Papuaweb: The West New Guinea Debacle - Glossary, Abbrev...

Glossary

443

GLOSSARY

adat traditions, customary lawadatgemeenschappen regions ruled under their own adat law

regulationsamberies Indonesians employed by the colonial service and

the Christian missionsanak buah loyal follower, supporterbambu runcing pointed bamboo polebapak fatherbapakism feudal-like patron-client relationshipBarisan Berani Mati suicide corpsBarisan Pelopor vanguard corps set up by SukarnoBatavia capital of the Netherlands-Indies; after 1945 renamed

Jakartabecak pedicabBelanda (Blanda) Dutch; Europeanbenteng fortress, strongholdBersiap lit. ‘prepared’, motto of the Boy Scout movement; re-

fers here to the murderous programs in 1945 directed at theDutch, Eurasians, Chinese, and suspected pro-Dutch Indo-nesians

Bestuursschool public service training college for Papuans inHollandia

binatang animalBinnenlands Bestuur (BB) European branch of the regional

colonial public serviceblijvers lit. ‘those remaining’; i.e., Europeans and Eurasians

The West New Guinea Debacle

444

considering the Netherlands-Indies as their homelandBlitzkrieg lightning attackBuitenlandse Zaken Foreign AffairsCommissie Nieuw Guinea (Irian) 1950 a Dutch-Indonesian

commission to investigate and report on the New Guineaquestion

Commissie-Generaal plenipotentiaries appointed by the Neth-erlands parliament to conduct negotiations with the republi-can government

Controleur District Officer; lowest rank in the BinnenlandsBestuur

cultuurstelsel forced export cultivation system 1830-1870daerah istimewa special territory with limited autonomyDai Nippon JapanDarul Islam Islamic statedesa lumbung village rice storing shedDjawa Hokokai Javanese service organisationDjojobojo a 12th century Javanese king accredited with

messianic powers; his predications of the doom of the Dutchempire were widely believed

domme inlander stupid nativedukun medicine man, soothsayer, shamanEerste Kamer First Chamber of Dutch parliamentGunseikan Japanese military governmentHeiho Indonesian auxiliary soldiers of the Japanese armed

forcesherendiensten seigneurial services; unpaid labour performed in

lieu of money taxesChristelijk Werknemersverbond Nieuw Guinea Christian Wor-

kers’ Union of New GuineaFront Nasional Papuan national organisationGroter Nederland Actie movement to retain West New Guinea

within the Netherlands kingdomHisbullah Army of Godhongi raiding parties to collect tribute and to capture slaves

Glossary

445

hormat feudal homageijskast refrigeratorinlander nativeInlands Bestuur native branch of the regional colonial servicejago fighting cock, village firebrandkabupaten regencykader desa militarised village guardskafir unbeliever, non-Muslimkampung indigenous quarters of urban areasKankain Kankara Biak Biak representative councilKatholieke Nationale Partij a splinter Catholic partyKatholieke Volkspartij main Catholic-based political partyKeibodan Japanese policeKenpeitai Japanese military policekiai venerated Islamic scholarkiyayi Islamic scholarKolonisatie Raad council dealing with Eurasian emigrationKomite Nasional Papuan nation independence committeekompenie Dutch India Company; Netherlands-Indies govern-

mentkonoor precursor, prophet of KoreriKonsepsi Sukarno’s plan for Guided Democracykoranos village headsKoreri messianic movementkretek cigarette containing tobacco, cloves and sugarlaskar irregular fighting bandlurah village headmadrasah modernised Islamic schoolmalu shy, embarrassedmanusia worldMasjumi Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia: A consultative

council of various Islamic organisationsMemorie van Overgave a colonial officer’s final report of a re-

gion during his term of officementek rice borers, causing serious damage to crops


