to engage in the global dialogue on opiates and benefit from the collective expertise and experience of partners under the Paris Pact framework. At the next expert and policy meetings, outreach will be stepped up to Persian Gulf states and East African countries. This will serve the objectives of the partnership by fostering and increasing inter-regional coordination, strengthening engagement in Paris Pact thematic operational meetings, and bolstering cooperation with new stakeholders across both the drug supply and demand priorities of the Vienna Declaration. Such stakeholders include the Combined Maritime Forces and the African Union, as well as within UNODC, the Global Maritime Crime Programme, the Regional Programme for the Arab States, and the Regional Programme for East Africa. For specific Vienna Declaration linkages connected to outreach activities, please refer to the subsequent three chapters titled ‘Pillar I, Pillar II and Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration’.

11

UNODC operational tools include global, regional and country programmes located along trafficking routes. The countries that the Paris Pact Programme supports correspond to the countries under the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries and the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe. 12

Funding for the participation of experts from South Eastern Europe for select meetings has been made possible by partners, including the European Union’s Heroin Route programme.

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Map of present Paris Pact partner countries and outreach to potential new partners along the southern route

Global Thematic Context It is well known that the Paris Pact serves as a vehicle for action to facilitate international commitments related to combating the multi-faceted nature of the opiate threat. At the same time, the international community continues to underscore the links between drug trafficking and other forms of transnational organized crime especially as drug trafficking networks overlap with other criminal networks. Trafficking in opiates, including precursor chemicals, is part of the illicit web of transnational organized crime, one of the world’s major challenges and a critical obstacle to peace, development and good governance. It represents a threat to public health and affects the universality of the new sustainable social and economic development agenda.13 The magnitude of the illicit opiate market is one of the most significant international policy challenges faced today. Effectively responding to the cross-section of issues related to the opiate market requires concerted efforts through political will, cooperation and the support of the international community. Drug trafficking and the ills that accompany this trade, pose both short- and long-term, direct and indirect threats to many regions around the globe. Building well-integrated counter narcotics programmes at the national and regional levels that incorporate best practices and lessons learned and focus on national, regional and global coordination of responses remains critical.14

13

High-level meeting of Partners for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries, conclusions of the Chairs, 14 December 2015 14

Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries (2016-2019) – A framework for action to achieve greater impact in West and Central Asia.

- Paris Pact partner countries - Countries covered by the Regional Programmes for

Afghanistan and neighbouring countries and for South Eastern Europe (also Paris Pact partners)

- Target countries for outreach

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Paris Pact – a Vehicle for Cooperation In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the central importance of regional strategies and the need to enhance coordination of efforts on national, sub-regional and international levels in order to strengthen a global response to transnational organized crime and trafficking in illicit drugs as highlighted by the UN Security Council, General Assembly and Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) resolutions.15 The Paris Pact is strategically positioned to further increase regional and international cooperation to face these challenges within a multilateral setting. The Paris Pact is a vital mechanism among international and regional frameworks and initiatives in the area of drug control and international cooperation to address these calls for a strengthened global response.16 Over the years, numerous drug and crime related resolutions and political declarations of the UN General Assembly and CND emphasized the important ongoing contribution of the Paris Pact in the fight against opiates.17 For a comprehensive listing of linkages between the Paris Pact and international efforts, please refer to Annex II. The efforts taken by the partnership to combat the threat posed by opiates including as part of a comprehensive approach to peace, stability and development in Afghanistan were further reinforced by UN Security Council resolution 2274 (2016) adopted on 15 March 2016.

The Paris Pact, the 2030 Development Agenda and the UNGASS 2016 The Paris Pact, through the Vienna Declaration, is synchronized to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and assists in the response to several of the operational recommendations outlined in the 2016 UNGASS outcome document which are geared towards countering illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and addressing links with other forms of organized crime. The most recent international commitments outlined in the outcome document of the landmark Special Session of the UN General Assembly (UNGASS) on the World Drug Problem in April 2016, entitled ‘Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem’18 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development19 underline the need to address cross-cutting issues that impact sustainable development and governance, as efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and to effectively address the world drug problem are complementary and mutually reinforcing. Progress towards fulfilling the targets and goals outlined in these commitments can only be achieved once countries accept their ‘shared responsibility’ as a condition for success. Current challenges to drug control and demand clearly demonstrate the partnership’s need to continue strengthening and adapting its approach to shifts in opiate trafficking – as this threat has become increasingly more complex – within the broader context of combatting transnational organized crime. Summary of Goals, Targets and Recommendations of the SDGs and UNGASS 2016 as relevant to each Pillar of the Vienna Declaration

15

See for instance UN Security Council resolution 2195 (2014), operational paragraph 7. 16

These initiatives include the Heart of Asia Istanbul Process and other regional initiatives led by Paris Pact partners. 17

The priorities outlined in the Vienna Declaration are affirmed in a number of resolutions and declarations, especially the principle of shared responsibility to address transnational challenges stemming from opiates and to counter the threat posed by the illicit production, trafficking and consumption of drugs, as well as the need to undertake a comprehensive approach in addressing this global problem. 18

‘Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem’ (A/RES/S-30/1) 19

‘Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ (A/RES/70/1)

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

UNGASS 2016 Operational Recommendations

Pillar I:

Regional Initiatives

Goal 16 “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels” Target 16.a “Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime”

supporting regional, sub-regional and international cooperation through inter alia: strengthening the exchange of information through

multilateral portals and regional information centres and networks;

promotion and strengthening of the exchange of information and, as appropriate, drug-related criminal intelligence; and

promotion of joint investigations and coordinated operations, in order to identify, disrupt and dismantle organized criminal groups operating transnationally that are involved in any activities related to the illicit production of and trafficking in narcotic drugs, the diversion of their precursors, and related money-laundering;

strengthening specialized, targeted, effective and sustainable technical assistance, including training and capacity-building.

[3.(d)-(j); 6.(a)]

Pillar II:

Illicit Financial Flows

Goal 16 Target 16.4 “By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime”

addressing links of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs with other forms of organized crime, including money-laundering and other criminal activities by inter alia: encouraging the use of existing sub-regional, regional

and international cooperation mechanisms; utilizing existing networks for exchange of operational

information; integrating financial investigations more thoroughly

into interdiction operations; improving the availability and quality of statistical

information. [3.(k)-(u)]

Pillar III:

Precursors

Goal 16 strengthening national, regional and international monitoring of chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of drugs with a view to more effectively preventing the diversion of and trafficking in those chemicals;

addressing the diversion and illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in as well as misuse of precursors under international control;

tackling the misuse of pre-precursors and substitute or alternative precursors for illicit drug manufacturing.

[5.(l),(m); 3.(e)-(g),(q)]

Pillar IV:

Drug Prevention and Health

Goal 3 “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” Target 3.5 “Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol”

promoting the health, welfare and well-being of all individuals, families, communities and society as a whole, and facilitating healthy lifestyles through effective, comprehensive, scientific evidence-based demand reduction initiatives at all levels, covering prevention, early intervention, treatment, care, recovery, rehabilitation and social reintegration measures, as well as initiatives and measures aimed at minimizing the adverse public health and social consequences of drug abuse. [1.(a)-(r)]

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The Partnership – looking forward The following represents issues which were raised by partners and relate to the numerous complexities associated with drug trafficking: alternative development; opiate trafficking and the financing of terrorism; poly-drug trafficking and other drugs; understanding of poly-drug use for the treatment of opiate dependence. Since 2013, these issues were cited in Paris Pact expert and policy meeting discussions but have not been fully considered as of today under the Paris Pact’s framework. These issues, which emerged in expert meeting discussions, warrant discussion by the entire Paris Pact partnership and cannot be ignored. It is increasingly clear, given the global context, that neither opiates nor the thematic objectives outlined in each pillar of the Vienna Declaration can be viewed in isolation, especially due to the inter-relationship between supply and demand. At the same time, a more holistic approach may be needed to respond to the threat of drugs, thus understanding demand is fundamental to fully understand supply.

Alternative Development Although the Vienna Declaration calls for the partnership to consider alternative development as an integral part of combatting the world drug problem, so far, this topic has not been a part of expert or policy level meeting discussions. As demonstrated in the World Drug Report 2016, clear linkages exist between drugs and development. Drug policies are successful in the long run if they consider development goals. As drug and development policies can have an inadvertently counter-productive effect on each other, the two streams of intervention – development and countering the world drug problem – need to work in symbiosis. Specific drug-related development initiatives need to be mainstreamed into general development initiatives.20 The partnership may consider exploring how the Paris Pact framework can concretely support the operational recommendation outlined in the UNGASS outcome document.

Rationale for discussion Link to Vienna Declaration

(1) The operational recommendations contained in the outcome document of the UNGASS highlight the need to promote long-term, comprehensive, sustainable, development-oriented and balanced drug control policies and programmes that include alternative development.

Pillar I

(2) As described in the 2015 World Drug Report, opportunities may exist for the alternative development approach to be applied to counter illegal activities other than illicit crop cultivation. Alternative development could be used to support communities affected by drug trafficking.

Opiate Trafficking and Financing of Terrorism In view of the growing concern posed by terrorists benefitting from transnational organized crime activities, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 2195 (2014) which stresses “the importance of strengthening trans-regional and international cooperation on a basis of a common and shared responsibility to counter the world drug problem and related criminal activities”.21

20

UNODC World Drug Report 2016, p. xxiii. 21

UN Security Council resolution 2195 (2014), operational paragraph 7.

25

Rationale for discussion Link to Vienna Declaration

(1) Together with UN Security Council Resolution 2199 (2015),22

both resolutions underline the importance of strengthened regional and international cooperation to address the nexus between transnational organized crime and terrorism, in which illicit drug trafficking appears to play a role.

Pillars I & II

(2) According to the 2016 World Drug Report,23

the profits associated with the illicit drug trade are a key motivation for non-state armed groups to engage in trafficking.

(3) Illicit drug cultivation, production and trafficking may become an important source of income for extremist and insurgent groups and terrorist organizations; they may do so by actively engaging in or facilitating the illicit activity or by extracting a monetary premium in return for tolerating such activities.

24

Poly-drug Trafficking and Other Drugs At the 2015 and 2016 Paris Pact expert meetings, the poly crime nature of organized crime networks was noted. The inter-regional and interconnected nature of transnational organized crime requires an approach which goes beyond a single drug market. Poly-drug trafficking organizations are versatile and adapt quickly to the changing markets of single drugs, so fighting Afghan opiate trafficking can be successful only if looked into the context of other drug markets.

Rationale for discussion Link to Vienna Declaration

(1) In order to comprehensively tackle opiates, there is a need to understand the dynamics of illicit drug markets, including to what extent markets are related and whether trafficking is undertaken by the same criminal groups.

Pillars I, II & III

(2) According to the UNODC World Drug Report 2016, drug markets have seen great diversification in the past few years, with the emergence of new substances, new combinations of poly-drug use and new injecting behaviours.

Pillars I, II & III

(3) Partners specifically highlighted the emergence of the New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in addition to the threats of opiate trafficking. Although not directly under the Paris Pact mandate, participants were keen to build on existing initiatives to share information on the NPS threat and the issue of poly-drug trafficking.

22

UN Security Council Resolution 2199 (2015), operational paragraph 8. 23

UNODC World Drug Report 2016, p. 97. 24

‘Contribution of the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to the special session of the General Assembly on the world drug problem to be held in 2016’, paragraph 6. This is also highlighted in the Report of the Secretary-General on the threat of terrorists benefiting from transnational organized crime (S/2015/366).

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Understanding of Poly Drug Use for the Treatment of Opiate Dependence According to the 2016 UNODC World Drug Report, what makes the global picture of drug use more blurred is the fact that many people who use drugs, both occasionally and regularly, tend to be poly-drug users who use more than one substance concurrently or sequentially. Within poly-drug use, the concomitant use of opiates and stimulants has been reported as an expanded phenomenon in Afghanistan and neighbouring countries.

Rationale for discussion Link to Vienna Declaration

(1) The Report also cites an emerging pattern among people in treatment for opiate dependence as methamphetamine use has also been described as a new form of poly-drug use among opiate users.

Pillars IV

(2) How drug users change patterns of use cannot be viewed according to isolated drugs.

(3) Poly-drug use and the increased complexity of shifts between the uses of different drug types pose challenges to people responding to emergencies related to drug use, as well as to those treating drug use disorders. Thus in order to improve treatment services, a better understanding of drug use is needed.

The Initiative’s Mandate and a Fourth Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact Partners The Vienna Declaration adopted in 2012 currently defines the mandate of the Paris Pact under Phase IV. Several of the issues raised by partners outlined above, may require the partnership to review its current mandate to determine whether it needs to be renegotiated. Should the partnership decide to review the current mandate of the Initiative, a Policy Consultative Group Meeting or a Ministerial Conference could serve as the appropriate review mechanisms. In recent months, several donors have raised the relevance of holding a fourth Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact partners in 2017. Factoring in emerging threats and issues, the outcomes of a Ministerial Conference would determine the direction of the next phase for the partnership and especially the programme.

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UPDATE ON VIENNA DECLARATION IMPLEMENTATION

Situation Overview Although much is known about illicit drug suppliers, consumers, traffickers and routes, interdiction of illicit drugs and precursor diversion still remains difficult. Drug traffickers constantly change their methods, modus operandi and trafficking routes, and with new technologies, this challenges law enforcement and judicial agencies to keep pace.25 Disrupting the illicit economy should be at the heart of every counter-narcotics strategy, and enhancing our understanding of the illicit opiate enterprise should be a priority, given that no comprehensive systems analysis of the global Afghan opiate trade as a financial enterprise has taken place.26

Introduction Much has changed in the focus and strategic vision pushed forward under the aegis of the Paris Pact. Since the inception of the Vienna Declaration in 2012, the Consultative Mechanism of the Paris Pact has undertaken numerous activities to move the implementation of the four interlinked pillars for enhanced cooperation – regional initiatives, illicit financial flows, precursors and drug prevention and health – forward in a balanced fashion. The following chapters of the report provide an update on these activities and attempts to capture initiatives undertaken primarily by UNODC to operationally support the implementation of the Vienna Declaration. Each chapter corresponds to a Vienna Declaration pillar for enhanced cooperation. Pillars I, II and III of the Vienna Declaration relate to drug supply reduction, while Pillar IV relates to drug prevention and health. Each chapter contains an overview of Consultative Mechanism activities and is followed by a detailed explanation of the results of the 2015 ‘gap analysis’ process. Information is organized according to recurring themes that continued to emerge in Expert Working Group meeting discussions since the start of Phase IV of the Paris Pact. This methodology aims to facilitate the partnership’s understanding of ongoing needs to meet the objectives outlined in the Vienna Declaration.

25

Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries (2016-2019); Paris Pact Expert Working Groups Reports 2015. 26

UNODC Paris Pact Initiative Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to the illicit traffic in opiates Report 2014; UNODC’s first study addressing opiates trafficking as a financial enterprise focused on the Balkan route: ‘Drug Money: the illicit proceeds of opiates trafficked on the Balkan route’, UNODC Research, 2015.

World Drug Report 2016 Afghanistan still accounts for almost two thirds of the global area under illicit opium poppy cultivation. The global opiate market appears to be stable despite important regional changes; however, there are indications that heroin use may be undergoing a resurgence in some countries where it was previously declining. The Balkan route continues to be the most important conduit for heroin trafficking, although the southern route has grown in importance and opiate trafficking on the northern route may have started to revive in the last couple of years. UNODC estimates that the use of opiates affected some 17 million people in 2014.

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Partners are welcome to share information and data at any time with the Paris Pact Coordination Unit for any area, country or pillar deemed underrepresented.

2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’ An integrated, comprehensive and balanced response is fundamental to tackling the opiate threat. In relation to this, the partnership itself has a shared responsibility to adapt its strategy to evolving needs on the ground, keeping in mind that the opiate threat is not static. The Partnership’s Responsibility in Tackling the Opiate Threat

Reflecting on the current landscape of transnational organized crime and more specifically the challenges related to combatting drug trafficking, the partnership’s focus on developing adequate responses to the world drug problem must be continually refined. The concept of streamlining priorities across the pillars of the Vienna Declaration first took root at the inception of Phase IV of the Initiative (2013). Since then, the partnership’s efforts have been more operationally focused, and this resolve most recently translated into a ‘gap analysis’ exercise conducted at all four of the 2015 Expert Working Group meetings. The ‘gap analysis’ process – a donor and partner driven effort – was a key objective of the June 2015 Expert Working Group meetings and sought to identify and determine requirements to address ongoing gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars. At each Expert Working Group meeting, a set of recommended interventions was identified to determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership. From the time of the expert meetings to the December 2015 policy meeting, the UNODC thematic experts, who guide efforts of the partnership for each pillar of the Vienna Declaration, further developed a set of activities, where applicable, to satisfy the priorities emanating from the expert meetings. These proposed activities were presented to the partnership for discussion at the policy meeting, but not formally agreed upon.

Defining Priorities

Formulating and implementing Expert

Meeting recommendations

Identifying targeted interventions under

the framework of the Vienna

Delcaration to contribute to this

response

29

Evolution of the ‘Gap Analysis’ Exercise from Expert to Policy Level

Dialogue on the modality of implementation of these activities is ongoing and they are considered to be a work in progress.27 Partnership-wide engagement is a necessity to move this process forward. Several Paris Pact donors and partners requested an associated costing to enable the implementation of priorities for each pillar. The ‘gap analysis’ results are not intended to be symmetrical, keeping in mind that each pillar of the Vienna Declaration is unique, and for this reason, the partnership’s efforts cannot be assessed in a uniform manner across each area. At this first stage of the ‘gap analysis’, the proposed response is largely focused on UNODC efforts. Optimizing what each partner country and organization can contribute, as part of the collective response to implement these priorities is still to be determined in the coming months and years at subsequent expert and policy meetings. Expert dialogue in 2016 continues to refine the results and the partnership’s responses to the ‘gap analysis’ process.

Paris Pact Drug Supply Operational Cross-cutting Issues The 2015 drug supply expert meetings demonstrated the relevance of the cross-cutting approach to tackling opiate issues and the fact that global, regional and even national level responses are not sustainable if presented in the form of stand-alone projects and structures. UNODC contributes to the implementation of the Vienna Declaration by creating a series of integrated initiatives focusing on building international, regional and local partnerships and delivering solutions in the field. Several actions are already in place, while others are outlined in the respective pillar chapters as part of the ‘gap analysis’ process for an integrated UNODC response to opiates. The cross-cutting issues (research, inter-regional cooperation, intelligence sharing and multilateral operations, capacity development, tackling illicit financial flows, legal cooperation and maritime trafficking) must be addressed in a cohesive manner at the country, regional and global level in order to effectively implement the Vienna Declaration. Efforts to disrupt the global market of Afghan opiates needs

27

These priorities do not comprehensively reflect activities implemented by each and every one of the 80 Paris Pact partners.

Paris Pact Report = refined version of 'gap anlaysis' results

Activities presented at the 2015 Policy

Meeting for discussion;

priorities for 2016 endorsed

Activities further

refined by UNODC

Thematic Experts

Definition of recommended

priority activities for 2016 to be

proposed at the December 2015 Policy Meeting

Discussions led by

UNODC Thematic Experts

Expert Working Group (EWG)

meetings

Expert level Policy level

June 2015 December 2015 Nov. 2016

30

to consider the drivers of both supply and demand. So addressing global demand is necessary for maximizing the partnership’s work on drug supply reduction. The subsequent chapters on ‘Pillars I-IV of the Vienna Declaration’ explain what measures UNODC has undertaken in 2015 to address these issues and, by using the ‘gap analysis’ process as a departure point, what still needs to be done.

Research Since the inception of the Paris Pact in 2003, out of all of the above-mentioned cross-cutting issues, research embodies the backbone of the two dimensions of the Paris Pact (partnership and UNODC global programme).

Source: Paris Pact Expert Meeting Discussions and ‘Gap Analysis’ Process

For the partnership level, policy formulation and identifying operational interventions hinge on the availability of evidence. Among the cross-cutting issues, research is a clear example – within the context of the Paris Pact – that the application of an ‘evidence-based approach’ is required to reduce existing knowledge gaps, improve data collection and focus research on opiate flows across the drug supply pillars of the Vienna Declaration.

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Key Knowledge Gaps along the three Drug Trafficking Routes

Evidence produced by UNODC research has helped the partnership to be effective by focusing on emerging threats. The Afghan opiate market remains very dynamic and further research is needed to address the knowledge gaps (such as the ones highlighted above) related to the latest developments. The Paris Pact Programme has in place several tools to access evidence for action across the three programme components that can also be used to support narrowing these knowledge gaps. These tools include: Paris Pact Programme Research Tools by Programme Component

For an overview and update on the Paris Pact Questionnaires, please refer to Annex III.

Knowledge Gaps

How important is the southern route? How much of this trafficking is connected to trafficking along the northern and Balkan routes?

Who is behind drug money laundering? How are the proceeds of drug trafficking reinvested and are these proceeds reinvested in other routes?

What is the level of importance of maritime and air trafficking?

How have criminal networks changed with the rise of the southern route - have new groups formed? How are these networks structured? What types of routes are used for trafficking? Have these groups disrupted the activities of other criminal groups?

Component 1

Paris Pact Questionnaires

Designed to further reporting processes and

generate additional evidence for action based

information needed to obtain a more

comprehensive update on the implementation of the

Vienna Declaration.

Support the work of the Consultative Mechanism

Component 2

Research and Liaison Officer Network

Field-based network that gathers first-hand data on

drug related issues and identifies gaps in data

along trafficking routes

Provides research related support to mulitple

UNODC programmes

Component 3

Information Management

Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP): online mapping tool of drug-

related information and the implementation of the Vienna Declaration

Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism

(ADAM): a 'living hub of information' on the Paris Pact and database with

the objective to coordinate counter narcotics technical

assistance

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All of the Programme’s three components are closely intertwined with UNODC’s existing data collection systems, both global mandated data collection systems such as the Annual Report Questionnaire and the Individual Drug Seizure Database and project-based data collection systems such as that set up in the framework of the Afghan Opiate Trade Project. In particular, the Research and Liaison Officer network offers unique support to UNODC’s global data efforts – being positioned as cross-reference point among UNODC Divisions enables them to facilitate the work of multiple programmes covering a variety of inter-thematic issues.