446

merdeka free, independentmusyawarah/mufakat process of deliberation and compromise

used in village government that eventually leads to mufakat(unanimous consensus), and then becomes binding to thecommunity

musyawarah nasional national consultationNationaal Comité Handhaving Rijkseenheid national com-

mittee to maintain the unity of the kingdomNederlandse Handelsmaatschappij Netherlands Trading Com-

panyNieuw Guinea Beweging lobby group (1923)Nieuw Guinea Comité set up in 1934 to promote economic

development in West New GuineaNieuw Guinea Commissie Dutch-Indonesian commissionNieuw Guinea Raad national New Guinea CouncilNieuw Guinea Studiekring research group (1934)Nieuw Guinea Verbond Eurasian political organisationOndernemersraad plantations councilPanca Sila Five Pillars; forming the state philosophy underly-

ing the 1945 constitutionPartai Katolik Catholic PartyPartai Irian Barat West Irian Partypelopor shock troops, vanguard, derived from the Dutch word

voorloperpemuda youth; refers here to the various youth organisations

and bands taking up arms during the revolution (1945-1949)pendeta Protestant parsonPiagem Perjuangan Permesta Charter of Common Strugglepolitionele acties Dutch armed aggression against the republicprentah alus official pressurepriyayi upper-class (aristocratic) government officials later re-

ferring to upper class in generalRaad van Nederlandsch-Indië advisory council to the gover-

nor-generalRaad van State highest advisory body in the kingdom

Glossary

447

raja princely ruler; in West New Guinea means a Muslim chief-tain

raja commissie offsider of Papuan rajarapat public meetingResident highest rank in the Binnenlands BestuurRijksarchief Netherlands National Archivesromusha Indonesian ‘volunteer’ labour for Japanese military

building projectssantri orthodox, pious MuslimScheepvaart Vereniging shipping associationSeinendan Japanese sponsored youth movementsemangat fighting spiritsociale raden consultative councils to introduce people to

democratic ideas and practicessociëteit social clubStudiecommissie Nieuw Guinea a fact-finding body set up in

1948 to look into the question of the political future of WestNew Guinea

tenno heiko Japanese emperortotok Dutch-born or other foreign newcomerstonariguma neighbour associationstuan mister, master; only used for EuropeansTweede Kamer Second Chamber of Dutch parliamentulama Islamic scribe, teacherVaderlandsche Club Patriotic Club (a political organisation)veem warehousevervolgschool primary schoolvolksschool elementary schoolvolkscredietbank people’s credit bankVolksgeist national spiritVolksraad proto parliament instituted in 1918 which, after

1928, had a Indonesian majority of memberswahyu divine right to rulewilde scholen private, not officially recognised, Indonesian-run

Dutch language schools


448

zaman emas golden ageZware Unie lit. ‘substantial’; a strong union designated to main-

tain a Dutch political hold on Indonesia

Glossary

443

GLOSSARY

adat traditions, customary lawadatgemeenschappen regions ruled under their own adat law

regulationsamberies Indonesians employed by the colonial service and

the Christian missionsanak buah loyal follower, supporterbambu runcing pointed bamboo polebapak fatherbapakism feudal-like patron-client relationshipBarisan Berani Mati suicide corpsBarisan Pelopor vanguard corps set up by SukarnoBatavia capital of the Netherlands-Indies; after 1945 renamed

Jakartabecak pedicabBelanda (Blanda) Dutch; Europeanbenteng fortress, strongholdBersiap lit. ‘prepared’, motto of the Boy Scout movement; re-

fers here to the murderous programs in 1945 directed at theDutch, Eurasians, Chinese, and suspected pro-Dutch Indo-nesians

Bestuursschool public service training college for Papuans inHollandia

binatang animalBinnenlands Bestuur (BB) European branch of the regional

colonial public serviceblijvers lit. ‘those remaining’; i.e., Europeans and Eurasians


444

considering the Netherlands-Indies as their homelandBlitzkrieg lightning attackBuitenlandse Zaken Foreign AffairsCommissie Nieuw Guinea (Irian) 1950 a Dutch-Indonesian

commission to investigate and report on the New Guineaquestion

Commissie-Generaal plenipotentiaries appointed by the Neth-erlands parliament to conduct negotiations with the republi-can government