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UNODC PARIS PACT GLOBAL PROGRAMME (GLOY09): UPDATE 2015-2016 Taking into consideration the two equally important and interlinked dimensions of the Paris Pact Initiative – the partnership and the global programme – Phase IV of the UNODC Paris Pact Global Programme builds upon its previous phases and seeks to enhance synergies and increase cooperation among Paris Pact partners including UNODC. Phase IV, coordinated by the Paris Pact Coordination Unit (PPCU), based in UNODC Headquarters Vienna, Austria, continues to drive forward the three well-established components developed over the preceding phases. The following details the achievements and planned activities of the programme in 2015-2016 per component.

Consultative Mechanism (Component 1) The Paris Pact programme makes available information on the opiates threat and promotes and facilitates the Initiative’s strategic activities thereby linking policy and operational elements. Under the umbrella of the Consultative Mechanism, there are two levels of consultation that take place under the oversight of the UNODC Paris Pact Programme: the technical Expert Working Group level and the strategic/policy level through the Policy Consultative Group Meeting. The PPCU is responsible for: identifying hosts for Expert Working Groups; planning, coordinating and implementing Expert Working Group and Policy meetings in collaboration with identified hosts, partners and subject matter experts;28 liaising with partners on the implementation of expert meeting outcomes; and in collaboration with UNODC specialist sections, assisting the partnership through the policy meeting to set priorities for the year ahead. The PPCU through the Paris Pact Coordinator represents a neutral interface among partners by facilitating processes and reinforcing the extensive information sharing and communication systems already in place for donors and partners alike. This unique positioning among the partners assists:

To successfully implement of PPI’s strategy;

To conduct targeted outreach to improve inter-regional coordination and strengthen engagement in Paris Pact meetings; and

To bolster programmatic sustainability.

28

For details on partner and observer participation in the Consultative Mechanism process, please contact the Paris Pact Coordination Unit.

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Overview of the yearly cycle of the Consultative Mechanism

The Paris Pact programme facilitated the following Consultative Mechanism activities in 2015: Expert Working Group Level

The law enforcement-oriented Tri-fold meeting (Pillars I, II and III of the Vienna Declaration) took place on 1-5 June in Almaty, Kazakhstan hosted by the Central Asian Research and Information Coordination Centre (CARICC). For the first time, representatives from Kenya, Oman, Qatar, the Combined Maritime Forces and the UNODC Global Maritime Crime Programme participated.

The Government of Kyrgyzstan hosted the Expert Working Group on Community-based and outpatient treatment, on 25-26 June in Bishkek. (Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration).

Policy Level

The sets of recommendations, which resulted from the meetings, were reviewed and approved at the 12th PCGM convened in Vienna on 15 December 2015 back to back with the High Level meeting of partners of Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries on 14 December.

The 12th PCGM welcomed the Eurasian Group on Combatting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (EAG) as a new member of the Paris Pact partnership following their active engagement in activities under Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration.

At the 12th PCGM, partners also approved the extension of the current Phase IV of the programme until the end of 2017.

The Paris Pact programme undertook an additional function by supporting the ‘gap analysis’ exercise29 that encapsulates an intensification of an approach initiated at previous EWGs and in line with a request brought to the attention of the Executive Director by key Paris Pact partners. This approach reinforces the direction of partnership efforts so far undertaken and provides the needed stimulus to continue moving ahead.

29

The ‘gap analysis’ exercise was a key objective of the 2015 expert meetings driven by donors and partners to identify gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars and the strategic way forward for the partnership to address these requirements.

35

Paris Pact Programme’s Support to the ‘Gap Analysis’ process

The Paris Pact programme facilitated the subsequent Consultative Mechanism activities decided at the 12th Policy Consultative Group Meeting and scheduled for the remainder of 2016 to early 2017 with a clear emphasis on the in-depth engagement of Paris Pact partner organizations: Expert Working Group Level

Expert Working Group on Integrating Drug Dependence Treatment in the Public Health System jointly hosted by the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Government of Serbia in Belgrade, Serbia on 10-11 October 2016 (Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration).30

Expert Working Group on Law Enforcement Training in Support to Cross-border Cooperation took place at Interpol General Secretariat in Lyon, France, on 8-9 November 2016 (Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration).

Expert Working Group on Precursors was held at Europol in The Hague, the Netherlands, on 1-2 December 2016 (Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration).

Expert Working Group on Illicit Financial Flows took place on 17-18 January 2017 at UNODC Headquarters in Vienna, Austria (Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration).

Policy Level

The 13th Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group meeting was held on 1-2 February 2017 in Vienna, Austria, back-to-back with the 12th Senior Officials Meeting of the Triangular Initiative on 3 February 2017.

The sets of recommendations, which resulted from the 2016/Jan. 2017 meetings, were reviewed and approved.

The 13th PCGM welcomed the Gulf Cooperation Council Criminal Information Center to Combat Drugs (GCC-CICCD) as a new member of the Paris Pact partnership.

In line with the benefits of the Paris Pact partnership outlined on p. 13, the Paris Pact programme itself supports the findings of the ‘gap analysis’ exercise. The following represents an extract of activity areas for 2016-2017 outlined in the subsequent update on the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration.

30

For details on all expert meetings, see the respective chapters ‘Pillar I to IV of the Vienna Declaration’.

Paris Pact Coordination Unit's unique positioning

Facilitated cross-divisional collaboration with lead experts of the four pillars of the Vienna

Declaration across UNODC structures situated in Vienna

and in the field

Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP) database

Collated by the Research and Liaison Officer Network,

database of activities implemented in support of

Vienna Declaration objectives

36

Benefit of the Paris Pact Partnership

Paris Pact Programme Support to the Four Pillars of the Vienna Declaration

Offering a forum for dialogue

Utilize the Paris Pact expert meetings as a vehicle for ‘gap analysis’ discussions across the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration;

Utilize Paris Pact expert fora for discussions in framework of the ‘Networking the Network’s Initiative;

Advocate for participation of potential new partners such as the Persian Gulf states and East African countries;

Explore formation of sub-groups within the Expert Working Group structure;

Integrate intelligence networks into cross-border cooperation discussions

Adapting to evolving threats along trafficking routes

Establish links between the Paris Pact and the ‘Gulf Partnership Framework’ between UNODC and the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council;

Facilitate outreach to new stakeholders including within the private sector;

Promoting good practice

Together with relevant UNODC programmes and projects, support the ‘LE TrainNet’ as part of UNODC’s institutional strategy to law enforcement capacity building at the regional level;

Link the Indian Ocean Maritime Crime Forum to countries along the northern and Balkan routes through the Expert Working and Policy structures of the Paris Pact;

Explore means to increase registration of AML/CFT technical assistance on ADAM;

Promote cooperation with the chemical industry in close cooperation with INCB;

Promote the international standards on Drug Use Prevention and the field testing of the international standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders

Enhancing evidence-based policy and strategy

Contribute to UNODC research products (see Component 2);

Support data collection and standardization processes under the IOFMC;

Support to youth drug use surveys in West and Central Asia

Research and Liaison Officer Network (Component 2) Currently, two Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officers (RLOs) are positioned in Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan), as well as one RLO in each of the following countries: the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The RLOs are responsible for: 1) liaison with national counterparts; 2) data collection, research and analysis; and 3) capacity building on data collection, analysis and geo-information systems for national counterparts. This three-pronged approach to the work of the Research and Liaison Officers network allows them to contribute to addressing knowledge gaps along major trafficking routes. The network represents a valuable mechanism that can be adapted and extended to respond to shifts in opiate trafficking including along the southern route. The Research and Liaison Officer network offers unique support to UNODC – being positioned as a cross-reference point among UNODC Divisions enables them to facilitate the work of multiple programmes covering a variety of inter-thematic issues. With regards to the research function of the RLOs, all work is under the technical guidance of the Drugs Research Section (DRS)/Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP).

37

Research and Liaison Officer Network Coordination within UNODC

Liaison and Research The RLOs strengthen the connection between the global partnership and the country/regional level (this is known as the ‘Liaison function’). The RLOs function as a primary point of contact in the field on behalf of the Paris Pact on the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration. The 2015 Paris Pact Country Fact Sheets were completed in March 2016 and published on ADAM. A new strategy for aligning the sequencing of fact sheet publication, and the standardizing of certain data indicators, with the World Drug Report cycle was developed together with the Drugs Research Section and the Data Development and Dissemination Unit of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch. The RLOs are currently working on the 2016 Fact Sheets to be published in January 2017. In support to other UNODC Divisions and programmes, the RLOs:

Continued providing assistance to national counterparts in completing UNODC’s mandated annual data collection systems, including the Annual Review Questionnaire (ARQ), and Individual Drug Seizures (IDS) and the Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS).

Continued to collect information on drug and precursor seizures from official and open sources and fed the data into the DMP.

Contributed with data from their respective countries to the following studies led by of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch (RAB) led by DRS/AOTP:

38

a) Assisted in the preparation of the 2015 and 2016 UNODC World Drug Reports by providing inputs on the validity of the data received and by following up with government counterparts on the completion of global UNODC surveys;

b) Contributed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch study on the Balkan Route and Illicit Financial Flows 2015 as well as the AOTP study on Afghan Opiates Trafficking through the Southern Route 2015 at data collection and national coordination levels;

c) The RLOs located in Central Asia support a study currently underway under AOTP with regard to trafficking of Afghan opiates along the northern route;

d) The RLOs in Central Asia assist the UNODC Global Synthetics Monitoring Programme (SMART) in their data collection efforts in the region; and

e) The RLOs located in Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia will provide data, liaison and research support to the Measuring and Assessing Organised Crime in the Western Balkans project under the Crime Research Section (CRS) of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch.

Capacity Building In support of UNODC’s institutional strategy to law enforcement capacity building, the RLOs located in Central Asia continued to deliver specialized training to strengthen law enforcement practitioners’ research capacity in collaboration with multiple UNODC global, regional and country programmes active in West and Central Asia. Discussions are underway with AOTP to explore modalities for a joint capacity building delivery plan for West and Central Asia to maximize reach to law enforcement officials. The aim of the delivery plan will be two-fold: to produce evidence for policy-making purposes and to use research as a means to enhance the operational objectives of other UNODC projects and programmes. The Paris Pact programme seeks to coordinate its capacity building activities with the Regional Programme’s Working Group on Training tentatively to be set up in November 2016. The cornerstone of the RLOs’ capacity building efforts is to improve data collection, processing and analysis capacity of law enforcement agencies in Central Asia. Over the course of 2015 to October 2016, the RLOs of the UNODC Regional Office in Tashkent (ROCA) and UNODC Programme Office in Kyrgyzstan carried out 11 training activities for 100 participants in support to several UNODC projects in the region. As part of a capacity building drive on border management challenges taking place under the auspices of the UNODC Country Programme for Pakistan, the RLO from the UNODC Programme Office in Kyrgyzstan (in coordination with the RLO from the UNODC Country Office in Pakistan) conducted a training session on data gathering, classification and analysis in November 2016. Network Expansion As part of the Paris Pact’s close collaboration with AOTP, planning has been initiated for a joint expansion of both programmes’ research officer networks to bolster existing capacities in West and Central Asia as well as along key trajectories of the southern route.31 It is anticipated, that new field positions will be cost-shared by AOTP and the Paris Pact based on existing cost-sharing models. An expansion of the research officer networks would aim to maximize synergies, ensure complementarity in support to UNODC’s existing data collection system and address existing data deficiencies in the above named regions.

31

The extension of the RLO Network is mandated by the partnership and outlined as a core activity in the current programme document. The PPCU is currently exploring setting up a shared position with the Global SMART Programme of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch under the Sub-Regional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries.

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Information Management (Component 3)

Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism – (ADAM) In response to an enquiry at the 12th Policy Consultative Group Meeting in December 2015, the PPCU devised a small advocacy campaign about ADAM, the Paris Pact's website and database, to illustrate the various new elements that have been introduced on ADAM in the course of Phase IV with the goal to align ADAM to the Vienna Declaration and its four pillars. Over the reporting period, the harmonization and alignment of ADAM to the Vienna Declaration was a primary objective for the programme. Development work continued and project attribution was refined to link partners’ involvement in projects, activities, and calendar entries. The goal is to create an easy overview on individual partners’ interventions in the context of the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration. As a result, the following features have been implemented:

A new Vienna Declaration pillar interface on the homepage;

Expert meetings and recommendations linked to pillars;

Projects linked to pillars and priorities (pillar sub-categories);

Activities (events) linked to pillars and priorities;

A pillar-related calendar of planned events; and

Partner focal point information by pillar. A solution has been identified to resolve the interruption caused by UMOJA to updating programme information on ADAM and will be implemented in the near future. Upon request by partners or in the case of connectivity issues, the PPCU can provide technical assistance in the form of training on the use of the platform or consolidate information contained in the ADAM database.

Drugs Monitoring Platform The Drug Monitoring Platform (DMP – http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org/) is an innovative database which contains a variety of drug-related data sets, overlaid on a mapping system, for providing a visual display of data.32 The DMP is jointly run and funded by the Paris Pact and AOTP programmes and maintained with the support of the Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) in the Regional Office for Central Asia (ROCA). DMP activities 2015-2016

The online repository of information related to the implementation of the Vienna Declaration ("Activities" functionality, available on the DMP and on ADAM) has expanded significantly over the reporting period. The RLOs entered in total more than 1,000 activities so far, 377 in 2016 alone.

During the reporting period, the number of seizure cases accessible on the DMP surpassed 184,000, with an average of 4,000 cases entered per year in the platform.

32

Further information on the range of functionalities available on the DMP can be found in the DMP brochure.

40

The Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP) continued to be improved and updated as a joint initiative with the Afghan Opiate Trade Programme (AOTP). The rapidly growing interest in and expectations for the DMP among Paris Pact partners as well as other UNODC programmes necessitated a technical assessment of the online database to ensure that required standards of data security are met and to explore options for improving internet connectivity issues. Based on the results of the assessment, the Paris Pact and AOTP have jointly identified options for increasing the accessibility and functionality of the system, which will be put in place in 2017. Changes to the DMP also include the definition of a comprehensive in-house management structure to better respond to requirements concerning the online system. An improvement plan is being developed to determine how to incorporate interests of key stakeholders within and beyond UNODC, such as the Container Control Programme (CCP), Global Programme on Money Laundering (GPML), and the ‘Compendium at Sea’ compiled by the Combined Maritime Forces, into the platform.

Advocacy In support of the Paris Pact Programme’s communication strategy, a page on the Paris Pact Initiative was inserted into the UNODC website under the sub-heading of ‘Drug trafficking’.33 Additionally, the Paris Pact Initiative brochure was published in December 2015 and updated in September 2016, which serves as an ‘A-Z’ reference document on the partnership and the programme.34

Programme Funding and Evaluation The Paris Pact programme is a multi-donor initiative implemented in coordination with a number of funding partners. Paris Pact Programme Phase IV Funding Partners

Following the decision taken at the 12th PCGM to extend the current phase IV of the programme until end 2017, the revision of the Paris Pact global programme (GLOY09) was submitted in March and approved in late April 2016. With regard to the related budgetary implications for 2016/17, the new revised overall budget of Paris Pact Phase IV from June 2013 until 31 December 2017 is equivalent to USD 6,750,986. This translates into a total increase of USD 1,718,675 for the 19 months extension of GLOY09 (June 2016 to December 2017) to cover the implementation of Paris Pact activities planned by the partnership for 2016 and 2017.

33

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/paris-pact-initiative.html 34

https://www.paris-pact.net/upload/5cc212841449b60f4cf84286e4972c87.pdf

41

Programme funding is key to the realization of tangible successes. Without reliable, predictable and equitably distributed long-term funding, UNODC’s coordination support function to the partnership is hampered which in turn jeopardizes implementation at both the programme and partnership level. At present, meeting activities and staff costs are only covered through to June 2017. As of October 2016, the current funding shortfall for Phase IV of the programme stands at USD 1,275,129, representing 18.89% of the total budget. For detailed information on the current funding overview for Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme, please refer to the figures below.35

Funding for Phase IV (as of 4 October 2016)

Total funding received (4 October 2016) $5,475,857 81%

Austria (0.48%) $32,357 0.48%

France (12.09%) $816,097 12.09%

India (2.96%) $199,980 2.96%

Norway (4.70%) $317,278 4.70%

Russian Federation (21.78%) $1,470,035 21.78%

Turkey (0.81%) $54,604 0.81%

United Kingdom (2.14%) $144,597 2.14%

United States of America (36.16%) $2,440,909 36.16%

Shortfall as of October 2016 (18.89 %) $1,275,129 18.89%

Overall Budget Phase IV* $6,750,986

35

For comparative information on the Paris Pact programme’s funding situation throughout Phase IV, please refer to the Paris Pact Report 2014 (p. 114-115, section on ‘Programme Implementation’) and the Paris Pact Coordination Unit bi-monthly updates to partners (Special Messages) on ADAM.

42

Breakdown of Budget by Component (Outcome) (as in programme revision of March 2016)

Paris Pact programme Phase IV GLOY09

Outcome 1: Consultative Mechanism

Outcome 2: Research and Liaison Officers (field-based)

Outcome 3: Information

Management (ADAM & DMP)

Total Budget

(incl. PSC)*

USD % USD % USD % USD

4.5 years (Jun 2013 - Dec 2017)

2,798,741 41.22 1,962,101 28.90 1,990,144 29.88 6,750,986

* Programme Support Costs (PSC) of 13% are included in the total budget as well as the budget breakdown by

Outcome. In order for the partnership to keep up with new trends and shifts along trafficking routes and synchronize its strategic, programmatic and funding approaches, an enlargement of the current funding base of the Paris Pact programme is imperative. The need to increase our collective response along all three main opiate drug trafficking routes has been emphasized very regularly since the launch of Phase IV in June 2013. If your country is considering a contribution to the implementation of the Paris Pact programme, please contact the Paris Pact Coordination Unit or the UNODC Co-financing and Partnership Section (CPS) as soon as possible.

Evaluation Following the decision to extend Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme until the end of 2017, the external evaluation of the programme will be conducted in the second half of 2017.

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43

ANNEX I: UNODC PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS SUPPORTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE VIENNA

DECLARATION The multitude of UNODC programmes that contribute to the implementation of all four Vienna Declaration pillars cannot be viewed in isolation. It is the close integration and coordination of activities that shape UNODC’s approach to inter- and trans-regional cooperation along the Balkan, northern and southern trafficking routes. UNODC’s primary operational implementers across all three of UNODC’s Divisions include:

UN

OD

C R

esea

rch

Div

isio

n f

or

Po

licy

An

alys

is a

nd

Pu

blic

Aff

airs

Research and Trend Analysis Branch (RAB)

Drugs Research Section Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP – GLOV20)

Laboratory and Scientific Section

RAB undertakes thematic research programmes, manages global and regional data collections, provides scientific and forensic services, defines research standards, and supports Member States in strengthening their data collection, research and forensics capacity.

In this context, AOTP addresses the need for systematic, comprehensive and consolidated analytical information about the multidimensional threat of the global illicit trade in Afghan opiates. In 2017, AOTP will enter into a new phase with a new strategy, that will consider widening its scope into a global programme on opiates.

AOTP produces regular analytical reports at the national, regional and global level on the threat posed by Afghan opiates to countries along the three main trafficking routes; a new series of brief analytical updates on emerging patterns and trends of the global Afghan opiate trade will be developed.

The AOTP network of field researchers in priority regions is closely coordinated with the Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officers (RLOs) network.

Research capacity building – in cooperation with the RLOs – is aimed at building local capacity, enhance national drug related data collection in order to improve regular reporting to UNODC through mandated reporting mechanisms (such as the Annual Report Questionnaires, and Individual Drug Seizures) and feed the Drugs Monitoring Platform.

44

Glo

bal

Pro

gram

me

s

Div

isio

n f

or

Trea

ty A

ffai

rs

Building Effective Networks Against Transnational Organized Crime (BENATOC – GLOZ72)

The Programme builds upon existing national capacities and expertise, whilst improving cooperation at a regional and wider international level, through the strengthening of existing alliances, development of new partnerships and making better use of established institutions.

36

The programme leads consultative efforts under pillar I37

and includes the cross-cutting ‘Networking the Networks’ and ‘LE TrainNet’ Initiatives.

The Networking the Networks (NtN) Initiative seeks to foster inter-regional cooperation, coordination, and communication and promote criminal intelligence sharing between international and regional intelligence centres, and key international organizations to coordinate responses on all forms of organized crime including drug trafficking. NtN was created in response to the Paris Pact recommendations of The Hague (2013) expert meeting on Cross-Border Cooperation and is part of UNODC’s Inter-Regional Drug Control Approach.

Global Programme for Strengthening the Capacities of Member States to Prevent and Combat Organized and Serious Crimes (GPTOC – GLOT32)

GPTOC assists Member States to take effective action against transnational organized crime, including: drug trafficking and money laundering by providing awareness raising and technical assistance/ tools in cross-cutting and specialised areas with a focus on international and regional cooperation. Additionally, advice and support are provided to establish and strengthen specialised regional networks of practitioners.

Container Control Programme (CCP – GLOG80)

For participating countries, the joint UNODC/World Customs Organization Global Container Control Programme develops the capability to profile, target and examine containers being used for the transport of illicit goods including narcotics to improve trade security, facilitation standards and controls at their borders.

Global Programme Against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism (GPML – GLOU40)

GPML leads the consultative work under pillar II and has supported this pillar since its inception, including with the analysis of the findings of the "Tashkent Questionnaire on Financial Flows linked to the Illicit Production and Trafficking of Afghan Opiates" and a delivery plan for technical assistance implementation.

36

UNODC GLOZ72 Programme Document ‘The activities undertaken under the Programme in particular will serve to complement, reinforce and strengthen the actions of Global Programme for Strengthening the Capacities of Member States to Prevent and Combat Organized and other Serious Crimes (GPTOC) and other projects and programmes.’ 37

The UNODC lead expert from the Implementation Support Section of the Organized Crime Branch, Division of Treaty Affairs guides Paris Pact Pillar I discussions and strategy development.

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Div

isio

n f

or

Op

erat

ion

s

Global Maritime Crime Programme (GMCP – GLOX99)

GMCP leads efforts to counter drug trafficking on the southern route. The Programme supports combatting maritime crime through enhanced coordination, cooperation and awareness raising, and seeks to explore opportunities for broader maritime law enforcement capacity building and regionally sensitive best practice development. For this purpose, the Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime was established with its sub-group on trafficking in narcotics.

Global Programme on Prevention of Drug Use, HIV/AIDS and Crime Among Young People Through Family Skills Training Programmes in Low- and Medium-Income Countries (GLOK01)

This programme implements evidence-based family skills training to prevent drug use, HIV/AIDS, crime and delinquency among young people by strengthening and improving the capacity of families to take better care of children in various countries. Local government agencies and/or non-governmental organisations in low- and middle- income countries are supported by UNODC Field Offices in translating and systematically adapting evidence-based family skills training programmes to fit the local culture and language. They are evaluated following a rigorous research methodology by local and international research institutes thus building the capacity of local institutions.

Global Programme on Prevention of Illicit Drug Use and Treatment of Drug Use Disorders for Children/Adolescents at Risk (GLOK42)

Starting in Afghanistan, the programme promotes a worldwide coordinated response of public institutions and NGOs to children and adolescents at risk and/or those affected by drug use dependence and its health and social consequences, with the aim of preventing drug use, treating drug dependence and facilitating their integration into society. Through a built-in phase by phase approach, the main strategy consists of a large scale mobilization, including the involvement of civil society, academics, media and high ranking personalities to call for immediate action to improve the living condition of children worldwide, reduce the risks of developing drug use disorders and provide appropriate treatment strategies tailored to respond to the specific needs of this age group.

46

UNODC-WHO Programme on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care (GLOK32)

The global programme promotes and supports worldwide, with a particular focus on low- and middle income countries, evidence-based and ethical treatment policies, strategies and interventions to reduce the burden caused by drug use and dependence. The programme is implemented in two stages:

Phase I - Advocacy and engagement of partners, development of technical tools, capacity building, support to the improvement of drug dependence treatment services and increased research capabilities in key countries;

Phase II - Full implementation of all programme components to scale up services at national level in a larger number of countries and increased global and regional activities through collaboration with international partners.

Treatnet Phase II - Treating drug dependence and its health consequences (GLOJ71)

Building upon its predecessor, Treatnet Phase I, a global network of resource centres works collaboratively to improve the quality of treatment, developed comprehensive training packages on evidence based treatment methods, trained numerous trainers who in turn have trained several hundred service providers, and developed good practice documents on key topics.

The strategy of the OFID-UNODC joint programme consists of:

systematic advocacy to promote a sound understanding of drug dependence and its treatment and counteract stigma and discrimination;

capacity building; and support to governments to provide evidence-based, high quality drug dependence treatment through

the development of national/regional networks of drug dependence treatment centres that contribute to increase access to drug treatment for all those in need thus reducing the negative health and social consequences of drug dependence, including HIV and AIDS.

47

Re

gio

nal

Pro

gram

me

s

Div

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Op

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ion

s

Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries (RP ANC) –

Sub-Programme 1: “Regional Law Enforcement Cooperation” (RERV07)

Sub-Programme 2: “Regional and International Cooperation in Criminal Matters” (RERV08)

Sub-Programme 3 “Prevention and Treatment of Addiction among Vulnerable Groups” (RERV09)

Sub-Programme 4 “Trends and Impacts” (RERV10)

The Regional Programme (covering Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) is carefully aligned with all pillars of the Vienna Declaration. It is designed to scale-up existing approaches to regional cooperation, deliver and promote capacity building, and facilitate cooperation between diverse actors in the West and Central Asia region. Many of the RP ANC’s activities are a direct response to critical requirements identified at Paris Pact expert meetings.

Sub-Programme 1 promotes regional cooperation in areas including precursor control through several vehicles such as the Triangular Initiative, the Afghanistan-Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan Initiative, the Joint Planning Cell (JPC), the Regional Working Group on Precursors (RWGP), and the Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs (RWGFD).

In the context of the Paris Pact’s mandate under pillar II of the Vienna Declaration, Sub-Programme 2 supports countries in pursuing the proceeds of illicit drugs and precursors trafficking and thus complements the efforts of GPML for the region of West and Central Asia. Specifically on this issue, the CASH (Central Asia and Southern Hub) initiative was launched.

Sub-Programme 3 has been boosting cooperation across the region in drug demand reduction by scaling-up support to evidence-based drug prevention and treatment and HIV prevention among vulnerable groups. The Regional Programme facilitates workshops to support both health and law enforcement officials in dealing with vulnerable populations, offers outreach services, and supports networking among Government agencies, civil society organizations and experts that are addressing drug use.

Sub-Programme 4 complements the efforts of the Drugs Research Section to address significant knowledge gaps in the partnership’s understanding of the Afghan opiate traffic and its impact. It fills critical gaps in trend analysis and impact monitoring of the RP Member States by strengthening evidence-based policy making efforts as well as undertaking ground-breaking technical studies into areas such as linkages between narcotics, socio-economic factors and wider concerns of human security.

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Div

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n f

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Op

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s

Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe (RP SEE – XCEU60)

Building on Phase I of the Regional Programme, Phase II38

supports the Governments of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Kosovo under UNSCR 1244, in key areas related to EU accession processes while ensuring effective inter-connectivity between national and regional responses in the wider context of the inter-regional drug control approach.

In the context of the Paris Pact mandate, its three sub-programmes (Illicit Drug Trafficking and Transnational Organized Crime; Justice, Corruption and Terrorism; Drug Demand Reduction) aim to strengthen:

Governments’ capacities to counter threats posed by illicit drug trafficking and transnational organized crime;

cooperation and coordination among the countries/territory of South Eastern Europe and other regional stakeholders to counter the negative effects of trafficking of drugs and illicit goods throughout the region;

effective identification and recovery of proceeds of crime in cooperation with GPML; the definition, development, introduction, and expansion of evidence-based drug use prevention

polices and interventions; the provision of continued and increased access to evidence-based drug dependence treatment and

care services; and initiatives to ensure more effective social inclusion of people with substance use disorders through

utilization of sustained recovery management interventions.

38 Mid-term In-Depth Evaluation of the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe 2015, p. x, “The RP has a different form and construct than other UNODC Regional Programmes, being more of a political umbrella and a framework that gives strategic structure to potential activities in the region for the purposes of fund-raising but it is not a coherent and pre-planned programme with fixed content”.

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Co

un

try

Pro

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s

Central Asia Programme

Sub-Programme 1: “Transnational

organized crime, illicit drug trafficking and terrorism” (XACZ60)

Sub-Programme 2: “Criminal Justice, crime prevention and integrity” (XACZ61)

Sub-Programme 3: “Drug prevention, treatment, reintegration and HIV prevention” (XACZ62)

Sub-Programme 4: “Research and trend analysis” (XACZ63)

The newly launched Programme for Central Asia represents the overarching strategic framework for technical assistance within the Central Asian States of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It encapsulates UNODC assistance to the region by moving from implementing a series of stand-alone projects to a more substantial and coherent programme structure.

The Programme looks to enhance both national level capabilities and develop increasing sub-regional cooperation between the Central Asian States, and supports Member States in inter alia:

responding to transnational organized crime and illicit trafficking at the normative and operational levels in accordance with relevant United Nations Conventions.

addressing drug use through evidence-based prevention strategies, and increasing the quality, availability and access to services for people affected by drug use disorders.

enhancing Member States’ research and analytical capacities and providing centralized reporting and research in support of policy advice and advocacy.

Country Programmes for Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Pakistan

Other relevant Country Programmes

Complementary to the efforts of the Regional Programme, the Country Programmes – with their multiple sub-programmes based on individual country priorities – are assisting the enhancement of national capacities on drugs and crime by building bridges, facilitating dialogue and exchange of knowledge at the bilateral, regional and international level and by promoting the implementation of international conventions, standards and best practices.

50

ANNEX II: PARIS PACT INITIATIVE LINKAGES TO INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS

References to the Paris Pact Initiative

Paris Pact Initiative Phase I

(2003-2007) Paris Pact Initiative Phase II

(2007-2010) Paris Pact Initiative Phase III

(2010-2013) Paris Pact Initiative Phase IV

(2013-2017)

Paris Pact Foundations

Paris Statement (2003) Moscow Declaration (2006) Vienna Declaration (2012)

CND Statements and

Declarations

Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation Towards and

Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem (2009)

Joint Ministerial Statement 2014 High-Level Review by the Commission on

Narcotic Drugs of the Implementation by Member States of the Political

Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation Towards An

Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem

CND Resolutions

CND Resolution 49/5 (2006): Paris Pact Initiative

CND Resolution 51/1 (2008): Follow-up to the Second Ministerial

Conference on Drug Trafficking Routes from Afghanistan

CND Resolution 53/5 (2010): Strengthening regional cooperation

between Afghanistan and transit States and the contribution of all affected

countries to counter-narcotics efforts, based on the principle of common and

shared responsibility

CND Resolution 55/11 (2012): Follow-up to the Third Ministerial

Conference of the Paris Pact Partners on Combating Illicit Traffic in Opiates

Originating in Afghanistan CND Resolution 56/3 (2013):

Strengthening international cooperation in combating illicit opiates in Afghanistan

through continuous and reinforced support to the Paris Pact Initiative

CND Resolution 58/6 (2015): Strengthening international cooperation

in preventing and combating illicit financial flows linked to drug trafficking,

from the anti-money-laundering perspective

51

UN General Assembly

A/RES/64/182 (2009): International cooperation against the

world drug problem

A/RES/65/8 (2010): The situation in Afghanistan

A/RES/68/197 (2014): International cooperation against the

world drug problem

UN Security Council

S/RES/1817 (2008): Afghanistan

S/RES/1917 (2010): Afghanistan

S/PRST/2010/4 (2010): Statement by the President of the Security

Council in connection with the Council’s consideration of the item entitled

“Threats to international peace and security”

S/RES/1974 (2011): Afghanistan

S/RES/2041 (2012): Afghanistan

S/RES/2069 (2012): Afghanistan

S/RES/2096 (2013): Afghanistan

S/RES/2120 (2013): Afghanistan

S/RES/2145 (2014): Afghanistan

S/PRST/2014/12 (2014): Statement by the President of the

Security Council in connection with the Council’s consideration of the item

entitled “The situation in Afghanistan” S/RES/2210 (2015):

Afghanistan S/RES/2274 (2016):

Afghanistan

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Selected recent resolutions, declarations, and reports with relevance to the Vienna Declaration

Paris Pact Initiative Phase IV

(2013-2017)

Commission on Narcotic Drugs

(CND)

CND Resolution 57/3 (2014): Promoting prevention of drug abuse based on scientific evidence as an investment in the well-being of children, adolescents, youth, families and communities

CND Resolution 58/2 (2015): Supporting the availability, accessibility and diversity of scientific evidence-based treatment and care for children and young people with substance use disorders

CND Resolution 58/3 (2015): Promoting the protection of children and young people, with particular reference to the illicit sale and purchase of internationally or nationally controlled

substances and of new psychoactive substances via the Internet CND Resolution 58/7 (2015):

Strengthening cooperation with the scientific community, including academia, and promoting scientific research in drug demand and supply reduction policies in order to find effective solutions to various aspects of the world drug problem

CND Resolution 59/4 (2016) Development and dissemination of international standards for the treatment of drug use disorders

CND Resolution 59/5 (2016) Mainstreaming a gender perspective in drug-related policies and programmes

CND Resolution 59/6 (2016) Promoting prevention strategies and policies

Subsidiary Bodies to the

CND

UNODC/SUBCOM/50/6 50

th session of the Subcommission on Illicit Drug Traffic and Related Matters in the Near and Middle East:

‘Abu Dhabi Declaration’

Commission on Crime

Prevention and Criminal Justice

(CCPCJ)

13th

United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice – Doha (2015) ‘Doha Declaration’ on Integrating Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice into the Wider United Nations Agenda to Address Social and Economic Challenges and to

Promote the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, and Public Participation

E/CN.15/2016/CRP.3 Outcome of the Expert Group Meeting on Transnational Organised Crime at Sea, held in Vienna, Austria on 5-6 April 2016

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UN Security Council

S/RES/2195 (2014): Threats to international peace and security

S/RES/2199 (2015):

Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts

Afghanistan – from Transition to Transformation

Paris Pact Initiative Phase III

(2010-2013) Paris Pact Initiative Phase IV

(2013-2017)

International Conferences

Afghanistan: The London Conference (2010) Communiqué

Kabul International Conference on Afghanistan (2010) Communiqué

The International Afghanistan Conference in Bonn (2011)

Afghanistan and the International Community: From Transition to the Transformation Decade

Tokyo Declaration on Partnership for Self-Reliance in Afghanistan (2012)

‘Heart of Asia’ – Istanbul Process:

Istanbul Conference on Afghanistan (2011) ‘Heart of Asia’ Ministerial Conference – Kabul (2012)

3rd

‘Heart of Asia’ Ministerial Conference – Almaty (2013)

‘Heart of Asia’ – Istanbul Process: 4

th ‘Heart of Asia’ Ministerial Conference – Beijing (2014)

5th

‘Heart of Asia’ Ministerial Conference – Islamabad (2015) 6

th ‘Heart of Asia’ Ministerial Conference – New Delhi (2016)

The London Conference on Afghanistan (2014)

Afghanistan and International Community: Commitments to Reforms and Renewed Partnership

Brussels Conference on Afghanistan, partnership for prosperity and peace (2016)

Communiqué of the participants

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International Commitments

Prior to the foundation of the Paris Pact Initiative Paris Pact Initiative Phase IV

(2013-2017)

International Commitments

The International Drug Control Conventions Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol;

Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971; United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic

Substances of 1988

Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Outcome document of the United Nations summit for the adoption of the post-2015

development agenda

Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the World Drug Problem Outcome document “Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering

the world drug problem”

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ANNEX III: THE PARIS PACT QUESTIONNAIRES

Update on Paris Pact Questionnaires The 2014 Paris Pact ‘questionnaires’ were designed to further reporting processes and generate additional evidence for action based on key priority information needed to obtain a more comprehensive update on the implementation of the Vienna Declaration.

The questionnaires are based on key priorities identified at Paris Pact Expert Working Groups and focus on the first level of information needed to form a foundation for future information collection. The questionnaires are mandated by the:

Vienna Declaration – encouraging Paris Pact partners to collect and share relevant data with UNODC; and

Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) resolution 56/3 (March 2013) – calling upon Member States to ensure the full implementation of the Vienna Declaration

The questionnaires were shared with the partnership in February 2015. As explained in the 2014 Paris Pact Report, the questionnaires are considered as an ongoing long-term process. UNODC thematic experts will be involved in the analysis process, so the results can be used for future planning and the prioritization of the partnership’s work. As of December 2015, the partnership’s response rate was measured at 37% with 22 questionnaires received out of the 58 Paris Pact partner countries plus Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244). The table titled ‘Paris Pact Questionnaires’ outlines the operational priorities, broken down by pillar, as used in each of the questionnaires.

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Paris Pact Questionnaires

Pri

ori

ties

Regional Initiatives (Pillar I) Precursors (Pillar III) Prevention of Drug Use (Pillar IV)

Coordination at the national level

Intelligence sharing between regional intelligence centres

Factors of vulnerability and resilience to drug use and substance abuse

Bi- and multi-lateral information sharing

Backtracking investigations Evidence-based interventions and policies

Cooperation networks between regional centres

Capacity building Prenatal, infancy and early childhood

Liaison Officers Cooperation between competent authorities and chemical industry

Middle childhood

Capacity Building Forensic intelligence Early adolescence

Adolescence and adulthood

Regulatory framework in the national system

Human and financial resources for prevention

Note: For the purpose of this exercise, no questionnaire was generated for Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration to avoid any duplication of efforts with regard to the current Tashkent Questionnaire process spearheaded by UNODC.

For further information on the questionnaires or to connect to a respective UNODC expert, please contact the Paris Pact Coordination Unit:

Paris Pact Programme Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vienna International Centre, Room D1445 P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4118 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-74118 Email: paris-pact@unodc.org

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Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration

Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives to combat illicit traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan

CONTENTS

Global Setting .................................................................................................................................... 59

Regional Initiatives – Who’s Who in the Paris Pact .............................................................................. 59

Map of Paris Pact partner organizations present along major trafficking routes .................................... 60

History of Pillar I ................................................................................................................................ 62

Pillar I Landmarks (2008-2016) ................................................................................................................. 62

2015 Expert Group Meeting on ‘Cross-border Cooperation’ (CARICC / Almaty, Kazakhstan) ................. 63

Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 63

2016 Expert Group Meeting on ‘Law Enforcement Training’ (Interpol / Lyon, France) ........................... 65

Implementation of the ‘Cross-Cutting Issues’ Model ........................................................................... 66

Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 ......................................................... 67

Annex I – UNODC Regional Programme support to the Vienna Declaration .......................................... 70

Pillar I linked to the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries ......................... 70

Pillar I linked to the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe ....................................................... 70

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59

GLOBAL SETTING Organized crime and drug trafficking groups frequently operate across borders, often networking and collaborating with other crime groups. The scope of their activities embraces a wide range of illegal criminal enterprise including - illicit drug manufacture and trafficking; the diversion and criminal use of precursor chemicals; money-laundering; and several other forms of crime. Regional cooperation in countering the opiates threat is pivotal to addressing drug control.39 Security Council Resolution 2195 (2014) stresses “the importance of strengthening trans-regional and international cooperation on a basis of a common and shared responsibility to counter the world drug problem and related criminal activities”.40 Together with UN Security Council Resolution 2199 of 12 February 2015, both resolutions underline the importance of strengthened regional and international cooperation to address the nexus between transnational organized crime and terrorism.41

Enhancing regional initiatives is an integral component of global policy discussions on counter narcotics. As highlighted in Security Council Resolution 2274 (2016), the Paris Pact remains a fundamental umbrella to engage on inter-thematic cross-border cooperation issues as part of a comprehensive approach to peace, stability and development along major drug trafficking routes. The Paris Pact directly supports this international dialogue based on the principle of shared responsibility, and the application of a comprehensive approach across multiple priority areas emphasized in the Vienna Declaration.42

REGIONAL INITIATIVES – WHO’S WHO IN THE PARIS PACT

39

In December 2013, the UN General Assembly approved resolution 68/197 on ‘International cooperation against the world drug problem’ calling for bilateral, regional and international cooperation, including through intelligence sharing and cross-border cooperation (A/ERS/68/197): http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/197 40

UN Security Council Resolution 2195 (2014): http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2195%20%282014%29 41

“The nexus between organized crime and terrorism – in which illicit drug trafficking appears to play a role – poses a serious threat, as emphasised by recent Security Council Resolutions”. p. iii, UNODC World Drug Report 2015. 42

The Vienna Declaration is the outcome document of the 2012 Third Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact partners and road map for current partnership actions.

The partnership’s approach to Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration is a reflection of linkages between diverse organizations. Furthermore, UNODC has promoted cross-fertilisation of integrated activities across multiple programmes at the country, regional and global level under the Office’s three divisions, and inter-thematically through the three drug supply pillars of the Paris Pact Initiative’s framework. These successful cross-directional and inter-thematic partnerships are a response to shifting requirements under Pillar I of the Paris Pact.

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Note: Above, organizations with asterisk ( * ) are not Paris Pact partners.

** The GCC-CICCD joined the partnership at the 13th

Policy Consultative Group Meeting in February 2017.

The multitude of UNODC programmes that contribute to the implementation of Pillar I cannot be viewed in isolation. It is the close integration and coordination of activities that shape UNODC’s approach to inter and trans-regional cooperation along the Balkan, northern and southern trafficking routes. For a complete list of the primary UNODC operational implementers of the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration, please refer to the introductory chapter of this report, Annex I.

Map of Paris Pact partner organizations present along major trafficking routes

The following mapping depicts current Paris Pact partners organizations implementing activities in support of pillar I of the Vienna Declaration. Partners active within the countries under the aegis of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries and the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe are highlighted. The map contains information on multiple European Union programmes that actively engage and participate in Paris Pact fora. While details on other donor funded programmes and donor agencies have purposefully been omitted from the map, further information is available on the Drugs Monitoring Platform/ADAM.43 The mapping may be expanded to include other non-Paris Pact partner stakeholders active along major trafficking routes subject to information sharing with the Paris Pact Coordination Unit.

43

For both ADAM and the DMP, registration and log-in with user name and password is required to access these functionalities.

• Asia Pacific Information and Coordination Center (APICC) *

• Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC)

• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

• Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) *

• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

• Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

• European Union (EU): Europol, Heroin Route II - Information Networks, Border Management in Northern Afghanistan (BOMNAF), Border Mangement Programme in Central Asia (BOMCA), International Law-Enforcement Coordination Units (ILECUs)

• Gulf Cooperation Council Criminal Information Center to Combat Drugs (GCC-CICCD) **

• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)

• INTERPOL

• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

• Southeast European Law Enforcement Center (SELEC)

• World Customs Organizations (WCO)

Paris Pact partner and observer organizations

• Drugs Research Section

• Global Programme on Building Effective Networks Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Networking the Networks Initiative (BENATOC)

• Global Programme for Strengthening Capacities of Member States to Prevent and Combat Organised and Serious Crime (GPTOC)

• Global Container Control Programme (CCP)

• Global Maritime Crime Programme (GMCP)

• Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries

• Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe

• Programme for Central Asia

• Various UNODC Country Programmes

Within UNODC from the Global to Country Level

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The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EU, SELEC, Interpol, Europol, EUROJUST, OSCE

Serbia EU, SELEC, Interpol, Europol

I.R. of Iran CARICC, ECO, WCO, Europol, Interpol

Pakistan CARICC, EU, WCO, Interpol, Europol

Kazakhstan CARICC, BOMCA (EU), NATO, OSCE, SCO, CSTO

Turkmenistan CARICC, BOMCA (EU), NATO, OSCE

Uzbekistan CARICC, BOMCA (EU), NATO, OSCE, SCO

Kyrgyzstan CARICC, BOMCA (EU), OSCE, NATO, SCO, CSTO

Tajikistan CARICC, BOMCA (EU), NATO, OSCE, SCO, CSTO

- Northern Route - Balkan Route - Southern Route - State engaged in IOFMC

Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) EU, UNMIK, EULEX, Europol

Albania EU, Europol, Interpol; SELEC.