Controleur District Officer; lowest rank in the BinnenlandsBestuur

cultuurstelsel forced export cultivation system 1830-1870daerah istimewa special territory with limited autonomyDai Nippon JapanDarul Islam Islamic statedesa lumbung village rice storing shedDjawa Hokokai Javanese service organisationDjojobojo a 12th century Javanese king accredited with

messianic powers; his predications of the doom of the Dutchempire were widely believed

domme inlander stupid nativedukun medicine man, soothsayer, shamanEerste Kamer First Chamber of Dutch parliamentGunseikan Japanese military governmentHeiho Indonesian auxiliary soldiers of the Japanese armed

forcesherendiensten seigneurial services; unpaid labour performed in

lieu of money taxesChristelijk Werknemersverbond Nieuw Guinea Christian Wor-

kers’ Union of New GuineaFront Nasional Papuan national organisationGroter Nederland Actie movement to retain West New Guinea

within the Netherlands kingdomHisbullah Army of Godhongi raiding parties to collect tribute and to capture slaves

Glossary

445

hormat feudal homageijskast refrigeratorinlander nativeInlands Bestuur native branch of the regional colonial servicejago fighting cock, village firebrandkabupaten regencykader desa militarised village guardskafir unbeliever, non-Muslimkampung indigenous quarters of urban areasKankain Kankara Biak Biak representative councilKatholieke Nationale Partij a splinter Catholic partyKatholieke Volkspartij main Catholic-based political partyKeibodan Japanese policeKenpeitai Japanese military policekiai venerated Islamic scholarkiyayi Islamic scholarKolonisatie Raad council dealing with Eurasian emigrationKomite Nasional Papuan nation independence committeekompenie Dutch India Company; Netherlands-Indies govern-

mentkonoor precursor, prophet of KoreriKonsepsi Sukarno’s plan for Guided Democracykoranos village headsKoreri messianic movementkretek cigarette containing tobacco, cloves and sugarlaskar irregular fighting bandlurah village headmadrasah modernised Islamic schoolmalu shy, embarrassedmanusia worldMasjumi Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia: A consultative

council of various Islamic organisationsMemorie van Overgave a colonial officer’s final report of a re-

gion during his term of officementek rice borers, causing serious damage to crops


446

merdeka free, independentmusyawarah/mufakat process of deliberation and compromise

used in village government that eventually leads to mufakat(unanimous consensus), and then becomes binding to thecommunity

musyawarah nasional national consultationNationaal Comité Handhaving Rijkseenheid national com-

mittee to maintain the unity of the kingdomNederlandse Handelsmaatschappij Netherlands Trading Com-

panyNieuw Guinea Beweging lobby group (1923)Nieuw Guinea Comité set up in 1934 to promote economic

development in West New GuineaNieuw Guinea Commissie Dutch-Indonesian commissionNieuw Guinea Raad national New Guinea CouncilNieuw Guinea Studiekring research group (1934)Nieuw Guinea Verbond Eurasian political organisationOndernemersraad plantations councilPanca Sila Five Pillars; forming the state philosophy underly-

ing the 1945 constitutionPartai Katolik Catholic PartyPartai Irian Barat West Irian Partypelopor shock troops, vanguard, derived from the Dutch word

voorloperpemuda youth; refers here to the various youth organisations

and bands taking up arms during the revolution (1945-1949)pendeta Protestant parsonPiagem Perjuangan Permesta Charter of Common Strugglepolitionele acties Dutch armed aggression against the republicprentah alus official pressurepriyayi upper-class (aristocratic) government officials later re-

ferring to upper class in generalRaad van Nederlandsch-Indië advisory council to the gover-

nor-generalRaad van State highest advisory body in the kingdom

Glossary

447

raja princely ruler; in West New Guinea means a Muslim chief-tain

raja commissie offsider of Papuan rajarapat public meetingResident highest rank in the Binnenlands BestuurRijksarchief Netherlands National Archivesromusha Indonesian ‘volunteer’ labour for Japanese military

building projectssantri orthodox, pious MuslimScheepvaart Vereniging shipping associationSeinendan Japanese sponsored youth movementsemangat fighting spiritsociale raden consultative councils to introduce people to

democratic ideas and practicessociëteit social clubStudiecommissie Nieuw Guinea a fact-finding body set up in