Bosnia & Herzegovina EU, SELEC, Interpol, Europol

Montenegro EU, SELEC, Interpol, Europol

Countries of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and

neighbouring countries

Countries of the Regional Programme

for South Eastern Europe

UNODC is delivering technical assistance in each of the countries highlighted in this map, including Kosovo under UNSCR 1244.

Number of States engaged in IOFMC is larger than countries marked here.

The boundaries, names and designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Afghanistan EU, CARICC, SCO, WCO, OSCE, Europol, Interpol, UNAMA

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HISTORY OF PILLAR I Historically, strengthening regional initiatives unlike other pillars of the Vienna Declaration has always been integrated across expert discussions under the banner of the Paris Pact. Strengthening international and regional cooperation related to narcotics trafficking forms a central part of international commitments outlined in the operational recommendations outlined in the outcome document of the 2016 UNGASS. In line with these global priorities, this topic is more integrated than ever across Paris Pact drug supply responses to mitigate risks associated with drug trafficking.

Pillar I Landmarks (2008-2016)

All of the present priorities under the regional initiatives Pillar of the Vienna Declaration represent a continuum of recommendations put forth by the preceding Islamabad EWG (2011). The annual Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) is responsible for providing strategic guidance to the Initiative, for reviewing and endorsing EWG outcomes and setting priorities for the subsequent year’s meetings.

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2015 EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON ‘CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION’ (CARICC / ALMATY, KAZAKHSTAN) Efforts in 2015 under the Paris Pact enabled the further exploration of core themes identified as priorities by the 11th Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) in September 2014.

Maritime Trafficking; and

Inter-regional cooperation and information sharing.44

The Expert Working Group dedicated to Cross-border Cooperation was hosted by the Central Asia Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and took place from 4-5 June 2015.45 This meeting was a direct outcome of the previous expert meetings in combination with the findings of the recent UNODC inter-agency initiative known as ‘Networking the Networks’. The Cross-border Cooperation expert meeting invited the Combined Maritime Forces, UNODC Global Maritime Crime Programme and benefitted from the expertise of the ‘Regional Maritime Cooperation Framework’46 under the Triangular Initiative of the UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries as well as the Joint Planning Cell. This first time representation of key stakeholders such as the Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime (under the auspices of the UNODC global Maritime Crime Programme), Combined Maritime Forces, Oman, Qatar and Kenya engaged in activities along trajectories of the southern route reinforces the partnership’s need to keep pace with new trends and shifts along trafficking routes and synchronize its strategic and programmatic approaches accordingly. The meeting identified eleven key actions fundamental to implementing priorities related to cross-border cooperation. These points were endorsed at the 12th PCGM in December 2015.

Recommendations

44

The themes of inter-regional cooperation and information sharing intersect as priorities for all three drug supply pillars for enhanced cooperation among Paris Pact partners under the banner of the Vienna Declaration. 45

Under Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme, this was the second meeting on Pillar I of the Vienna Declaration. 46

The Regional Maritime Cooperation Framework (formerly known as the MaReS Initiative) seeks to promote maritime cooperation.

• (1) Address gaps in the partnership’s understanding of cross border flows, in particular the nature and extent of financial, precursor and drug flows originating in and related to Afghanistan and the opiate trade.

Research

• (2) Technical assistance delivery requires enhanced coordination to guarantee sustainability through increased dialogue, increased use and analysis of the Paris Pact Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) and an improved training selection process, post-training follow-up including on staff retention and building the capacity of training institutions.

Capacity Building

• (3) The concept of maritime cooperation in the context of illicit drugs needs to be further discussed at working level.

• (4) Explore how to address incompatibilities between legal systems, especially in relation to prosecution on the high seas.

Maritime Trafficking

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In recognition of the growing importance of cross-cutting issues under the Paris Pact framework, a joint session was held with the working group on Precursors.47 This resulted in a number of important observations that would not have been made otherwise, such as:

47

The 2015 expert meetings demonstrated the relevance of the crosscutting approach to tackling opiate issues and the fact that

global, regional and even national responses are not sustainable if presented in the form of stand-alone projects and structures.

• (5) Dedicate more attention to backtracking investigations.

• (6) Explore the possible wider implementation of the Joint Investigations Teams concept for multilateral operations to simplify the exchange of operational and legal information.

• (7) Consider replicating the ILECU (International Law Enforcement Coordination Unit) model for regional and international law enforcement cooperation to ensure the principles of a multi-agency approach and to designate a single country focal point. Appropriate blue print may be developed for this purpose.

Multilateral Operations

• (8) Strengthen linkages between law enforcement and financial investigations.

• (9) Strengthen cooperation between Law Enforcement actors and Financial Intelligence Units to enhance information sharing and develop comprehensive operations. Appropriate mechanisms should be further strengthened or developed for this cooperation.

Illicit Financial

Flows

• (10) Processes for cross-border cooperation are not fully implemented and can be improved by building political will to facilitate the exchange of information, mutual legal assistance and enhanced cooperation.

• (11) Consider applying the regional Network of the Prosecutorial and Central Authorities model to other regions to promote cooperation in legal matters based on cross-border cooperation. Details of such a model need to be worked out or developed.

Legal Co-operation

Maritime Trafficking

In an effort to adapt to shifting trends, the integration of the concept of maritime trafficking in the context of illicit drugs (including UNODC’s Global Maritime Crime

Programme and other stakeholders) into future expert meeting dialogue is a prerequisite to ensure

comprehensive partner counter-narcotics responses.

Cooperation Networks

Informal networks must be created to facilitate Mutual Legal Assistance, for the exchange of information and to build platforms for joint cooperation and eventual law

enforcement operations. Different networks are necessary to ensure the engagement of both prosecutors

and FIUs.

Inter-regional cooperation

Fostering inter-regional linkages through the “Networking the Networks” initiative with a view to improving

interregional cooperation and information sharing including examining the possible cross-regional extension of the Regional Intelligence Working Group on Precursors

mechanism.

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2016 EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON ‘LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING IN

SUPPORT TO CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION’ (INTERPOL / LYON, FRANCE)

Participants to the Expert Working Group in Lyon, November 2016.

The event – hosted by Interpol – brought together 52 participants representing 15 countries and 10 international organizations. Delegates shared their views on existing gaps, difficulties and challenges in the training of law enforcement related to cross border cooperation, including

aspects of training in criminal intelligence gathering, analysis and exchange, special investigative techniques, training methodologies as well as best practices in this field. Building upon the 2015 Almaty expert meeting as a foundation for discussions, the following key points emanated from the present Expert Working Group and were endorsed at the 13th Policy Consultative Group Meeting in February 2017:

• To consider revitalising the mechanism of sharing information on drugs and other non-classified and non-personal data between Interpol, UNODC, WCO, CARICC, SELEC, GCC-CICCD, JPC and other relevant international and regional players;

• To practice interagency training; • To encourage partners to facilitate and participate in regional and international training as a

means of networking law enforcement officials; • To promote the use of a modern approach in training including e-learning, table-top and field

exercises, gaming etc.; • To involve the private sector and academia in the training process where appropriate; • To promote a system of post-training monitoring, including through the e-learning system, and

assess effectiveness; • To further engage training institutions in the pre-selection process and to encourage partners to

identify opportunities to enhance sustainability of training; • To assess existing gaps and training needs related to challenges posed by emerging cyber

technologies such as “Dark-net”, crypto-currencies etc.; and • To further promote networking amongst law enforcement training institutions to allow for

exchange of curricula, training materials, training methodologies, best practices and trainers. Detailed information on all Paris Pact Expert Working Groups can be found on ADAM (menu item: “PARIS PACT – Meetings”).

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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ‘CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES’ MODEL

The implementation of the ‘regional initiatives’ pillar of the Vienna Declaration is inherently linked to the other two drug supply pillars dedicated to ‘tackling illicit financial flows’ and the ‘diversion of precursors’. Practical interventions aimed at strengthening cooperation must account for each of these areas. In many ways, cross-border cooperation within the Paris Pact framework is an ‘umbrella’ for law enforcement action on drug supply and interventions under these three pillars, and must be viewed in an integrated fashion. For more details on the cross-fertilisation of cross-border cooperation priorities across the Vienna Declaration, please refer to the chapters titled ‘Pillar II, Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to illicit traffic in opiates’ and ‘Pillar III, Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals used in illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan’. As elaborated in the section “2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’” of the introductory chapter, a key objective of the 2015 expert meetings was to identify gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars and simultaneously determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership to address these requirements. The ‘gap analysis’ – a donor and partner driven effort – culminated in the identification of a clear set of recommended priority activity areas. 48 For the regional initiatives pillar, the ‘cross-cutting issues’ model serves as the departure point for this exercise. These cross-cutting issues are categorized as follows: research, inter-regional cooperation, intelligence sharing and multilateral operations, capacity development, tackling illicit financial flows, legal cooperation and maritime trafficking. These categories are not new to the efforts of the partnership, as they have historically intersected in pillar discussions in one way, shape or form.

Cross-cutting issues defining Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017

48

At each meeting, a set of operational priorities was identified to determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way

forward for the partnership. For more information on the ‘gap analysis’ process, please refer to the the section “2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’” of the introductory chapter.

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The activity areas for 2016/2017 are a response to the 2015 expert meeting recommendations and the result of the 2015 ‘gap analysis’ exercise. Overall, many of these activity areas require an integrated technical assistance response by the partnership to enable the fulfillment of the objectives of Pillar I outlined in the Vienna Declaration. Based on the evidence presented by partners at the expert and policy meetings, the partnership must concentrate its effort on reinforcing interregional responses to opiate trafficking looking ahead into 2016 and beyond. In order to obtain a global picture on opiates trafficking, the further integration of land, sea and air cooperation, information sharing and operations is a must to understand and effectively respond to shifts along the northern, Balkan and southern trafficking routes.

Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 Each of the distinct parts of the ‘cross-cutting issues’ model is detailed separately below. The first table aims to capture select information on what has already taken place in terms of operational activities in 2015 (approximately Year 2 of the Paris Pact programme’s Phase IV). The second table outlines priority activity areas that can serve to minimize existing gaps listed under each of the cross-cutting issues in 2016/2017 (Year 3 of Phase IV). The two time periods are separated by a listing of operational gaps as identified in the 2015 gap analysis exercise. All activities are elaborated in more detail online.

The referenced activities are largely focused on UNODC efforts, based on the information available to the Paris Pact Coordination Unit at the time of drafting this report. They stem from UNODC programmes and projects whose contributions are most relevant to achieving the objectives of the Vienna Declaration. Several of the planned activities are already integrated into UNODC work plans and fundraising strategies. These activities also correlate with shifts in trafficking routes looking beyond the traditional Paris Pact priority countries along select trajectories of the southern route. To formulate an integrated, inter-regional response to strengthening regional initiatives associated with drug trafficking, UNODC will discuss with other UN Members States the benefits of joining the Paris Pact partnership as recommended at the 2015 expert and policy meetings. The implementation of many of these activities would assist global efforts to investigate and successfully prosecute transnational organized crime by:

improving inter-agency coordination, bolstering systems for intelligence gathering, analysis and use for effective operational

cooperation, strengthening expertise and skills in specialist investigation techniques such as controlled delivery; building capacity to address Paris Pact inter-thematic drug supply priorities such as undertaking

complex money-laundering investigations and seizing criminal assets. 49

49

UNODC Global Programme on ‘Building Effective Networks Against Transnational Organized Crime (BENATOC)’ GLOZ72.

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Operational Activities 2015 – What has already been done?

Cross-cutting issue Implemented Activities

Research UNODC Research, June 2015 ‘Afghan opiate trafficking through the southern route’

UNODC Research, June 2015 ‘World Drug Report’

UNODC Research, November 2015 ‘Drug Money - the illicit proceeds of opiates trafficked

on the Balkan route’

Inter-regional

cooperation

Launch of the UNODC Global Programme on Building Effective Networks Against

Transnational Organized Crime (BENATOC)

Follow-up to the Operational Meeting of the ‘Networking the Networks’, Doha, Qatar,

October 2014

Preparations for the South Asian Regional Intelligence and Coordination Centre on

Transnational Organized Crime (SARICC), New Delhi, India

Intelligence sharing and

multilateral operations

Regional Intelligence Working Group on Precursor (RWGP)

Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs (RWGFD)

Second regional workshop on ‘Promoting Regional Cooperation in Controlled Delivery

and Joint Investigative Teams’, Almaty, Kazakhstan, April 2015

Capacity development First meeting of the Network of Law Enforcement Training Institutions (LE TrainNet),

Baku, Azerbaijan, April 2015

Expansion of Port Control Units (PCUs)

Launch of CCP Air Port Control Unit (APCU)

New Joint Port Control Unit (JPCU)

Tackling illicit financial

flows

inter-regional workshop on ‘Strengthening Cooperation between Financial Intelligence

Units and Law Enforcement Agencies in Combating Laundering of Illicit Drug Trafficking

Proceeds’, Moscow, Russian Federation, September 2015

Third international meeting of the Networking the Networks Initiative, New Delhi, India,

November 2015, focused on ‘Countering Illicit Financial Flows Originating from Organized

Crime and use of the Networking the Networks for this Purpose’

Legal Cooperation Plenary Meetings of the Network of Prosecutors and Central Authorities from Source,

Transit and Destination Countries in response to Transnational Organized Crime in

Central Asia and Southern Caucasus (CASC Network)

Inter-regional training on Detection and Investigation of the Laundering of Crime

Proceeds Committed Through the Use of Electronic Money and Virtual Currencies

Training course on Informal and Formal International Cooperation For the Purpose of

Recovery of Proceeds From Organized Crime, Kazakhstan

CASC Network Toolkits

Maritime trafficking Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime (IOFMC) of the UNODC Global Maritime Crime

Programme (GMCP)

IOFMC Compendium of Drug Seizures at Sea

Drug and Law Enforcement Meetings 2015

Gap Analysis – What are the gaps in 2016?

Research Lack of knowledge on dynamics along trafficking routes, quantities of drugs trafficked,

trafficking networks and links with other illicit trades especially through southern route

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Inter-regional

cooperation

Member States affected by southern route not yet Paris Pact partners;

Need to further integrated Member States affected by, and programmes and organizations engaged in, southern route into global discussions incl. at Paris Pact fora

Intelligence sharing and

multilateral operations

Need to strengthen inter-agency cooperation as well as mechanisms for collection,

analysis and dissemination of intelligence

Capacity development Lack of coordination among training institutions

Tackling illicit financial flows

Lack of integration of financial investigations into law enforcement operations;

Need to strengthen inter-agency cooperation on illicit financial flows

Legal cooperation Insufficient / incomplete cooperation agreements;

Need to enhance private sector inclusion to strengthen information exchange

Maritime trafficking Need for stronger engagement and knowledge sharing between Paris Pact partners and

stakeholders located along key trajectories of the southern route

Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 – What is underway?

Cross-cutting issue Activities

Research UNODC Research, March 2016 ‘The Afghan Opiate Trade and Africa – A Baseline

Assessment’

UNODC Research 2016/2017 ‘Northern Trafficking Route’

UNODC Research June 2016 ‘World Drug Report’

UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries 2016

‘Smuggling Opium out of Afghanistan – The Regional Flows’

Inter-regional

cooperation

Institutionalize the ‘Networking the Networks’ Initiative as a platform for inter-regional

and inter-thematic drug supply law enforcement cooperation

Initiate activities through Paris Pact expert fora

Coordinate action along key trajectories of the southern route

Intelligence sharing and

multilateral operations

Promote intelligence exchange and launch inter-regional law enforcement operations

Improve backtracking capabilities

Consider the concept of vetted units to exchange critical criminal intelligence

Capacity development Institutionalize the LE TrainNet

Establish the Regional Working Group on Law Enforcement Training

Continue roll-out of CCP theoretical and practical training

Tackling illicit financial flows

Devise mechanisms to better integrate financial investigations into law enforcement

operations

Strengthen inter-organization cooperation to combat illicit financial flows

UNODC Criminal Asset Identification Conference – Montenegro, September 2016

Common Information Picture Workshops

Legal cooperation Establish cooperation agreements to facilitate inter-regional cooperation

Extend and further develop models such as CASC Network

Develop an international alert system of law enforcement services

Maritime trafficking Enhance maritime cooperation networks

Make use of existing regional and international cooperation structures including the

Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime (IOFMC)

Reduce maritime drug trafficking knowledge gaps in cooperation with the Global

Maritime Crime Programme

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ANNEX I – UNODC REGIONAL PROGRAMME SUPPORT TO THE VIENNA

DECLARATION ALONG THE NORTHERN AND BALKAN ROUTES

Pillar I on Regional Initiatives linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries (Sub-Programmes 1, 2 and 4)

Pillar I on Regional Initiatives linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe

*******

Pillar I: Regional Initiatives

Outcome 1.1: Enhanced means of communication, cooperation and operational coordination in countering transnational drug-relatd crimes.

Outcome 1.2: Enhanced counter-narcoticsc capacity through stnadardized regional training programmes as well as training systems

Outcome 1.3: Enhanced forensic capacity and increased use of forensic evidence in identifying, investigating an prosecuting transnational crimes

Outcome 2.1: Increased regional/international cooperation in criminal cases in compliance with UN drugs and crime conventions

Outcome 4.1 Improved availability and use of counter-narcotics, criminal justice and drug use/prevalence information/data

Outcome 4.2: Enhanced understanding in the region of the linakges between anrcotics and socio economic development

Pillar I: Regional Initiatives

Outcome 1.1: Governments have strengthened capacities to counter threats posed by illicit drug trafficking and transnational organized crime

Outcome 1.3: Governments more effective in identifying and recovering the proceeds of crime

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Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration

Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to illicit traffic in opiates

CONTENTS

Global Setting ................................................................................................................................................ 73

Illicit Financial Flows – Who’s Who in the Paris Pact .................................................................................... 73

Map of Paris Pact Partner Organizations present along major trafficking routes .................................... 74

History of Pillar II ........................................................................................................................................... 77

Pillar II Landmarks (2008-2017) ................................................................................................................. 77

Paris Pact ‘Understand, Disrupt, Develop’ Model to Tackle Illicit Financial Flows ....................................... 78

2015 Expert Working Group Meeting (CARICC / Almaty, Kazakhstan) ......................................................... 80

Recommendations:.................................................................................................................................... 80

January 2017 Expert Working Group Meeting (UNODC / Vienna, Austria) .................................................. 81

Implementation of the ‘Understand, Disrupt, Develop’ Model .................................................................... 84

A) Understand – Summary .................................................................................................................... 86

B) Disrupt – Summary ........................................................................................................................... 87

C) Develop – Summary .......................................................................................................................... 88

Annex I – UNODC Regional Programme Support to the Vienna Declaration ................................................ 90

Pillar II linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme For Afghanistan And Neighbouring Countries . 90

Pillar II linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme For South Eastern Europe ................................ 90

72

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GLOBAL SETTING Illicit financial flows often support terrorism, fuel corruption and impede international development. In contrast to drugs, finance can travel the world within minutes. Drug trafficking is a business, and the international community needs to develop new tools that require minimum resources to produce maximum disruption effect. For these reasons, enhancing our understanding of and response to the illicit opiate enterprise is critical. Sustainable progress in combating drug and precursor trafficking can only be achieved by ensuring that financial investigations run in parallel with all drug trafficking investigations. Resolution 58/6 of the 58th Session of the Commission on Narcotics Drugs (CND) 2015, on ‘Strengthening international cooperation in preventing and combating illicit financial flows linked to drug trafficking, from the anti-money-laundering perspective’,50 builds upon previous resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the Commission by focusing on the need to combat illicit financial flows linked to drug trafficking from the perspective of countering money-laundering. Under the Paris Pact framework and Vienna Declaration Pillar II, efforts to tackle Illicit financial flows are intrinsically linked to the outcome document of the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem (UNGASS) titled ‘Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem’51, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)52 and the implementation of Resolution 58/6. These efforts reflect the partnership’s recognition that action must be global in application as challenges cut across both the supply and demand sides of the world drug problem. The Vienna Declaration stresses that developing practical cooperation in detecting and blocking financial flows linked to the illicit traffic in opiates is crucial to reducing the threat posed by organized crime networks.

ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS – WHO’S WHO IN THE PARIS PACT

50

https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_58/2015_Resolutions/Resolution_58_6.pdf 51

United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem (UNGASS), 2016, ‘Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem’: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/110/24/PDF/N1611024.pdf?OpenElement 52

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as ‘Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, United Nations Resolution A/RES/70/1 of 25 September 2015: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E

The partnership’s approach to pillar II of the Vienna Declaration is a good reflection of interlinkages between diverse organizations. Furthermore, UNODC has promoted cross-fertilization of integrated activities across multiple programmes at the country, regional and global level under the Office’s three divisions, and inter-thematically through the three drug supply pillars of the Paris Pact Initiative’s framework. These successful cross-directional and inter-thematic partnerships are a response to shifting requirements under Pillar II of the Paris Pact.

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Note: Above, organizations with asterisk ( * ) are not Paris Pact partners.

The UNODC programmes that contribute to the implementation of Pillar II cannot be viewed in isolation. It is the close integration and coordination of activities that shape UNODC’s approach to inter- and trans-regional cooperation along the Balkan, northern and southern trafficking routes. For a complete list of the primary operational implementers of the four pillar of the Vienna Declaration, please refer to the introductory chapter of this report, Annex I.