1948 to look into the question of the political future of WestNew Guinea

tenno heiko Japanese emperortotok Dutch-born or other foreign newcomerstonariguma neighbour associationstuan mister, master; only used for EuropeansTweede Kamer Second Chamber of Dutch parliamentulama Islamic scribe, teacherVaderlandsche Club Patriotic Club (a political organisation)veem warehousevervolgschool primary schoolvolksschool elementary schoolvolkscredietbank people’s credit bankVolksgeist national spiritVolksraad proto parliament instituted in 1918 which, after

1928, had a Indonesian majority of memberswahyu divine right to rulewilde scholen private, not officially recognised, Indonesian-run

Dutch language schools


448

zaman emas golden ageZware Unie lit. ‘substantial’; a strong union designated to main-

tain a Dutch political hold on Indonesia

Abbreviations

449

ABBREVIATIONS

ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Indo-nesian armed forces)

ALRI Angkatan Laut Republik Indonesia (Indonesiannavy)

ANIEM Algemeene Nederlandsch-Indisch ElectriciteitsMaatschappij (General Netherlands-Indies Elec-tricity Pty Ltd)

ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, and the United StatesAPRA Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (Army of the Just

Prince)ARP Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary

Party)AURI Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia (Indone-

sian air force)BB Binnenlands Bestuur (European branch of the re-

gional colonial public service)BFO Bijeenkomst Federaal Overleg (assembly for fed-

eral consultation)BKR Badan Keamanan Rakjat (people’s security or-

ganisation)BPBAPRI Badan Pemupuk Bekas Anggota Perang Repub-

lik Indonesia (returned soldiers’ organisation)BTI Barisan Tani Indonesia ( Indonesian peasants’ or-

ganisation)BUZA Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Department

of Foreign Affairs)


450

CHU Christelijk-Historische Unie (Protestant politicalparty)

CIA Central Intelligence AgencyCPN Communistische Partij Nederland (Netherlands

Communist Party)DVP Democratische Volkspartij (Democratic People’s

Party)ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far EastEPANG Eenheids Partij Nieuw Guinea (Unity Party New

Guinea)FINEC Financiën en Economie (finance and economyGDMS Gerakan Demokrat Maluku Selatan (democratic

movement of the South Moluccas)GPNG Gerakan Persatuan Nieuw Guinea (movement of

New Guinea unity)GSS Gabungan Sembilan Serangkai (more conserva-

tive Ambonese organisation)HC Hoge Commissaris (high commissioner)K I M Komite Indonesia Merdeka (Indonesian inde-

pendence committee)KITLV Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Vol-

kenkunde (Royal Institute for Language, Geog-raphy and Ethnography)

KL Koninklijk Leger (Royal Army)K L M Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (Royal

Airways Limited)K M A Koninklijke Militaire Academie (Royal Military

Academy)KNIL Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger (Royal

Netherlands Indies Army)KNIP Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (Central Na-

tional Indonesia Committee)KODAM Komando Onder District Militair (local military

unit)KPM Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (Royal

Abbreviations

451

Shipping Limited)KUE Kracht Uit Eenheid (Power out of Unity)KVP Katholieke Volkspartij (Catholic People’s Party)MULO Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (three to four

years of high school)NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNEGUMIJ Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Nieuw Guinea

(Netherlands New Guinea Corporation)NIB Officiële Bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-

Indonesische Betrekkingen 1945-1950 (officialdocuments of Netherlands-Indonesian relations1945-1950)

NICA Netherlands Indies Civil AdministrationNIGO Nederlandse Indische Guerrilla Organisatie