Map of Paris Pact partner organizations present along major trafficking routes The following mapping depicts current Paris Pact partners organizations implementing activities in support of pillar II of the Vienna Declaration. Partners active within the countries under the aegis of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries and the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe are highlighted. The map contains information on multiple European Union programmes that actively engage and participate in Paris Pact fora. While details on other donor funded programmes and donor agencies have purposefully been omitted from the map, further information is available on the Drugs Monitoring Platform/ADAM.53 The mapping may be expanded to include other non-Paris Pact partner stakeholders active along major trafficking routes subject to information sharing with the Paris Pact Coordination Unit.

53

For both ADAM and the DMP, registration and log-in with user name and password is required to access these functionalities.

• Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) *

• Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC)

• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

• Council of EuropeEconomic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

• Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG)

• European Union (EU): Europol

• Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

• INTERPOL

• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

• Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

Paris Pact partner and observer organizations

• Drug Research Section

• Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism (GPML)

• Global Programme on Building Effetive Networks Against Transational Organized Crime (BENATOC) - the Networking the Networks Initiative

• Global Maritime Crime Programme (GMCP)

• Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries (RP ANC)

• Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe (RP SEE)

• Programme for Central Asia

• Multiple UNODC Country Offices

Within UNODC from the Global to Country Level

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The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EU, Interpol, Europol, SELEC, Moneyval (Council of Europe), FATF

Serbia EU, Interpol, Europol, SELEC, FATF, Moneyval (Council of Europe)

Islamic Republic of Iran EU, FATF, Interpol

Pakistan FATF, Interpol

Kazakhstan CARICC, EAG, FATF, OSCE, Interpol

Turkmenistan CARICC, EAG, FATF, OSCE, Interpol

Uzbekistan CARICC, EAG, FATF, OSCE, Interpol

Kyrgyzstan CARICC, EAG, FATF, OSCE, Interpol

Tajikistan CARICC, EAG, FATF, OSCE, Interpol

- Northern Route - Balkan Route - Southern Route

Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) EU, Council of Europe, UNMIK, EULEX

Albania EU, Interpol, Europol, SELEC, Moneyval (Council of Europe), FATF

Bosnia & Herzegovina EU, Interpol, Europol, SELEC, FATF, Moneyval (Council of Europe)

Montenegro EU, Interpol, Europol, SELEC, FATF, Moneyval (Council of Europe)

Countries of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and

neighbouring countries

Countries of the Regional Programme

for South Eastern Europe

UNODC is delivering technical assistance in each of the countries, including Kosovo under UNSCR 1244, highlighted in this map. The boundaries, names and designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Afghanistan EAG, Interpol, EU

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In 2015, the partnership continued to expand with the formal endorsement of the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) as a partner at the twelfth Policy Consultative Group meeting (PCGM) held in December 2015, highlighting the continued importance of the Initiative as a framework for international cooperation. To date, all of EAG’s members and 40 per cent of the organization’s observers are part of the Paris Pact partnership. The EAG brings expertise to help address a variety of Pillar II priorities including but not limited to:

technical assistance working groups to identify best practices and information sharing and to facilitate cooperation;

a working group on typologies to understand what criminal organizations are doing; working groups on counteraction of financing drug business, crime and terrorism; dedicated research on disclosing the financial component of the drug business; facilitating inter-agency cooperation through ‘Operation Channel’ to foster linkages between

financial intelligence units and law enforcement; and conducting seminars to identify and understand risks related to crime, anti-money

laundering and terrorism.

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HISTORY OF PILLAR II Historically, the illicit financial flows pillar of the Vienna Declaration was the first thematic area addressed on its own in expert discussions under the banner of the Paris Pact. Tackling illicit financial flows related to narcotics trafficking forms a central part of international commitments outlined in the targets of the 2030 Development Agenda. In line with these global priorities, this topic is more integrated than ever across Paris Pact drug supply responses to mitigate risks associated with drug trafficking.

Pillar II Landmarks (2008-2017)

All of the present priorities under the illicit financial flows pillar of the Vienna Declaration represent a continuum of recommendations put forth by the preceding Abu Dhabi EWG (2011). The annual Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) is responsible for providing strategic guidance to the Initiative, for reviewing and endorsing EWG outcomes and setting priorities for the subsequent year’s meetings.

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PARIS PACT ‘UNDERSTAND, DISRUPT, DEVELOP’ MODEL TO TACKLE ILLICIT

FINANCIAL FLOWS Illicit financial flows are an integral component of global policy discussions on counter narcotics. References to illicit financial flows in the UNGASS outcome document and the SDGs clearly underline that illicit financial flows are not just a law enforcement or Financial Intelligence Unit concern, but rather an issue at the heart of a country’s economy and its abilities to collect tax, fund itself and develop. Moreover, illicit financial flows negatively affect the development of vulnerable communities. In line with these global priorities, this topic is more integrated than ever across Paris Pact drug supply responses to mitigate risks associated with drug trafficking. The bottom-up approach from the Paris Pact Expert Working Group to policy level culminated in the adoption of CND Resolution 58/6 of March 2015.54 This represented a vital turning point in the global efforts to combat illicit financial flows as the Resolution is based on principles taken from the Paris Pact looking at opiates and gaining international consensus that these principles are equally applicable to all narcotics. Within this global context, the implementation of the ‘illicit financial flows’ pillar of the Vienna Declaration is inherently linked to the other two drug supply pillars dedicated to ‘regional initiatives’ and the ‘diversion of precursors’. Practical interventions to block illicit financial flows must account for each of these areas. Tackling illicit financial flows emanated as one of the seven topics that cut across the law enforcement oriented pillars of the Vienna Declaration and which were identified in the recommendations of the 2015 Paris Pact expert meetings and highlighted at the 2015 policy meeting.

Cross-cutting issues defining Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016-2017 under Pillar I ‘Regional Initiatives’ and Pillar III ‘Precursors’

54

CND Resolution 58/6, March 2015: https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_58/2015_Resolutions/Resolution_58_6.pdf

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The Paris Pact directly supports international dialogue with innovative and realistic options. Particularly, throughout 2015, Paris Pact partners have worked together to gain consensus and develop a unique model, which further refines the 2014 Delivery Plan and assists partners in the implementation of their response to illicit financial flows. This model stems from the integration of three recurring themes related to illicit financial flows termed within the Paris Pact framework as ‘understand, disrupt and develop’,55 that underpin the 2014 Delivery Plan and were articulated by the Pillar Lead Expert at the 2015 policy meeting as follows:

As elaborated in the section ‘2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’’ of the introductory chapter, a key objective of the 2015 expert meetings was to identify gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars and simultaneously determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership to address these requirements. For the illicit financial flows pillar, the ‘understand, disrupt and develop’ model serves as the departure point for the 2015 ‘gap analysis’ exercise a donor and partner driven effort.

55

These global themes, adopted as a model for identifying future priorities within the Paris Pact framework at the 2015 policy meeting, support and complement the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF) 40 recommendations on anti-money laundering frameworks and effectiveness: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF_Recommendations.pdf

Increase the partnership’s UNDERSTANDING to identify both priority risks posed by opiate

trafficking and critical vulnerabilities in the opiate trafficking “business model”: This is about

enhancing the overall understanding of illicit financial flows and the threats they pose by impacting

global development and confidence in the international financial system.

Deliver a full spectrum of cost-effective, measurable and sustained DISRUPTION activities to reduce

risks posed by opiate trafficking: Success cannot be measured by counting performance figures, but

rather the partnership must consider a full range of options at both the national and international

levels in collaboration with the private sector and civil society to focus activities against

vulnerabilities in existing business models.

DEVELOP communities and networks of professionals to face threats: Financial professionals cannot

rotate into other roles once fully trained, also bearing in mind that agencies do not operate in

isolation. It is imperative to build and support a community of anti-money laundering professional

across government agencies, internationally and in partnership with the private sector to confront

the heart of the heroin business and isolate networks from the threat of corruption.

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2015 EXPERT WORKING GROUP MEETING ON ‘ILLICIT FINANCIAL FLOWS

DERIVING FROM THE TRAFFICKING OF OPIATES ORIGINATING IN

AFGHANISTAN’ (CARICC / ALMATY, KAZAKHSTAN) Efforts in 2015 under the Paris Pact enabled the further exploration of core themes identified as priorities by the 11th Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) in September 2014. These themes stem from the 2014 Delivery Plan for technical assistance implementation and the accompanying report that serve as the ‘building blocks’ in 2015 for the partnership’s response to illicit financial flows. Many of these themes are highlighted within CND Resolution 58/6 of March 2015.

Understanding the business model of the opiate enterprise;

Developing a community of financial investigators nationally and internationally;

Supporting drug trafficking disruptions with financial investigations;

Developing and delivering disruption strategies which are focused on effects;

Detecting, investigating and disrupting abuse of Money and Value Transfer Systems;

Developing good practice in regional and international alert systems;

Understanding and disrupting “nexus” threats (e.g. drug trafficking and terrorism).

The Expert Working Group on Illicit Financial Flows Deriving from the Trafficking of Opiates Originating in Afghanistan was hosted by the Central Asia Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and took place from 1-3 June 2015.56 The first time representation in a Paris Pact expert meeting by the head of the Kabul money service providers (hawala) market and a representative from a world-leading money service provider enabled discussions of key issues surrounding private-public sector engagement for reducing the threat posed by the abuse of money and value transfer services. The meeting identified multiple actions fundamental to implementing the priorities on Illicit Financial Flows Deriving from the Trafficking of Opiates Originating in Afghanistan. These points were endorsed at the 12th PCGM in December 2015.

Recommendations:

56

Under Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme, this was the second meeting on Pillar II of the Vienna Declaration and the first expert meeting organised in year two of the programme.

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In recognition of the growing importance of cross-cutting issues under the Paris Pact framework, a joint session of the expert meeting on illicit financial flows was held with that of the expert meeting on Precursors.57 This resulted in a number of important observations that would not have been made otherwise, such as:

JANUARY 2017 EXPERT WORKING GROUP MEETING ON ‘ILLICIT FINANCIAL

FLOWS DERIVING FROM THE TRAFFICKING OF OPIATES ORIGINATING IN

AFGHANISTAN’ (UNODC / VIENNA, AUSTRIA) The Expert Working Group meeting was held in Vienna on 17-18 January 2017. 72 participants representing 26 countries and nine organizations including UNODC attended the meeting. Participants reviewed trends, case studies, developments and activities along the Balkan, northern and southern drug trafficking routes with a view to understanding and disrupting illicit financial flows associated with opiates derived from Afghanistan and, secondly, to developing the Anti Money Laundering/Counter Financing of Terrorism community to better combat these illicit financial flows. Topics of discussion included conducting integrated events on precursors and financial investigations, strengthening professional development and training systems for financial investigators, collating and sharing good practices on AML/CFT inter-agency working groups, non-conviction based asset forfeiture as well as continuing to work with the United Nations Security Council 1267 Monitoring Team to investigate the links between the opiate trade and associated terrorist activities. Participants also prioritized sharing research methodologies, collating practices on financial investigations and conducting outreach to countries affected by the trafficking of cocaine particularly in West Africa. Experts concluded on the following meeting outcomes, which were subsequently endorsed at the 13th Policy Consultative Group Meeting in February 2017: Session 1 – Heroin & cocaine

UNODC to develop and share research methodologies including information requirements with countries affected by the trafficking of cocaine.

UNODC to collate good practices on backtracking/parallel financial investigation (e.g. legislation, policy, procedure).

UNODC to conduct outreach to West Africa (Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, Benin, Mali, Cape Verde, Senegal, Guinea Conakry, Guinea Bissau).

57

The 2015 expert meetings demonstrated the relevance of a cross-cutting approach to tackling opiate issues and the fact that global, regional and even national responses are not sustainable if presented in the form of stand-alone projects and structures.

Precursor Diversions The need to focus financial investigations downstream,

on points of diversion of precursors, rather than upstream, at the manufacturing stages.

Private Sector Inclusion The need to enhance private sector involvement in activities

related to countering illicit financial flows

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UNODC to conduct outreach to countries affected by the trafficking of cocaine regarding Paris Pact IFF Pillar.

Session 2 – Northern Route

Partners to share details of IFF case studies with UNODC for inclusion on the Drug Monitoring Platform.

UNODC to develop and deliver training on criminal abuse of MVTS.

UNODC and partners to identify relevant data, and mechanisms to share data, on the criminal abuse of MVTS.

UNODC to continue to conduct illicit financial flows workshops at CARICC o deconflict with CSTO/EAG o ensure GCC-CIC invited o supported by JPC

UNODC to support attendance of participants at CSTO Western Shield (May 2017).

UNODC and partners to prepare joint CSTO EAG UNODC work shop on precursors and financial investigation.

UNODC to conduct inter-regional event on cash smuggling (in partnership with GCC-CIC). Session 3 – Balkan Route

UNODC and partners to continue to develop and produce research products, and share best practices on IFF

o Northern Route = EAG key partner

UNODC to ensure Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia are invited and supported to attend relevant events.

UNODC to conduct regular illicit financial flows workshops for Balkan Route countries. Session 4 – Southern Route

UNODC and Partners to support appropriate dissemination of releasable operational information.

UNODC and Partners to promote the consideration of the economic cost of opiate trafficking as part of a National Risk Assessment [Canada/(I.R. of Iran)]

Partners to identify and sign priority information sharing MOUs.

Partners to review information requirements proposed by UNODC and consider incorporating them into national information collection plans.

Partners to become / engage with Interpol Global Focal Points.

UNODC to repeat the planned Southern Route IFF workshop every six months.

UNODC to ensure Southern Route Partnership and Paris Pact IFF activities are coordinated.

UNODC to work with Interpol to ensure information exchange between Orange & Purple Notices and other tools & services, and the Drug Monitoring Platform.

Partners to review the “Compendium at Sea” and add further information for inclusion in the Drug Monitoring Platform in order to identify new illicit financial flows.

Session 5 – Other issues

Partners to encourage their FIUs to consider the 34 red flag indicators recently collated and released by Eurasian Group (EAG) – “Detecting the financial component of the drug business.” (available on EAG website).

Partners to consider conducting joint EAG/UNODC/Paris Pact workshop to build on the recent EAG research on “Detecting the financial component of the drug business.”

Partners to encourage FIUs to establish cooperation with national competent authorities responsible for investigations of precursor related crime.

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UNODC and partners to conduct event on IFF and precursors o Supported by:

UNODC Container Control Programme UNODC/INCB Research topics Investigation strategy Tactics Training needs and available tools Coordination with FATF/FSRBs

UNODC to collate and share good practices on AML/CFT inter-agency working groups: o Ministerial level (other equivalent) o Expert level o Legislation, policy, procedure o Private sector o LEA, FIU, Tax / Revenue, custom, prosecution, security and intelligence services, as

applicable

UNODC to continue to develop training systems, including IT solutions, to support the professional development of the AML/CFT community.

UNODC to continue projects to enhance Paris Pact partners’ ability to detect, investigate and disrupt links between drug trafficking and associated terrorist activities. [suggestion I.R. of Iran]

UNODC to develop and share methodology for creating Financial Disruption Toolkits.

UNODC and partners to encourage attendance by FIU/LEAs at future EWGs. Detailed information on all Paris Pact Expert Working Groups can be found on ADAM (menu item: “PARIS PACT – Meetings”).

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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ‘UNDERSTAND, DISRUPT, DEVELOP’ MODEL

Combining the Paris Pact - as an “incubator” of good practices under Pillar II – with the results of the ‘gap analysis’ exercise, culminated in the identification of a clear set of priority activity areas under the three-pronged ‘understand, disrupt, develop’ model. The selected activity areas represent the response to the 2015 expert meeting recommendations and the result of the 2015 ‘gap analysis’ exercise. Overall, many of these activities require an integrated technical assistance response by the partnership to enable the fulfillment of the objectives of Pillar II outlined in the Vienna Declaration. The following table depicts the priority activity areas grouped according to the ‘understand, disrupt, develop’ model.

Summary of Illicit Financial Flows ‘Gap Analysis’ Exercise

Op

era

tio

nal

Act

ivit

ies

20

15

A) Understand B) Disrupt C) Develop

Research

Financial Disruption Strategy Cash Courier Courses

Private Sector Inclusion Financial Disruption Training Money Value Transfer Systems Courses

Cash Seizures Process Mapping Continuous Professionals Development Prototype

Information Exchange on Suspicious Financial Transactions

Anti-Money Laundering Professional Community

Cash Courier Courses Extending Mentorship Programming

Money Value Transfer Systems Courses

Network Partnerships

Pri

ori

ty A

ctiv

ity

Are

as 2

016

/201

7

A) Understand B) Disrupt C) Develop

Research Engagement with Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA’s)

Use of Paris Pact “ADAM” Platform

Common Information picture meetings

Joint Experts Meeting of the Financial Action Task Force 2016

Increased inclusion of the private sector

Typologies converted to search algorithms project

Financial Disruption Workshops Cash Seizure Courses

Business Process Modeling Enhancement

Cash Seizure Process Mapping Money Value Transfer System Courses

National Risk Assessments (NRAs)

Financial Disruption Compendium UNODC GPML modules and eLearning

Public and Private Sector Alert Systems

CPD Trials and Feedback

Preventing the Funding of Terrorism

Counter Corruption in Financial Investigation Units

Network Partnerships

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In the following, each of the three distinct parts of the model – (A) understand, (B) disrupt, (C) develop – is detailed separately. For each part of the model, operational activities are divided into tables covering:

First, operational activities for the period 2015 (approximately Year 2 of the Paris Pact programme’s Phase IV);

Second, a listing of operational gaps as identified at the 2015 expert meeting; and

Third, an outline of priority activity areas that can serve to minimize existing gaps in 2016/2017 (Year 3 of Phase IV).

The tables reference select information on 2015 and 2016/2017 activities. All activities are elaborated in more detail online.58 They are largely focused on UNODC efforts based on the information available to the Paris Pact Coordination Unit at the time of drafting this Report. The depicted activities stem from UNODC programmes and projects whose contributions are most relevant to achieving the objectives of the Vienna Declaration. Several of the activities listed below, are already integrated into UNODC work plans and fundraising strategies. Some of these activities also correlate with shifts in trafficking routes looking beyond the traditional Paris Pact priority countries along select trajectories of the southern route. To formulate an integrated, inter-regional response to illicit financial flows associated with drug trafficking, UNODC will discuss with those jurisdictions (as well as several jurisdictions in the Caribbean and Central and South America)59 the benefits of joining the Paris Pact partnership as recommended at the 2015 expert and policy meetings.60 Looking forward, the principle of ‘effectiveness’ will be the cornerstone for further achievement. For more details on the cross-fertilisation of illicit financial flows priorities across the Vienna Declaration, please refer to the sections titled ‘Pillar I, Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives to combat illicit traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan’ and ‘Pillar III, Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals used in illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan’.

58

A supplementary detailed overview titled ’Results of the Illicit Financial Flows Gap Analysis 2015’ was put together by the Pillar lead expert in 2015. This overview is broken down according to existing gaps in global responses, the reasons why these gaps pose a challenge for the partnership, and suggested activities to address them. The overview is available online. 59

As outlined in the Report of the UNODC Executive Director to the 59th

session of the CND on ‘Strengthening international cooperation in preventing and combating illicit financial flows linked to drug trafficking, from the anti-money-laundering perspective’ (E/CN.7/2016/14) - https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/V16/005/93/PDF/V1600593.pdf?OpenElement - several Paris Pact partners highlighted at the expert and policy meetings a list of jurisdictions that act as financial centres and are considered particularly vulnerable to money laundering associated with drug trafficking. 60

Combatting illicit financial flows was found to be a critical priority to the development of Eastern Africa at both the 2015 Financing for Development Conference and UNGASS 2016. Within UNODC, countering illicit financial flows forms a key part of the Regional Office for Eastern Africa’s Programme. In the area of AML/CFT, strengthening inter-agency cooperation modalities involved in the investigation of financial flows and enhancing the exchange of information among countries of the Persian Gulf and at the international level are key priorities outlined in the UNODC Strategic Partnership with the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, April 2016.

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A) UNDERSTAND – Summary

Increase the partnership’s ‘understanding’ to identify both priority risks posed by opiate trafficking and critical vulnerabilities in the opiate trafficking “business model”: This is about enhancing the overall understanding of illicit financial flows and the threats they pose by impacting global development and confidence in the international financial system.

Operational Activities 2015 – What has already been done?

Activity Area Implemented Activities

Research

UNODC Research, June 2015 ‘Afghan opiate trafficking through the southern route’

UNODC Research, June 2015 “World Drug Report”

UNODC Research, November 2015 ‘Drug Money - the illicit proceeds of opiates trafficked on the Balkan route’

Private Sector Inclusion Collaboration with Money Service Providers

Bilateral model Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs)

Gap Analysis – What are the gaps in 2016?

Research Lack of detailed analysis of business models along opiate trafficking routes

Common Information picture meetings

Over classification impedes information sharing;

Lack of precise information on opiate business costs;

Omission of handling codes and information/sources inadequately assessed;

Varying data standards;

Lack of ‘flagging capabilities’ to determine counterpart case-specific interest

Typologies converted to search algorithms project

Criteria for suspicious activity not shared and not in a useable format

Business Process Modeling Enhancement

Lack of detailed analysis of business models of northern, southern and Balkan routes

National Risk Assessments (NRAs)

Lack of detailed analysis of business models of northern, southern and Balkan routes

Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 – What is underway?

Activity Area Activities

Research Methodology to estimate the flows of drug trafficking proceeds

UNODC Research, June 2016 “World Drug Report”

UNODC Research 2016 ‘Smuggling Opium out of Afghanistan – The Regional Flows’

Common Information picture meetings

CIP Workshops, 2016

Typologies converted to search algorithms project

Project on translation of typologies/red flags into search terms for FIUs and the private sector to use to search databases

Business Process Modeling Enhancement

Mapping Supply Chain Processes

National Risk Assessments (NRAs)

OSCE Project on ‘Development of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing National Risk Assessment (NRA)’ - Ukraine

UNODC Workshop on International Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Financing of Terrorism Standards - Bosnia and Herzegovina

UNODC Workshop on National Risk Assessment - Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, October 2016

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B) DISRUPT – Summary

Deliver a full spectrum of cost-effective, measurable and sustained disruption activities to reduce risks posed by opiate trafficking: Success cannot be measured by counting performance figures but rather the partnership must consider a full range of options at both the national and international levels in collaboration with the private sector and civil society to focus activities against vulnerabilities in existing business models.