(Netherlands Guerilla Organisation)N M M Nederlandse Militaire Missie (Netherlands Mili-

tary Mission)NSB National-Socialistische Beweging (National So-

cialist Movement)NSC National Security CouncilN U Nahdlatul Ulama (Islamic organisation)N V V Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen

(Netherlands Trade Union Congress)OGEM Overzeesche Gas- en Electriciteits Maatschappij

(Overseas Gas and Electricity Pty Ltd)PARNA Partai Nasional (National Party)PARSEPP Partai Serikat Pemuda-Pemuda Papua (Party of

Papuan Youth Organisation)PERSEKDING Perkumpulan Sekerda Kristen Di Nieuw Guinea

(Christian trade union of New Guinea)PETA Pembela Tanah Air (Defenders of the Father-

land)PID Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst (political intelli-

gence service)PIM Partai Indonesia Merdeka (Indonesian Inde-


452

pendence Party)PIO Partai Islam Oemum (General Islamic Party)PKI Partai Kommunis Indonesia (Indonesian Com-

munist Party)PKII Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian ( Indonesian

Irian Independence Party)PNI Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National

Party)PONG Partai Orang Nieuw Guinea (New Guinea Peo-

ple’s Party)PPI Pemuda Indonesia (youth of Indonesia)PPPI Persatuan Perwakilan Politik Irian (union of

Irian political representation)PSI Partai Sosialis Indonesia (Socialist Party of Indo-

nesia)PSII Partai Sjarikat Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Is-

lamic Association Party)PUTERA Pusat Tenaga Rakjat (centre of people’s power)PvdA Partij van de Arbeid (Dutch Labour Party)RAPWI Recovery of Allied Prisoners of WarRMS Republik Maluku Selatan (Republic of South

Moluccas)RST Regiment Speciale Troepen (regiment of com-

mandos)RTC Ronde Tafel Conferentie (Round Table Confer-

ence)SARBUPRI Sarekat Buruh Perkebunan Republik Indonesia

(association of plantation workers of the Indo-nesian republic)

SDAP Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij (Social-ist-Democratic Workers’ Party)

SEAC South-East Asia CommandSEATO South-East Asia Treaty OrganisationSESKOAD Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat

(army staff and commando school)

Abbreviations

453

SOBSI Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia(Central Workers’ Organisation of Indonesia)

T N I Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian Na-tional Party)

TWAPRO Twaalfde Provincie (twelfth province)U N United NationsUNCI United Nations Commission for IndonesiaUSA United States of AmericaVC Vaderlandsche Club (patriotic club)VOC Verenigde Oost-Indische Companie (Dutch East

India Company)VVD Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (Peo-

ple’s Party for Freedom and Democracy)

Abbreviations

449

ABBREVIATIONS

ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Indo-nesian armed forces)

ALRI Angkatan Laut Republik Indonesia (Indonesiannavy)

ANIEM Algemeene Nederlandsch-Indisch ElectriciteitsMaatschappij (General Netherlands-Indies Elec-tricity Pty Ltd)

ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, and the United StatesAPRA Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (Army of the Just

Prince)ARP Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary

Party)AURI Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia (Indone-

sian air force)BB Binnenlands Bestuur (European branch of the re-

gional colonial public service)BFO Bijeenkomst Federaal Overleg (assembly for fed-

eral consultation)BKR Badan Keamanan Rakjat (people’s security or-

ganisation)BPBAPRI Badan Pemupuk Bekas Anggota Perang Repub-

lik Indonesia (returned soldiers’ organisation)BTI Barisan Tani Indonesia ( Indonesian peasants’ or-

ganisation)BUZA Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Department

of Foreign Affairs)


450

CHU Christelijk-Historische Unie (Protestant politicalparty)

CIA Central Intelligence AgencyCPN Communistische Partij Nederland (Netherlands

Communist Party)DVP Democratische Volkspartij (Democratic People’s

Party)ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far EastEPANG Eenheids Partij Nieuw Guinea (Unity Party New