Operational Activities 2015 – What has already been done?

Activity Area Implemented Activities

Financial Disruption Strategy

New financial disruption strategy developed

Financial Disruption Training

Financial disruption training exercises – Republic of Moldova, Belarus

Cash Seizures Process Mapping

Pilot Project – Kabul, Afghanistan

Information Exchange on Suspicious Financial Transactions

Facilitating the exchange of information on Suspicious Financial Transactions through the CASH Initiative

Gap Analysis – What are the gaps in 2016?

Engagement with Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA’s)

Impediments in national legislation and procedures impedes duration of investigations

Joint Experts Meeting of the Financial Action Task Force 2016

Limited understanding of regional / international Money Laundering Managers / Controllers;

Lack of precise information on costs for all aspects of opiate business including precursor costs, and other related statistics;

Lack of detailed analysis of business models of Northern and Southern Routes

Financial Disruption Workshops

Lack of joint operation working groups on illicit financial flows (inter-agency operational activity not maximized)

Cash Seizure Process Mapping

Major cash couriering network abusing Afghanistan-Iran-UAE corridor, current difficulties in information sharing;

Abuse of Afghan MSPs by drug traffickers

Financial Disruption Compendium

Lack of focus on illicit financial flows within research and technical assistance responses does not guarantee adequate attention on disruption

Public and Private Sector Alert Systems

Lack of a system for international alert to private sector of financial information relating to suspects/convicted individuals

Preventing the Funding of Terrorism

Lack of research and knowledge available to all Members States on the nexus between Al Qaida/affiliated terrorist groups and opiate trafficking

Network Partnerships

Financial investigations and disruptions incomplete without integration with law enforcement operations

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Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 – What is underway?

Activity Area Activities

Engagement with Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies (HONLEA’s)

Advocacy on the utilization of the Financial Disruption Methodology

Joint Experts Meeting of the Financial Action Task Force 2016

Joint Experts Meeting of the Financial Action Task Force, May 2016 – Vienna, Austria

Financial Disruption Workshops

Inter-regional workshop on ‘Financial Disruption of illicit financial flows associated with transnational organised crime and corruption’, October 2016

‘Disruption’ Workshop for Cash Controllers/International Money Laundering Networks, December 2016

‘Abuse of Money Values Transfer Services’ Workshop

Cash Seizure Process Mapping

Continuation of Pilot Project – Kabul, Afghanistan

Financial Disruption Compendium

Creation of a Financial Disruption Compendium

Public and Private Sector Alert Systems

Development of Alert Systems

Preventing the Funding of Terrorism

Identification of New Methods to Prevent the Funding of Terrorism from Profits Derived from Opiate Trafficking

Network Partnerships

Integration of financial investigations into law enforcement operations

UNODC-INTERPOL Joint Partnership

FIU-to-FIU Meetings 2016

UNODC Criminal Asset Identification Conference – Montenegro

C) DEVELOP – Summary

Develop communities and networks of professionals to face threats: Financial professionals cannot rotate into other roles once fully trained, also bearing in mind that agencies do not operate in isolation. It is imperative to build and support a community of anti-money laundering professional across government agencies, internationally and in partnership with the private sector to confront the heart of the heroin business and isolate networks from the threat of corruption.

Operational Activities 2015 – What has already been done?

Activity Area Implemented Activities

Cash Courier Courses

Joint GPML and CASH Initiative cash courier courses delivered to Triangular Initiative and Tripartite Afghanistan-Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan Initiative countries

Money Value Transfer Systems Courses

Money Value Transfer System course created under CASH Initiative in coordination with GPML

Continuous Professionals Development Prototype

Initial prototype of the UNODC CPD system completed

Anti-Money Laundering Professional Community

Interregional Workshop on ‘supporting successful prosecutions and other disruptions’, May 2015 - Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Extending Mentorship Programming

Expert Advisers on Combating Money-Laundering placed in South Eastern Europe and in the West and Central Asia region

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Network Partnerships

Third meeting of the ‘Networking the Networks’ Initiative, November 2015 - New Delhi, India

Inter-regional workshop on "Strengthening Cooperation between Financial Intelligence Units and Law Enforcement Agencies in Combating Laundering of Illicit Drug Trafficking Proceeds”, September 2015 – Moscow, the Russian Federation

Promoting Cooperation and Networking among AML/CFT practitioners

Gap Analysis – What are the gaps in 2016?

Use of Paris Pact “ADAM” Platform

Technical assistance is duplicated or inconsistent with regard to capacity development

Increased inclusion of the private sector

Abuse of private sector, limited information collection and lack of information sharing

Money Value Transfer System Courses

Abuse of Money Service Providers by drug traffickers Lack of capability to detect, investigate and disrupt criminal use of MVTS

UNODC GPML modules and eLearning

Lack of basic awareness among financial investigators and financial investigations among other law enforcement agencies

CPD Trials and Feedback

High staff turnover, including promotion, in financial investigation units reduces the professionalism of teams

Counter Corruption in Financial Investigation Units

Individuals and units involved in counter IFF activity face significantly increased / likely the highest risks of corruption, at policy, management to operational levels

Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 – What is underway?

Activity Area Activities

Use of Paris Pact “ADAM” Platform

Devise a strategy to increase the registration of AML/CFT technical assistance on ADAM

Increased inclusion of the private sector

FATF Private Sector forum, April 2016 – hosted by UNODC, Vienna, Austria

Money Value Transfer System Courses

Two Money Value Transfer System Courses confirmed, November 2016 - China

UNODC GPML modules and eLearning

Promotion of GoTrace

New eLearning Modules

CPD Trials and Feedback

Recruitment of expert consultant for initial trials

Counter Corruption in Financial Investigation Units

Develop and share methods for protecting agencies involved in financial investigation from corruption

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ANNEX I – UNODC REGIONAL PROGRAMME SUPPORT TO THE VIENNA

DECLARATION ALONG THE NORTHERN AND BALKAN ROUTES

Pillar II on Illicit Financial Flows linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries (Sub-Programmes 2 and 4)

Pillar II on Illicit Financial Flows linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe

*******

Pillar II: Illicit Financial Flows

Outcome 2.1: Increased regional / international cooperation in criminal cases in compliance with UN drugs and crime conventions

Outcome 2.2: Enhanced regional cooperation on illicit financial flows

Outcome 4.1: Improved availability and use of counter-narcotics, criminal justice and drug use / prevalence information / data

Outcome 4.2: Enhanced understanding in the region of the linkages between narcotics and socio economic development

Pillar II: Illicit Financial Flows

Outcome 1.3: Governments more

effective in identifying and recovering the proceeds of crime

Output 1.3.1 Legislative frameworks, policies and strategies to counter money laundering strengthened in accordance with international standards

Output 1.3.2 Capacities of financial intelligence units and other government authorities responsible for gathering intelligence and conducting inquires and investigations are increased

Output 1.3.3 International cooperation between financial intelligence units and other government authorities increased, including exchanging information and sharing best practices and lessons learned in the field of money laundering and its prevention

Output 1.3.4. Knowledge and skills required to identify and recover the proceeds of criminal activity enhanced

Output 1.3.5 Border agencies’abilities to profile and reduce the smuggling of cash enhanced

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Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration

Preventing the diversion of precursor chemicals used in illicit opiates manufacturing in Afghanistan

CONTENTS Global Setting ..…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….93

Precursors – Who’s Who in the Paris Pact ........................................................................................... 93

Map of Partner Presence .......................................................................................................................... 95

History of Pillar III .............................................................................................................................. 97

Pillar III Landmarks (2007-2014) ............................................................................................................... 97

2015 Expert Working Group on ‘Precursors’ ........................................................................................ 98

Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 99

Implementation of the ‘Cross-Cutting Issues’ Model 2015 – 2016 ...................................................... 101

Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016 ................................................................. 103

Annex I – Regional Programme Support to the Vienna Declaration .................................................... 106

Pillar III linked to the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries ..................... 106

Pillar III linked to the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe ................................................... 106

Annex II – Use of INCB Tools: PEN Online and PICS ............................................................................ 107

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GLOBAL SETTING Although much is known about illicit drug trafficking allowing for successful interdictions of illicit consignments, the diversion of precursors, which makes illicit drug manufacture possible, still poses a challenge to both law enforcement and regulatory authorities. Diversions from domestic distribution channels continue to be a major source of the chemicals used in illicit drug manufacture with discrepancies being noted between the supply (availability) of drugs (end-product) and seizures of the precursors of those drugs. These discrepancies relate to almost all drugs and their precursors with a particular concern being the continued lack of information about the sources of chemicals feeding the illicit manufacture of heroin from opium harvested in Afghanistan.61 For these reasons, preventing the smuggling of precursor chemicals into Afghanistan is essential in countering the illicit manufacture of heroin in the country. Substantial progress has taken place since the international community adopted precursor control as one of its strategies to fight illegal drug production in the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988.62 Several instruments are now in place to respond to precursor challenges. The significance of preventing the diversion of precursors is also recognized by numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions on ‘The Situation in Afghanistan’ and complements the outcomes set out by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on the World Drug Problem (2016), the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Pact Initiative. The effective and universal implementation of the international instruments is an ongoing challenge especially given the lack of a comprehensive implementation of the provisions of the 1988 Convention and related resolutions at the national level. While numerous actions and basic tools are available to control precursors and have been agreed on by Member States, they await implementation in a number of countries.63

PRECURSORS – WHO’S WHO IN THE PARIS PACT

61

INCB Precursors Report 2015, p. 13. 62

For a complete breakdown of resolutions relevant to the implementation by Governments of article 12 of the 1988 Convention, please refer to https://www.incb.org/incb/en/precursors/resolutions.html. 63

INCB Precursors Report 2015; the UNGASS 2016 outcome document (https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/110/24/PDF/N1611024.pdf?OpenElement) underlines the importance of using national, sub-regional and international reporting systems and INCB tools to prevent diversions while ensuring that the legitimate trade in and use of those chemicals are not adversely affected.

The partnership’s approach to pillar III of the Vienna Declaration is a reflection of linkages between diverse organizations. Furthermore, UNODC has promoted cross-fertilization of integrated activities across multiple programmes at the country, regional and global level under the Office’s three divisions, and inter-thematically through the three drug supply pillars of the Paris Pact Initiative’s framework. These successful cross-directional and inter-thematic partnerships are a response to shifting requirements under pillar III of the Paris Pact.

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Note: Above, organizations with asterisk ( * ) are not Paris Pact partners.

UNODC The UNODC programmes that contribute to the implementation of Pillar III cannot be viewed in isolation. It is the close integration and coordination of activities that shape UNODC’s approach to inter and trans-regional cooperation along the Balkan, northern and southern trafficking routes. Historically, UNODC’s support to Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration concentrated on improving the regional operational response to precursors in West and Central Asia through enhanced inter-agency collaboration. For a complete list of the primary UNODC operational implementers of the four pillars of the Vienna Declaration, please refer to the introductory chapter of this report, Annex I.

Other Partners Many Paris Pact partners and international organizations engage in tackling precursor diversions. Under the Paris Pact framework, the INCB assumes a fundamental role together with UNODC and Europol, to jointly lead and guide the expert meeting process related to precursors. As a key partner, INCB’s areas of engagement in support to Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration are extensive as it is entrusted by the international community with administering and reporting on the implementation of the international precursor control system, monitoring the licit movement of scheduled chemicals as well as monitoring, analyzing and reporting on precursor trafficking activities. INCB created a thorough framework to

• Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC)

• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

• Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) *

• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

• Council of Europe

• Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

• European Union (EU): Europol, Eurojust, European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Heroin Route II - Information Networks, Border Management in Northern Afghanistan (BOMNAF), Border Management Programme in Central Asia (BOMCA)

• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)

• INTERPOL

• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

• World Customs Organization (WCO)

Paris Pact partner and observer organizations

• Drug Research Section

• Laboratory and Scientific Section

• Global Programme on Building Effetive Networks Against Transational Organized Crime (BENATOC) - the Networking the Networks Initiative

• Global Container Control Programme (CCP)

• Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism (GPML)

• Global Maritime Crime Programme (GMCP)

• Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries (RP ANC)

• Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe (RP SEE)

• Programme for Central Asia

• Multiple Country Programmes

Within UNODC from the Global to Country Level

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implement the different activities outlined the below illustration. UNODC complements this work by providing Governments with technical assistance to link into international activities.

Effective Precursor Control

Source: Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group Meeting, December 2015.

INCB also initiated and continues to lead flexible and proactive operational activities under ‘Project Cohesion’ to target precursors used to manufacture heroin.64

For more detailed information on Paris Pact partners’ usage of tools for precursor control, please refer to Annex II and INCB Precursors Report 2015. For the purpose of this report, all UNODC and INCB activities are integrated in the sub-sections detailed below.

Map of Paris Pact partner organizations present along major trafficking routes

The following mapping depicts current Paris Pact partners organizations implementing activities in support of pillar III of the Vienna Declaration. Partners active within the countries under the aegis of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries and the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe are highlighted. The map contains information on multiple European Union programmes that actively engage and participate in Paris Pact fora. While details on other donor funded programmes and donor agencies have purposefully been omitted from the map, further information is available on the Drugs Monitoring Platform/ADAM.65 The mapping may be expanded to include other non-Paris Pact partner stakeholders active along major trafficking routes subject to information sharing with the Paris Pact Coordination Unit.

64

‘Project Cohesion,’ in operation since 2006, is a global initiative that aims at assisting countries in addressing the diversion of acetic anhydride (and potassium permanganate). It serves as an international framework for cooperation and platform for national authorities for exchanging intelligence information, identifying attempted diversions and launching multilateral investigations into seizures and stopped shipments. Initiated in 2013 until May 2014, Operation ‘Eagle Eye’ addressed the prevailing modi operandi used by acetic anhydride traffickers. Its primary aim was to focus on domestic trade and enabled anti-smuggling/risk profiling activities to understand how acetic anhydride moves and enters Afghanistan. INCB Precursors Report 2015, p. 25: Operation Eagle Eye confirmed that the control measures applied to domestic trade in and distribution and end use of acetic anhydride lagged behind those applied in international trade. A similar framework (known as Project Prism) exists for cooperation in the area of amphetamine-type stimulants and other synthetic drug precursors. 65

For both ADAM and the DMP, registration and log-in with user name and password is required to access these functionalities.

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The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Interpol, Europol, SELEC

Serbia Interpol, Europol, SELEC

I.R. of Iran WCO, ECO, CARICC

Pakistan CARICC, WCO

Kazakhstan CARICC, Interpol, WCO

Turkmenistan CARICC, Interpol, WCO

Kyrgyzstan CARICC, Interpol, WCO

Tajikistan CARICC, Interpol, WCO

- Northern Route - Balkan Route - Southern Route - States engaged in IOFMC

Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) UNMIK, EULEX

Albania Interpol, Europol, SELEC Bosnia & Herzeg.

Interpol, Europol, SELEC

Montenegro Interpol, Europol, SELEC

Countries of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and

neighbouring countries

Countries of the Regional Programme

for South Eastern Europe

UNODC is delivering technical assistance in each of the countries, including Kosovo under UNSCR 1244, highlighted in this map.

Number of States engaged in IOFMC is larger than countries marked here.

The boundaries, names and designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Uzbekistan CARICC, Interpol, WCO

Afghanistan EU, CARICC, OSCE, WCO, Interpol

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HISTORY OF PILLAR III

Tackling precursors is an integral component of global policy discussions on counter narcotics. The Paris Pact directly supports this international dialogue and remains a fundamental umbrella to engage on precursor issues beyond the West and Central Asia region to discuss trafficking towards Afghanistan.

Pillar III Landmarks (2007-2016)

All of the present priorities under the precursors pillar of the Vienna Declaration represent a continuum of recommendations put forth by the preceding New Delhi EWG (2011).

The annual Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) is responsible for providing strategic guidance to the Initiative, for reviewing and endorsing EWG outcomes and setting priorities for the subsequent year’s meetings.

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2015 EXPERT WORKING GROUP ON ‘PRECURSORS’ (CARICC / ALMATY, KAZAKHSTAN) Efforts in 2015 under the Paris Pact enabled the further exploration of core themes identified as priorities by the 11th Policy Consultative Group Meeting in September 2014.

Disrupting precursor trafficking through financial investigations;

Using financial Investigations to identify Drug Trafficking Networks engaged in the illicit supply of

precursors;

Private sector partnerships - criminal abuse of online purchase platforms;

Trends, routes and techniques used to smuggle precursor chemicals destined for use in illicit

heroin production;

Regulations and operational initiatives;

Maritime trafficking; and

Inter-regional cooperation and information sharing.

The Expert Working Group on Precursors was hosted by the Central Asia Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and took place from 3-4 June 2015.66 This meeting was a direct outcome of the previous expert meetings. The meeting reviewed trends, routes and techniques used to smuggle precursor chemicals destined for use in illicit heroin production with a view to improving interregional cooperation and information sharing. It was noted that the decline in acetic anhydride seizures is a noticeable concern globally. From the information reviewed at the meeting, participants concluded that the declining seizures needed to be examined from three prospective views, namely:

possible variations in trafficking routes;

new smuggling methods being utilized by traffickers; and

exploring the possible relocation of heroin production outside the borders of Afghanistan. Participants reiterated that mapping and monitoring the interaction between the licit trade and the illicit traffic of precursors is essential to allow backtracking investigations to take place and for drug trafficking organizations to be identified and dismantled. The meeting identified three actions fundamental to implementing priorities related to tackling the diversion of precursors. These points were endorsed at the 12th PCGM in December 2015.

66

Under Phase IV of the Paris Pact programme, this was the second meeting on Pillar III of the Vienna Declaration.

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Recommendations

In recognition of the growing importance of inter-thematic issues under the Paris Pact framework, two joint sessions were held, one with the thematic meeting on illicit financial flows and another focusing on cross-border cooperation, specifically on maritime trafficking and information sharing.67 The joint session on precursors and illicit financial flows resulted in a number of important observations regarding the disruption of precursor trafficking through financial investigations that would not have been made otherwise, such as:

Under the joint session on cross-border cooperation and precursors, participants benefitted from the participation of several non-Paris Pact partners and stakeholders engaged along the Balkan and southern trafficking routes, namely the Joint Planning Cell (JPC), Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), UNODC’s Global

67

The 2015 expert meetings demonstrated the relevance of the crosscutting approach to tackling opiate issues and the fact that global, regional and even national responses are not sustainable if presented in the form of stand-alone projects and structures.

• (1) Address gaps in the partnership’s understanding of cross border flows, in particular the nature and extent of financial, precursor and drug flows originating in and related to Afghanistan and the opiate trade.

Research

• (2) Technical assistance delivery requires enhanced coordination to guarantee sustainability through increased dialogue, increased use and analysis of the Paris Pact Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) and an improved training selection process, post-training follow-up including on staff retention and building the capacity of training institutions.

Capacity Building

• (3) Processes Integrate financial investigations more thoroughly into interdiction operations to examine individuals and companies involved in the trafficking of opiates and precursors and pre-precursors that may be used in illicit manufacture of heroin.

• (4) Examine the networks involved in the diversion, sale and use of precursors and pre-precursors that may be used in illicit manufacture of heroin and undertake investigations by tracing the financial flows.

Financial Investigations

Financial Investigations

Integration of financial investigations into law enforcement investigations to identify drug

trafficking networks engaged in the illicit supply of precursors.

Private Sector Partnerships

Strengthening private sector partnerships is fundamental for tackling the criminal use of online

purchase platforms and addressing the underutilization of tools available to investigators to

identify financing behind the diversions

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Maritime Crime Programme and the Regional Maritime Cooperation Framework68 under the Triangular Initiative of the UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. This first time representation of key stakeholders engaged in activities along trajectories of the southern route reinforces the partnership’s need to keep pace with new trends and shifts along trafficking routes and to synchronize its strategic and programmatic approaches accordingly. The joint session concluded with the identification of important observations that would not have been made otherwise, including:

2016 EXPERT WORKING GROUP ON ‘PRECURSORS’ (EUROPOL / THE

HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS)

Participants to the Expert Working Group in The Hague, December 2016.

The event – hosted by Europol – brought together 50 participants representing 21 countries and seven international organizations. Delegates shared their views on existing gaps, difficulties and challenges with regards to actions taken against the diversion and trafficking of acetic anhydride and other chemicals destined for use in the illicit production of heroin. Building upon the 2015 Almaty expert meeting as a foundation for discussions, the following key points emanated from the present Expert Working Group and were endorsed at the 13th Policy Consultative Group Meeting in February 2017:

68

The Regional Maritime Cooperation Framework (formerly known as the MaReS Initiative) seeks to promote regional maritime cooperation primarily along the southern route.

Maritime Trafficking

In an effort to adapt to shifting trends, the integration of the concept of maritime trafficking in the context of illicit drugs (including UNODC’s Global Maritime Crime Programme and other stakeholders) into future expert

meeting dialogue is a prerequisite to ensure comprehensive counter-narcotics responses.

Inter-regional cooperation

Fostering inter-regional linkages through the “Networking the Networks” initiative with a view to improving

interregional cooperation and information sharing, including examining the possible cross-regional extension of the Regional Working Group on Precursors mechanism.

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• Participants noted increased attempts to obtain supplies of Acetic Anhydride from both domestic distribution channels and international trade. Domestic monitoring mechanisms need to be enhanced in precursor producing and distribution countries. Internet-based trading platforms should be monitored in order to identify suspicious transactions.

• Partners are encouraged to fully utilize existing monitoring mechanisms for international trade, particularly PEN Online and PICS, making full use of the risk analysis capabilities of relevant international and regional organizations.

• Noting the successes of the Regional Working Group on Precursors (RWGP) and case meetings, organised under the UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries and in cooperation with INCB, similar initiatives should be replicated, supported by capacity building where required.

• Regional hubs such as CARICC, Europol, GCC-CICCD, JPC, SELEC, as well as regional regulatory bodies, are encouraged to coordinate information gathering and operational activities with the support of international organizations / bodies where required, making full use of mechanisms such as UNODC’s Networking the Networks initiative.

• The recommendation of the 2015 Expert Working Group meeting (EWG) on Precursors in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on financial investigations remains relevant and needs to be incorporated into precursor investigations.

• Cooperation with the private sector remains an essential component of precursor control, and monitoring mechanisms and codes of conduct should be revised / developed to meet emerging threats.

Detailed information on all Paris Pact Expert Working Groups can be found on ADAM (menu item: “PARIS PACT – Meetings”).

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ‘CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES’ MODEL The implementation of the ‘precursors’ pillar of the Vienna Declaration Pillar is closely connected to the ‘regional initiatives’ and ‘illicit financial flows’ drug supply pillars of the Declaration.69 For more details on the cross-fertilisation of precursors priorities across the Vienna Declaration, please refer to the chapters titled ‘Pillar II, Detecting and blocking financial flows linked to illicit traffic in opiates’ and ‘Pillar I, Strengthening and implementing regional initiatives to combat illicit traffic in opiates originating in Afghanistan’. As elaborated in the section “2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’” of the introductory chapter, a key objective of the 2015 expert meetings was to identify gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars and simultaneously determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership to address these requirements. The ‘gap analysis’ – a donor and partner driven effort – culminated in the identification of a clear set of recommended priority activity areas. 70 For the precursors pillar, the ‘cross-cutting issues’ model serves as the departure point for this exercise.

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Comprehensively tackling diversions hinges upon national, intra- and interregional cooperation, coordination and information sharing amongst a cross-section of government, law enforcement, financial, justice, and public/private sector stakeholders. 70

At each meeting, a set of operational priorities was identified to determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership.

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These cross-cutting issues are categorized as follows: research, inter-regional cooperation, intelligence sharing and multilateral operations, capacity development, tackling illicit financial flows, legal cooperation and maritime trafficking. These categories are not new to the efforts of the partnership, as they have historically intersected in pillar discussions in one way, shape or form. Based on the resources and expertise available to UNODC and INCB, emphasis is placed on activities implemented that relate closely to all but one of the cross-cutting issues categories: legal cooperation. For the purpose of this report and based on the results of the ‘gap analysis’ exercise, two additional categories specific to the topic of precursors have been added as pivotal cross-cutting issues: ‘secure and analyse’, and public-private partnerships.

Cross-cutting issues defining Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017

Given the increasingly complex and globalized nature of drug and precursor trafficking, the activity areas for 2016/2017 are a response to the 2015 expert meeting recommendations and the result of the ‘gap analysis’ exercise. Overall, many of these activity areas require an integrated technical assistance response by the partnership to enable the fulfillment of the objectives of Pillar III outlined in the Vienna Declaration. Looking ahead beyond 2016 based on the evidence presented by partners at the expert and policy meetings, the partnership must concentrate its effort on reinforcing interregional responses to opiate trafficking and the diversion of precursors. In order to obtain a global picture on opiates trafficking, the further integration of land, sea and air cooperation, information sharing and operations is a must to understand and effectively respond to shifts along the northern, Balkan and southern trafficking routes. Enhanced coordination of technical assistance delivery is the crux of precursor control. Useful international initiatives are being undertaken by INCB at the global level, and UNODC is currently experiencing successes in the regions where technical assistance projects are active. Furthermore, Paris Pact partners are achieving successes at both regional (Europol within the European Union) and national levels, depending on available resources and support structures. At present, efforts to coordinate these successful undertakings are ad hoc and a mechanism is required if support is to be more uniformly provided, coordinated, monitored and evaluated. The December 2016

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Paris Pact Expert Working Group on ‘Precursors’ serves as an opportunity for multiple stakeholders to consider the design of a new concept to complement existing activities and address the inter-regional nature of precursors trafficking including additional deliverables on forensics and research.

Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 Each of the distinct parts of the ‘cross-cutting issues’ model is detailed separately below. The first table aims to capture select information on what has already taken place in terms of operational activities in 2015 (approximately Year 2 of the Paris Pact programme’s Phase IV). The second table outlines priority activity areas that can serve to minimize existing gaps listed under each of the cross-cutting issues in 2016/2017 (Year 3 of Phase IV). The two time periods are separated by a listing of operational gaps as identified in the 2015 gap analysis exercise. All activities are elaborated in more detail online.

The referenced activities are based on the information available to the Paris Pact Coordination Unit at the time of drafting this report. The depicted activities stem from UNODC programmes and projects, as well as the regular INCB precursor control activities, whose contributions are most relevant to achieving the objectives of the Vienna Declaration. Several of the planned activities are already integrated into UNODC work plans and fundraising strategies.

Operational Activities 2015 – What has already been done?

Cross-cutting issue Implemented Activities

Research UNODC Research, June 2015 ‘Afghan opiate trafficking through the southern route’

INCB ‘Precursors Report’ 2015

Intelligence sharing and

multilateral operations

Improved version of INCB PEN (Pre-Export Notification) Online tool

Regional Working Group on Precursor (RWGP)

Capacity development ‘Training of Trainers and Advanced Level Training Course in Precursor Control’,

Tajikistan, June 2015

Second regional workshop on ‘Promoting Regional Cooperation in Controlled Delivery

and Joint Investigative Teams’, Almaty, Kazakhstan, April 2015

INCB workshop on ‘Use of Customs Data and also PICS and PEN online systems’,

October 2015 (conducted in the framework of INCB’s sub-project ‘Exchange of

Intelligence on Acetic Anhydride and Precursors Trafficking in Central and West Asia’)

Expansion of Port Control Units (PCUs)

Launch of CCP Air Port Control Unit (APCU)

Opening of Joint Port Control Unit (JPCU)

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‘Secure and Analyse’ Regional Working Group on Forensic Capacity and Drugs (RWGFD)

Forensic laboratories participating in the UNODC's International Collaborative Exercises

(ICE)

Analysis of the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA)

Gap Analysis – What are the gaps in 2016?

Research Need to address research and information deficits

Inter-regional

cooperation

Need to address precursor diversions across multiple regions and along land and sea

routes

Intelligence sharing and

multilateral operations

Need to strengthen real-time information exchange at regional and global levels

through improved use of PICS, complementing the RWGP

Capacity development Lack of Member States’ capacity to make full use of existing tools for identifying and

investigating diversions

Tackling illicit financial flows

Lack of formal mechanisms for integration of financial investigations and interdiction

operations

Maritime trafficking Need for stronger engagement and knowledge sharing between Paris Pact partners and

stakeholders located along key trajectories of the southern route

‘Secure and Analyse’ Need to develop and share best practices;

Need to establish integrated networks of forensic laboratories

Public-private partnerships

Need to ensure timely prevention of precursor diversions by making use of private-

public partnerships

Priority Activity Areas 2016/2017 – What is underway?

Cross-cutting issue Activities

Research Capacity needs assessment and identification of shortfalls

UNODC Research 2016 ‘Northern Trafficking Route’

UNODC Research, March 2016 ‘The Afghan Opiate Trade and Africa – A Baseline

Assessment’

INCB 2016 ‘Precursors Report’

Inter-regional

cooperation

Institutionalize the ‘Networking the Networks’ Initiative as a platform for inter-regional

and inter-thematic drug supply law enforcement cooperation

Initiate activities through Paris Pact expert fora

Coordinate action along key trajectories of the southern route

Implement the newly adopted 2015 Joint Action Plan for ‘UNODC-INTERPOL Global

Partnership’

Intelligence sharing and

multilateral operations

Set-up an advisory group to assist with on-site assessments of major clandestine

laboratories uncovered or intercepted precursor shipments

Develop the capacity of experts in West and Central Asia to analyze flows of licit trade in precursors and promote activities through a regional network

Improve backtracking capabilities

Where non-existent, create platforms to launch regional law enforcement operations

and apply advanced investigative techniques

Capacity development Development of national capacity in support of the INCB PEN and PICS systems

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Deploy UNODC mentors to support disruption activities

Tackling illicit financial flows

Recommend in future, for technical assistance on precursor control to include a

financial investigation component

FIU participation in national, regional and international level precursor meetings

Deploy UNODC mentors to support disruption activities

Maritime trafficking Use of existing regional and international cooperation structures including the Indian

Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime (IOFMC)

‘Secure and Analyse’ Develop best practices

Increase international cooperation of forensic laboratories on precursors matters

Public-private partnerships

Promote cooperation with the chemical industry

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ANNEX I – UNODC REGIONAL PROGRAMME SUPPORT TO THE VIENNA

DECLARATION ALONG THE NORTHERN AND BALKAN ROUTES

Pillar III on Precursors linked to the Outcomes of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries

Pillar III on Precursors linked to the Outcomes of the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe

Pillar III: Precursors

Outcome 1.1: Enhanced means of communication, cooperation and operational coordination in countering transnational drug-related crimes

Outcome 1.2: Enhanced counter-narcotics capacity through standardized regional training programmes as well as training systems

Outcome 1.3: Enhanced forensic capacity and increased use of forensic evidence in identifying, investigating and prosecuting transnational crimes

Outcome 4.2: Enhanced understanding in the region of the linkages between narcotics and socioeconomic development

Pillar III: Precursors

Outcome 1.1: Governments have strengthened capacities to counter threats posed by illicit drug trafficking and transnational organized crime

Outcome 1.2: Countries use compatible methods for inter- and intra-regional information/intelligence exchange and participate in regional cooperation, and enhanced forensics services to improve profiling and increase joint operations

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ANNEX II – PARIS PACT PARTNERS’ USE OF INCB TOOLS FOR PRECURSOR

CONTROL Since January 2015 (as of June 2016), 104 officials from regulatory and law enforcement agencies from 46 countries, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Georgia, India, Iran, Tajikistan and CARICC registered for use of PICS, thus bringing up the total number of registered PICS users to 565. During that period, countries in West Asia communicated through PICS a total of 19 incidents involving seizures of precursors, most of them being acetic anhydride (16 cases amounting to over 86 tons of the substance).

Country Form D

2014 ALR

Article 12, paragraph 10(a)

PEN PICS

Afghanistan Y Y Y Y Y

Albania Y Y N Y N

Armenia Y Y Y Y N

Australia Y Y Y Y Y

Austria Y Y Y Y Y

Azerbaijan Y Y Y Y Y

Belarus Y Y Y Y N

Belgium Y Y Y Y Y

Bosnia and Herzegovina Y Y N Y N

Bulgaria Y Y Y Y Y

Canada N Y Y Y Y

China Y Y Y Y Y

Croatia Y Y Y Y Y

Cyprus Y Y Y Y Y

Czech Republic Y Y Y Y Y

Denmark Y Y Y Y Y

Estonia Y Y Y Y Y

Finland Y Y Y Y Y

France Y Y Y Y Y

Georgia Y Y N Y Y

Germany Y Y Y Y Y

Greece Y Y Y Y Y

Hungary Y Y Y Y Y

India N Y Y Y Y

Iran Y Y N Y Y

Ireland Y Y Y Y Y

Italy Y Y Y Y Y

Japan Y Y Y Y Y

Kazakhstan N Y Y Y Y

Kyrgyzstan Y Y Y Y Y

Latvia Y Y Y Y Y

Lithuania Y Y Y Y Y

Luxembourg Y Y Y Y Y

fYR of Macedonia N N N N N

Malta Y Y Y Y N

Moldova Y Y Y Y Y

Montenegro Y Y N Y N

Netherlands Y Y Y Y Y

Norway N Y Y Y Y

Pakistan Y Y Y Y Y

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Poland Y Y Y Y Y

Portugal Y Y Y Y Y

Romania Y Y Y Y Y

Russian Federation Y Y Y Y Y

Serbia N Y N Y N

Slovakia Y Y Y Y Y

Slovenia Y Y Y Y Y

Spain Y Y Y Y Y

Sweden Y Y Y Y Y

Switzerland Y Y Y Y Y

Tajikistan N Y Y Y Y

Turkey Y Y Y Y Y

Turkmenistan Y Y N N N

Ukraine N Y N Y Y

United Arab Emirates Y Y Y Y Y

United Kingdom Y Y Y Y Y

United States of America Y Y Y Y Y

Uzbekistan Y Y N Y Y

Explanation:

1. Green represents Paris Pact partner countries and participating countries of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries.

2. Yellow represents the Paris Pact partners of South Eastern Europe and the participating countries of the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe.

3. This information is collected by INCB and it is available in the Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2015 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 – ‘Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the

. illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances’4. Column Form D 2014 – refers to whether Governments have provided the latest Form D, containing seizure

and licit trade information for the year 2014; see of the above mentioned report. Annex VII5. Column ALR – refers to whether Governments have provided estimates of their annual legitimate

requirements (ALR) for import of one or more of four precursor chemicals (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone, and phenyl-2-propanone) and preparations containing those substances, pursuant to CND Resolution 49/3 of March 2006; see of the above mentioned report. Annex II

6. Column Art.12 – refers to whether Governments have invoked article 12, para.10(a) of the 1988 Convention with respect to one or more substance(s) contained in Table I of the 1988 Convention, thus making it mandatory for exporting countries to send pre-export notifications for these substance(s); see p. 7, footnote 13 of the above mentioned report.

7. Columns PEN and PICS – refer to whether Governments have registered for the use of either or both systems; for PEN, see p. 7, footnote 11, and for PICS, see p. 11, map 2 of the above mentioned report.

*******

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Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration

Reducing drug abuse and dependence through a comprehensive approach

CONTENTS Global Setting .................................................................................................................................. 111

Drug Prevention and Health – Who’s Who in the Paris Pact ............................................................... 112

Map of Paris Pact partner organizations present along major trafficking routes .................................. 112

History of Pillar IV ............................................................................................................................ 114

Pillar IV Landmarks (2008-2016) ............................................................................................................. 114

2015 Expert Working Group on ‘Community-based and Out-patient Treatment’ ................................ 115

Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 115

2016 Expert Working Group on ‘Integrating Drug Dependence Treatment in the Public Health System’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 117

Application of the ‘gap analysis’ exercise to pillar IV ......................................................................... 118

Implementation of the ‘Topics’ Model: Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Focus for 2016/2017 118

Operational Activities 2015 in Support of the three Topics.................................................................... 119

Priority Focus for 2016/2017 in Support of the three Topics ................................................................. 120

Annex I – UNODC Regional Programme Support to the Vienna Declaration ....................................... 123

Pillar IV linked to the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries ..................... 123

Pillar IV linked to the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe ................................................... 123

Annex II – UNODC Primary Operational Implementers of Pillar IV ...................................................... 124

110

111

GLOBAL SETTING The Joint Ministerial Statement of the 2014 High-Level Review of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) – which paved the way for discussions at the 2016 UNGASS – considers as the main challenges in addressing illicit demand the need to:

increase focus on drug-related health effects, taking into account the special challenges faced by vulnerable groups, and to

further promote and strengthen effective national drug control strategies based on scientific evidence, with components for drug demand reduction that include:

o primary prevention, o early intervention, o treatment, o care, o rehabilitation, o recovery and social reintegration, as well as o measures aimed at minimizing the public health and social consequences of drug abuse.71

At the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on the World Drug Problem, the global community renewed its commitment to tackling the world drug problem over the coming years. In addition, Member States for the first time recognized that substance abuse needs to be addressed to achieve health and development for all, agreeing under Sustainable Development Goal target 3.5 to ‘strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and the harmful use of alcohol’. This target supports goal 3 of the SDGs to ‘Ensure healthy lives and promote the well-being for all at all ages’. It should also be noted that in the UNGASS 2016 Outcome Document, Member States have recognized that drug use disorders are a complex disease with a chronic and relapsing nature that can be prevented and treated through evidence-based interventions. Above all, this opens the door to end stigma and discrimination and to provide to people with drug use disorders nothing less than what is provided to people suffering from other health disorders, as it has been promoted by the UNODC/WHO programme on drug dependence treatment and care: interventions based on scientific evidence and the respect for the dignity of the patience, especially emphasizing interventions that are voluntary. The Paris Pact framework contributes to global efforts to tackle the world’s drug problem. In recognition of the importance of implementing a balanced approach to effectively combat the threat of opiates, the Vienna Declaration72 under pillar IV, clearly outlines the necessity of comprehensive drug demand reduction policies keeping in mind that the health and welfare of humankind are of utmost concern within the international drug control system to reduce drug use and dependence.

71

Joint Ministerial Statement 2014 High-Level Review by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the Implementation by Members States of the Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation Towards An Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem’ March 2014 72

The Vienna Declaration is the outcome document of the Third Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact Partners of 2012 and represents the road map for current partnership actions.

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DRUG PREVENTION AND HEALTH – WHO’S WHO IN THE PARIS PACT

Note: Above, organizations with asterisk ( * ) are not Paris Pact partners. The UNODC programmes that contribute to the implementation of Pillar IV cannot be viewed in isolation. It is the close integration and coordination of activities that shape UNODC’s approach to inter and trans-regional cooperation along the Balkan, northern and southern trafficking routes. For a complete list of the primary UNODC operational implementers of Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration as of December 2015, please refer to Annex II of this chapter.

Map of Paris Pact partner organizations present along major trafficking routes The following mapping depicts current Paris Pact partners organizations implementing activities in support of Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration. Partners active within the countries under the aegis of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries and the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe are highlighted.

• Council of Europe

• Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

• European Union (EU): Central Asian Drug Action Programme (CADAP), European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)

• Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)

• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

• Shanghai Cooepration Organization (SCO)

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• The Colombo Plan *

Paris Pact partner and observer organisations

• Drug Research Section

• Global Programme on Prevention of Drug Use, HIV/AIDS and Crime Among Young People Through Family Skills Training Programmes in Low- and Medium-Income Countries

• Global Programme on Prevention of Illicit Drug Use and Treatment of Drug Use Disorders for Children/Adolescents at Risk

• UNODC-WHO Programme on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care

• Treatnet Phase II - Treating drug dependence and its health consequences

• Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries

• Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe

• Programme for Central Asia

• Various Country Programmes

Within UNODC from the Global to Country Level

The partnership’s approach to Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration is a reflection of linkages between diverse organizations. Furthermore, UNODC has promoted cross-fertilisation of integrated activities across multiple programmes at the country, regional and global level under the Office’s divisions. These successful cross-directional and inter-thematic partnerships are a response to shifting requirements under Pillar IV of the Paris Pact.

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The map contains information on multiple European Union programmes that actively engage and participate in Paris Pact fora. While details on other donor funded programmes and donor agencies have purposefully been omitted from the map, further information is available on the Drugs Monitoring Platform/ADAM.73

The mapping may be expanded to include other non-Paris Pact partner stakeholders active along major trafficking routes subject to information sharing with the Paris Pact Coordination Unit.

73

For both ADAM and the DMP, registration and log-in with user name and password is required to access these functionalities.

I.R. of Iran ECO, UNAIDS, WHO

Pakistan UNAIDS, WHO

Afghanistan EU, UNAIDS, WHO

Kazakhstan CADAP (EU), UNAIDS Turkmenistan

CADAP (EU), UNAIDS

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EMCDDA, WHO

Serbia EMCDDA, WHO

Uzbekistan CADAP (EU), UNAIDS

Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) EMCDDA, WHO UNMIK

Albania EMCDDA, WHO

Bosnia & Herzeg. EMCDDA, WHO

Kyrgyzstan CADAP (EU), UNAIDS

Montenegro EMCDDA, WHO

Tajikistan CADAP (EU), UNAIDS

- Northern Route - Balkan Route - Southern Route

Countries of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and

neighbouring countries

Countries of the Regional Programme

for South Eastern Europe

UNODC is delivering technical assistance in each of the countries, including Kosovo under UNSCR 1244, highlighted in this map. The boundaries, names and designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

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HISTORY OF PILLAR IV Before 2012 under the umbrella of the Paris Pact, drug prevention and health dialogue did not exist as a stand-alone priority for the partnership – tackling the demand-side of opiates was an item embedded into geographically-focused supply meetings. With the adoption of the Vienna Declaration, the partnership’s commitment to a balanced approach to tackling opiates was embodied in its own section of the Declaration (Pillar IV). The global community’s renewed commitment to addressing the world drug problem – and more specifically drug prevention and health issues – in recent global discussions signify this growing importance reflected in the recently adopted SDGs and the UNGASS outcome document.

Pillar IV Landmarks (2008-2016)

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NOTE: The recommendations of each expert meeting reflect only a portion of the pillar and do not account for future discussions on treatment or any other topics under the drug prevention and health pillar of the Vienna Declaration. The annual Policy Consultative Group Meeting (PCGM) is responsible for providing strategic guidance to the Initiative, for reviewing and endorsing EWG outcomes and setting priorities for the subsequent year’s meetings.

2015 EXPERT WORKING GROUP ON ‘COMMUNITY-BASED AND OUT-PATIENT TREATMENT’ (BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN) Coinciding with World Drug Day 2015, the Expert Working Group dedicated to ‘Community-based and Outpatient Treatment’ took place on 25-26 June 2015 and was hosted by the Government of Kyrgyzstan in Bishkek. The meeting focused on health-centred and comprehensive treatment interventions in the community for people suffering from drug use disorders. The goal of the meeting was to explore ways to increase availability of treatment services in the community and improve their effectiveness through utilization of the best scientific knowledge in the area of treatment of drug use disorders. Other issues discussed included a framework for development of health-centred and evidence-based outpatient treatment in the community, and the development or enhancement of already existing programmes for medication-assisted treatment. The audience of the meeting included experts from Paris Pact partner countries and organizations, responsible for designing and implementing drug demand reduction strategies and policies in their country, with familiarity with the nature of drug use disorders as well as some clinical experience in outpatient treatment programmes in the community. The meeting identified thirteen recommendations, which build on the recommendations of the Expert Working Group on ‘Afghan Opiate Abuse Prevention’ (Vienna, October 2012) and the meeting on ‘Effective Drug Demand Reduction Interventions for Children, Adolescents and Families’ (Vienna, October 2013). These recommendations were endorsed at the 12th PCGM in December 2015.

Recommendations

• (1) To build capacity of NGOs and civil society in consultation with the relevant national authorities and keeping in view national policy frameworks.

• (2) To continue to raise awareness of law enforcement on the issue of measures, aimed at minimising the public health and social consequences of drug abuse in accordance with national legislation and the three drug control conventions, and treatment.