Guinea)FINEC Financiën en Economie (finance and economyGDMS Gerakan Demokrat Maluku Selatan (democratic

movement of the South Moluccas)GPNG Gerakan Persatuan Nieuw Guinea (movement of

New Guinea unity)GSS Gabungan Sembilan Serangkai (more conserva-

tive Ambonese organisation)HC Hoge Commissaris (high commissioner)K I M Komite Indonesia Merdeka (Indonesian inde-

pendence committee)KITLV Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Vol-

kenkunde (Royal Institute for Language, Geog-raphy and Ethnography)

KL Koninklijk Leger (Royal Army)K L M Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (Royal

Airways Limited)K M A Koninklijke Militaire Academie (Royal Military

Academy)KNIL Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger (Royal

Netherlands Indies Army)KNIP Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (Central Na-

tional Indonesia Committee)KODAM Komando Onder District Militair (local military

unit)KPM Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (Royal

Abbreviations

451

Shipping Limited)KUE Kracht Uit Eenheid (Power out of Unity)KVP Katholieke Volkspartij (Catholic People’s Party)MULO Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (three to four

years of high school)NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNEGUMIJ Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Nieuw Guinea

(Netherlands New Guinea Corporation)NIB Officiële Bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-

Indonesische Betrekkingen 1945-1950 (officialdocuments of Netherlands-Indonesian relations1945-1950)

NICA Netherlands Indies Civil AdministrationNIGO Nederlandse Indische Guerrilla Organisatie

(Netherlands Guerilla Organisation)N M M Nederlandse Militaire Missie (Netherlands Mili-

tary Mission)NSB National-Socialistische Beweging (National So-

cialist Movement)NSC National Security CouncilN U Nahdlatul Ulama (Islamic organisation)N V V Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen

(Netherlands Trade Union Congress)OGEM Overzeesche Gas- en Electriciteits Maatschappij

(Overseas Gas and Electricity Pty Ltd)PARNA Partai Nasional (National Party)PARSEPP Partai Serikat Pemuda-Pemuda Papua (Party of

Papuan Youth Organisation)PERSEKDING Perkumpulan Sekerda Kristen Di Nieuw Guinea

(Christian trade union of New Guinea)PETA Pembela Tanah Air (Defenders of the Father-

land)PID Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst (political intelli-

gence service)PIM Partai Indonesia Merdeka (Indonesian Inde-


452

pendence Party)PIO Partai Islam Oemum (General Islamic Party)PKI Partai Kommunis Indonesia (Indonesian Com-

munist Party)PKII Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian ( Indonesian

Irian Independence Party)PNI Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National

Party)PONG Partai Orang Nieuw Guinea (New Guinea Peo-

ple’s Party)PPI Pemuda Indonesia (youth of Indonesia)PPPI Persatuan Perwakilan Politik Irian (union of

Irian political representation)PSI Partai Sosialis Indonesia (Socialist Party of Indo-

nesia)PSII Partai Sjarikat Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Is-

lamic Association Party)PUTERA Pusat Tenaga Rakjat (centre of people’s power)PvdA Partij van de Arbeid (Dutch Labour Party)RAPWI Recovery of Allied Prisoners of WarRMS Republik Maluku Selatan (Republic of South

Moluccas)RST Regiment Speciale Troepen (regiment of com-

mandos)RTC Ronde Tafel Conferentie (Round Table Confer-

ence)SARBUPRI Sarekat Buruh Perkebunan Republik Indonesia

(association of plantation workers of the Indo-nesian republic)

SDAP Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij (Social-ist-Democratic Workers’ Party)

SEAC South-East Asia CommandSEATO South-East Asia Treaty OrganisationSESKOAD Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat

(army staff and commando school)

Abbreviations

453

SOBSI Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia(Central Workers’ Organisation of Indonesia)

T N I Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian Na-tional Party)

TWAPRO Twaalfde Provincie (twelfth province)U N United NationsUNCI United Nations Commission for IndonesiaUSA United States of AmericaVC Vaderlandsche Club (patriotic club)VOC Verenigde Oost-Indische Companie (Dutch East

India Company)VVD Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (Peo-

ple’s Party for Freedom and Democracy)


454

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