• (3) To increase the efforts for community awareness on the nature of drug use disorders and for holistic approaches to interventions.

• (4) To intensify as appropriate raising awareness of policy makers in accordance with the national legislative process regarding science-based treatment of drug use disorders including medication assisted therapy.

Competencies Building

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Paris Pact Recommendations and the UNGASS 2016 The UNGASS outcome document dedicates several operational recommendations to the issue of ensuring access to controlled drugs for medical purposes, particularly in the context of the Model Lists of Essential Medicines. UNODC and WHO already collaborate with civil society to implement a global programme addressing existing barriers, including those related to legislation and regulatory systems, health-care systems, the training of health-care professionals, the provision of estimates and affordability, to name a crucial few.

• (5) To establish consistent and regular needs assessments and quality assurance on out-patient and community-based interventions.

• (6) To improve the quality of specialised services designed for adolescents.

• (7) To explore ways to ensure continuity and sustainability of treatment services (institutionalization of the legal framework to ensure continuous support).

• (8) To develop a system to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation by exchange of best practices locally and internationally.

• (9) To ensure access to highest attainable standards of treatment of drug use disorders both in prison settings and in society at large, and to enhance collaboration between treatment services providers to ensure continuity of treatment in custodial and community settings.

Prevention and Treatment

Programmes

• (10) To ensure rapid and easy access to controlled substances for medical and scientific purposes while preventing the diversion and abuse.

Acces to Controlled Substances for

Medical Purposes

• (11) To further consider local economic and traditional contexts before recommending policy changes and keeping in view national policy frameworks.

• (12) To increase knowledge dissemination and credentialing of addiction treatment work force in particular for lower and middle income countries.

• (13) To share knowledge-based resources, training protocols and research with other countries.

Best Practices and Regional Collaboration

All of the UNGASS outcome document operational paragraphs related to the prevention of drug use and the treatment of drug use disorders, address issues that have also been raised in the Paris Pact Expert Working Group recommendations including a specific focus on children and youth.

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2016 EXPERT WORKING GROUP ON ‘INTEGRATING DRUG DEPENDENCE

TREATMENT IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM’ (BELGRADE, SERBIA)

Participants to the Expert Working Group in Belgrade, October 2016.

The event – jointly hosted by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Mission to Serbia and the Government of the Republic of Serbia – which was the first Paris Pact Expert Working Group held in South Eastern Europe, brought together 64 participants representing 22 countries and three international organizations. Discussions built on the 2015 Expert Working Group on ‘Community-based and Outpatient Treatment’. With reference to the UNGASS 2016 outcome document,74 the Sustainable Development Goals,75 in particular SDG3, target 3.5 “Strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol”, and in line with the International Standards for the treatment of substance use disorders endorsed by CND resolution 59/4,76 experts attending the working group formulated the following recommendations, which were endorsed at the 13th Policy Consultative Group Meeting in February 2017:

1. Paris Pact partners to ensure the mainstreaming of drug dependence treatment into the public

health system as part of comprehensive drug demand reduction efforts. 2. Conduct situation analysis of the drug dependence treatment and care system using the UNODC-

WHO treatment services mapping instrument in order to assess the existing and potential capacities to respond to the needs of the affected population.

3. Increase the capacity of drug treatment service providers at all levels of the health care system in order to ensure the comprehensive system of care. For this purpose, existing evidence-based capacity building tools can be utilized in the framework of technical assistance in response to the specific needs of the countries and contingent on the availability of funds.

4. Update the existing Paris Pact directory of national-level focal points on drug use prevention and treatment to strengthen the links with the public health system. For this purpose, the Paris Pact Pillar IV would serve as a platform for permanent dialogue to analyze priorities, trends, gaps and needs in the area of policy development, research, drug use prevention and treatment.

5. Paris Pact partners to consider the tailoring of prevention and treatment services to respond to the specific needs of the groups including but not limited to: women, pregnant women, children, youth, refugees, migrants, people recovering from drug abuse and in prison settings.

6. Promote inter-sectoral coordination on the development of relevant policies, strategies and evidence-based programmes in accordance with relevant national legislation and taking into account the International Standards for drug use prevention and for the treatment of substance use disorders.

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Special Session of the UN General Assembly (UNGASS) on the World Drug Problem, April 2016: ‘Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem’. 75

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 76

https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_59/Resolution_59_4.pdf

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7. Establish a large global partnership under the leadership of UNODC to advocate mobilization of the necessary financial resources required for supporting efforts on drug demand reduction and to address the challenges of substance use disorders.

Detailed information on all Paris Pact Expert Working Groups can be found on ADAM (menu item: “PARIS PACT – Meetings”).

APPLICATION OF THE ‘GAP ANALYSIS’ EXERCISE TO PILLAR IV As elaborated in the section “2015 Expert Working Groups ‘Gap Analysis Exercise’” of the introductory chapter, a key objective of the 2015 expert meetings was to identify gaps under each of the Vienna Declaration pillars and simultaneously determine the most appropriate, operational and strategic way forward for the partnership to address these requirements. The ‘gap analysis’ exercise - a donor and partner driven effort - applied to the three supply pillars of the Vienna Declaration had to be adapted given the specificity of the drug prevention and health pillar. For this pillar, Expert Working Group recommendations serve as the departure point for this exercise as each working group centered on a distinct topic under the umbrella of drug prevention and health. Thus, meeting discussions cannot be perceived as progressing from one expert meeting to the next. As the 2015 expert meeting reflected a new topic under the banner of treatment, concrete gaps could not be identified.

Implementation of the ‘Topics’ Model: Operational Activities 2015 and Priority Focus for 2016/2017 The following information is an update on the implementation of the four Expert Working Groups organized under this pillar, covering three topics – thus termed the ‘topics’ model: (1) treatment; (2) interventions for children, adolescents and families; and (3) prevention. Each topic section aims to capture select information on what has already taken place in terms of operational activities in 2015 (approximately Year 2 of the Paris Pact programme’s Phase IV) and outlines priority focus for 2016/2017 (Year 3 of Phase IV). In the following, the information is listed in reverse chronological order starting with the most recent meeting topic of treatment.

Paris Pact Programme Phase IV and Expert Working Groups on Drug Prevention and Health

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The referenced activities are largely focused on UNODC efforts, based on the information available to the Paris Pact Coordination Unit at the time of drafting this report. They stem from UNODC programmes and projects whose contributions are most relevant to achieving the objectives of the Vienna Declaration. Activities are represented according to the manner of UNODC’s engagement with each topic and are elaborated in more detail online.

Operational Activities 2015 in Support of the three Topics

Topic 1:Treatment As the recommendations for the expert meeting on ‘Community-based and Outpatient Treatment’ were only endorsed in late December 2015, UNODC activities that support their implementation are outlined in the section ‘Priority Focus for 2016’.

Topic 2: Interventions for Children, Adolescents and Families The recommendations from the 2013 expert meeting are closely linked to those of the meeting on drug use prevention. At present, there is only one UNODC global programme in place to comprehensively implement these recommendations: Programme on ‘Prevention of illicit drug use and treatment of drug use disorders for children/adolescents at risk’ (GLOK42). For this reason, the information outlined in this section relates to this specific programme and activities in 2015 and are not broken down to reflect activities implemented in support of each individual recommendation. It is important to emphasize that the SDGs represent a concentrated focus on children and adolescents across most of the 17 goals and their respective targets. Any time services are provided to children, this minimizes their vulnerability to drug use. At the same time, the adoption of the 2015 CND Resolution 58/2 on ‘Supporting the availability, accessibility and diversity of scientific evidence-based treatment and care for children and young people with substance use disorders’, reflects Members States recognition of the necessity to support drug demand reduction services for children and adolescents.77 The implementation of the Programme on ‘Prevention of illicit drug use and treatment of drug use disorders for children/adolescents at risk’,78 is closely aligned with the 12 recommendations of the 2013 expert meeting. For more information on the programme’s activities, see the online document titled “Pillar IV of the Vienna Declaration: Part 2”.

Topic 3: Prevention Covering the year 2015, the following information represents key activities of the partnership related to drug use prevention reflecting efforts to implement the recommendations stemming from the Expert

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This resolution (https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_58/2015_Resolutions/Resolution_58_2.pdf) also reinforces the recommendations from the 2012 Paris Pact expert meeting on Drug Use Prevention. 78

Similar to the Global Programme GLOK01, this programme closely collaborates with the Regional Programme for Afghanistan for neighbouring Countries on Sub-Programme 3 ‘Prevention and Treatment of Addiction Among Vulnerable Groups’.

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Working Group on Prevention held in 2012. As this report aims to highlight operational responses to expert meeting recommendations, the activities described below are grouped to cover five of the eight recommendations that resulted from the meeting. All activities listed are based on the UNODC Global Programme (GLOK01) on ‘Prevention of drug use, HIV/AIDS and crime among young people through family skills training programmes in low- and middle-income countries’, unless indicated otherwise.

Operational Activities 2015 under Topic 3: Prevention – What has already been done?

Recommendation Implemented Activities

Implementation of drug prevention policies and

programmes based on a scientific approach and

impact on behavior

Life skills education in schools

Family skills programme

Study and expansion of ongoing drug prevention

policies and programmes (settings and level of risk

targeted)

Life skills education in schools

Family skills programme

Evaluation component in drug prevention policies

and programmes

Guidance on substance abuse in the education sector

Evaluation capacity building

International standards on drug use prevention Recognition of the International Standards on Drug Use

Prevention in several resolutions

Advocacy campaigns

Continuous training for policy makers, national

experts and practitioners based on scientific

evidence

Scientific consultation on drug prevention and treatment in

families and schools

Promotion of International Standards on Drug Use Prevention

Regional Strengthening Families Programme Consultation

Process

Life skills education in school and family skills

Priority Focus for 2016/2017 in Support of the three Topics Priority for UNODC in 2016 is to continue to support Member States in meeting their commitments with regards to the Vienna Declaration, target 3.5 of the Sustainable Development Goals on strengthening drug prevention and treatment, the UNGASS 2016 Outcome Document and the Paris Pact Expert Working Groups on prevention, interventions for children, adolescents and families, and treatment. For effective development, implementation and evaluation, programmes and interventions need to be based on evidence which requires having in place a drug use monitoring system that periodically collects information on different drug use indicators and informs policy and progammes on the situation with regard to drug use and its health consequences. Considering that Member States will need to report on the SDG target 3.5.1 “Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol”, investing in drug epidemiology will also be an important component that would enable Member States to collect and report the required data.79 Furthermore, no

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This includes the mandated reporting through UNODC’s Annual Reports Questionnaire as well as other regional and global reporting mechanisms.

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analysis of the drug situation and responses would be complete without a full understanding of the extent of drug use in respective countries and regions.

Topic 1: Treatment The following information represents key UNODC activities related to drug treatment reflecting efforts to implement the recommendations stemming from the Expert Working Group on ‘Community-Based and Outpatient Treatment’ held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, in 2015. As this report aims to highlight operational responses to expert meeting recommendations, the activities described below are grouped into four themes covering all 13 recommendations resulting from the meeting. All activities listed are based on the UNODC Global Programme (GLOK32) on ‘UNODC-WHO Programme on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care’ and UNODC Global Programme (GLOJ71) on ‘Treating drug dependence and its health consequences / OFID-UNODC Joint Programme to prevent HIV/AIDS through Treatnet Phase II’ unless indicated otherwise. Activities are elaborated in more detail in the section titled “Implementation of the ‘topics’ model part II”.

Priority Focus for 2016/2017 under Topic 1: Treatment – What is underway?

Recommendation Implemented Activities

Competencies building Universal Treatment Curriculum (UTC) training.

Regional Training of Trainers on UNODC Toolkit for Law

Enforcement Officials May-June 2016 - Pakistan

Treatnet training

Training on the International Standards on Treatment

Capacity Building

Strengthening of Treatment Programmes WHO/UNODC Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Survey Tool

Feasibility study on the implementation of effective overdose

prevention strategies

Best Practices and Regional Collaboration Handbook on treatment as alternative to criminal justice

sanctions for people with drug use disorders

With regard to treatment, the end of 2015 and the first half of 2016 saw the development and presentation to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and to the UNGASS of the UNODC/WHO International Standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders. The Standards have been published as a draft for field-testing. CND Resolution 59/4 recommends their dissemination and encourages Member States to initiate their national adaptation.80 This is very much in line with the recommendations of the Expert Working Group, in addition to the ongoing work on the treatment, care, rehabilitation and reintegration of people suffering from drug use disorders within the UNODC global, regional and country programmes. The Paris Pact Expert Working Group on ‘Integrating Drug Dependence Treatment in the Public Health System’ was jointly hosted by the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Government of Serbia in Belgrade, Serbia on 10-11 October 2016. The recommendations, which emanated from this meeting, are yet to be endorsed at the next Policy Consultative Group Meeting in early 2017. 80

Commission on Narcotic Drugs, March 2016, Resolution 59/4: ‘Development and dissemination of international standards for the treatment of drug use disorders’.

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Topic 2: Interventions for Children, Adolescents and Families With regard to providing services to vulnerable children exposed to drug use at a very young age, the priorities for 2016/2017 are the following:

Priority Focus for 2016/2017 under Topic 2: Interventions for Children, Adolescents and Families –

What is underway?

Focusing on building awareness and capacity at the national level to implement psychosocial protocols

Creating opportunities to increase awareness of the intersection between the health and justice systems at the

national level

Increasing awareness at the global and national level of sub-populations of children and adolescents that are at

particularly high risk

Programme implementation of these three priorities for 2016/2017 must consider all 13 recommendations emanating from the 2013 Paris Pact Expert working Group.

Topic 3: Prevention The prevention activities described in the ‘activities 2015’ continued into 2016. In addition, particular focus in 2016/2017 is placed on:

Priority Focus for 2016/2017 under Topic 3: Prevention – What is underway?

Recommendation Implemented Activities

Implementation of drug prevention policies and

programmes based on a scientific approach and

impact on behavior

Continuing the piloting and institutionalization of evidence-based programmes in families and schools

Youth Drug Use Surveys – West and Central Asia

Study and expansion of ongoing drug prevention

policies and programmes (settings and level of risk

targeted)

Continuing the piloting and institutionalization of evidence-based programmes in families and schools

Developing a new family-skills programme that is in the public domain and is particularly useful for resource-poor settings

Evaluation component in drug prevention policies

and programmes

Youth Drug Use Surveys – West and Central Asia

International standards on drug use prevention Initiating the updating of the International Standards on Drug

Use Prevention.

Continuous training for policy makers, national

experts and practitioners based on scientific

evidence

Completing the dissemination of materials of the “Listen

First” campaign for teachers, health workers and prevention

workers (in addition to the materials for policy makers and

parents)

Development of guidelines and training materials

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ANNEX I – UNODC REGIONAL PROGRAMME SUPPORT TO THE VIENNA

DECLARATION ALONG THE NORTHERN AND BALKAN ROUTES

Pillar IV on Drug Prevention and Health linked to the Outcomes of the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries, Sub-Programmes 3 & 4

Pillar IV on Drug Prevention and Health linked to Outcomes of the Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe, Sub-Programme 3

Pillar IV: Drug Prevention and Health

Outcome 3.1 Countries of the region provide comprehensive evidence-based drug prevention programmes

Outcome 3.2 Countries of the region deliver drug dependence treatment and care services based on scientific evidence

Outcome 3.3 Countries of the region provide HIV/AIDS prevention/treatment and care services to high risk populations (PWIDs, Prisoners, Refugees)

Outcome 4.1 Improved availability and use of counter-narcotics, criminal justice and drug use / prevalence information / data

Outcome 4.2 Enhanced understanding in the region of the linkages between narcotics and socio economic development

Pillar IV: Drug Prevention and Health

Outcome 3.1 Governments are supported in the definition, development, introduction, implementation and expansion of evidence-based drug use

prevention polices and interventions

Outcome 3.2 Governments are supported in the provision of continued and increased access to evidence-based drug dependence treatment and care

services

Outcome 3.3 Governments are supported in initiatives to ensure more effective social inclusion of people with substance use disorders through

utilisation of sustained recovery management interventions

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ANNEX II – UNODC PRIMARY OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTERS OF PILLAR IV

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Global Programme on Prevention of Drug Use, HIV/AIDS and Crime Among Young People Through Family Skills Training Programmes in Low- and Medium-Income Countries (GLOK01)

This programme implements evidence-based family skills training to prevent drug use, HIV/AIDS, crime and delinquency among young people by strengthening and improving the capacity of families to take better care of children in various countries. Local government agencies and/or non-governmental organisations in low- and middle- income countries are supported by UNODC Field Offices in translating and systematically adapting evidence-based family skills training programmes to fit the local culture and language. They are evaluated following a rigorous research methodology by local and international research institutes thus building the capacity of local institutions.

Global Programme on Prevention of Illicit Drug Use and Treatment of Drug Use Disorders for Children/Adolescents at Risk (GLOK42)

Starting in Afghanistan, the programme promotes a worldwide coordinated response of public institutions and NGOs to children and adolescents at risk and/or those affected by drug use dependence and its health and social consequences, with the aim of preventing drug use, treating drug dependence and facilitating their integration into society. Through a built-in phase by phase approach, the main strategy consists of a large scale mobilization, including the involvement of civil society, academics, media and high ranking personalities to call for immediate action to improve the living condition of children worldwide, reduce the risks of developing drug use disorders and provide appropriate treatment strategies tailored to respond to the specific needs of this age group.

UNODC-WHO Programme on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care (GLOK32)

The global programme promotes and supports worldwide, with a particular focus on low- and middle income countries, evidence-based and ethical treatment policies, strategies and interventions to reduce the burden caused by drug use and dependence. The programme is implemented in two stages: Phase I - Advocacy and engagement of partners,

development of technical tools, capacity building, support to the improvement of drug dependence treatment services and increased research capabilities in key countries;

Phase II - Full implementation of all programme components to scale up services at national level in a larger number of countries and increased global and regional activities through collaboration with international partners.

Treatnet Phase II - Treating drug dependence and its health consequences (GLOJ71)

Building upon its predecessor, Treatnet Phase I, a global network of resource centres works collaboratively to improve the quality of treatment, developed comprehensive training packages on evidence based treatment methods, trained numerous trainers who in turn have trained several hundred service providers, and developed good practice documents on key topics. The strategy of the OFID-UNODC joint programme consists of: systematic advocacy to promote a sound understanding of

drug dependence and its treatment and counteract stigma and discrimination;

capacity building; and support to governments to provide evidence-based, high

quality drug dependence treatment through the

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development of national/regional networks of drug dependence treatment centres that contribute to increase access to drug treatment for all those in need thus reducing the negative health and social consequences of drug dependence, including HIV and AIDS.

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Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries – Sub-Programme 3 (RERV09)

The third sub-programme has been boosting cooperation across the region in drug demand reduction. The next two years will see a scaling-up of the support to evidence-based drug prevention and treatment and HIV prevention among vulnerable groups. The Regional Programme will continue to offer outreach services to vulnerable populations and support Government agencies, civil society organizations and experts with inter alia: Training of Trainers (ToT) on scientific, evidence-based drug

treatment and rehabilitation approaches and for improving drug treatment reporting and having reliable estimates of people in need of treatment for monitoring;

Promoting prevention programmes like ‘Families and School Together’ (FAST) and ‘Strengthening Family Programme’ (SFP);

Advocacy for comprehensive HIV prevention programme in community and prison settings and for refugees.

Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe – Sub-Programme 3 (XCEU60)

Building on Phase I of the Regional Programme, Phase II supports Governments in: the definition, development, introduction, implementation,

and expansion of evidence-based drug use prevention polices and interventions;

the provision of continued and increased access to evidence-based drug dependence treatment and care services; and

initiatives to ensure more effective social inclusion of people with substance use disorders through utilization of sustained recovery management interventions.

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Programme for Central Asia – Sub-Programme 3 (XACZ62)

The Sub-Programme on “Drug prevention, treatment and reintegration, and HIV prevention" aims to: address the problem of drugs through evidence-based

prevention strategies for schools, families, workplace and the community;

increase the quality, availability and access to services for people affected by drug use disorders, prisoners, and in relation to trafficking in human beings;

provide evidence-based prevention of drug use, treatment of drug dependence, and prevention of HIV and other health and social consequences associated with the use of illicit drugs.

Country Programme for Afghanistan – Sub-Programme 4.1 (AFGK64)

The programme aims to: 1. Increase access and availability to quality drug treatment

and rehabilitation services; 2. Increase access to quality HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment

and care services for drug users (focused on IDUs), prisoners and persons vulnerable to human trafficking;

3. Strengthen the Government’s capacity on DDR/HIV AIDS policy development, project planning and monitoring, through ongoing training and mentoring.

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All work is conducted in partnership with the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics and the Ministry of Public Health in order to boost their capacity and promote successful evidence based strategies and programmes.

Country Programme for the Islamic Republic of Iran – Sub-Programme 2 (IRNV04)

Promotion of a public health prevention approach, protecting individuals, families and communities from drug addiction and HIV are the themes of sub-programme 2, which strengthens national drug demand reduction, HIV control and harm reduction programmes through specific scientific-based actions in the areas of drug prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, advocacy, HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care. Actions target mainly vulnerable groups through work in partnership with a number of national and international partners. A specific component is to strengthen capacities of NGOs in the areas of drug demand reduction and HIV/AIDS prevention and care. South-South cooperation is facilitated through actions that expose other middle-income countries, as well as developing countries, to good practices carried out by national authorities in the I. R. of Iran in the areas of opium substitution therapies and HIV prevention and control in the prison setting.

Country Programme for Pakistan – Sub-Programme 3 (PAKU85)

The Sub-Programme builds the Government’s capacity to plan, resource and implement drug use prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and comprehensive harm reduction services. To create a platform for action, UNODC supports drug use data collection systems, including the conducting of a national drug user survey. In order to increase the availability of treatment services in a sustainable manner, the sub-programme mainstreams drug treatment knowledge through the existing health system. The extension of services to vulnerable groups such as injecting drug users, prisoners and women is also being accelerated by disseminating basic training through teacher training institutes and advice to the national and provincial governments on guiding community-level interventions

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