Paperwork Soap KYM

8/8/2019 Paperwork Soap KYM

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HOMEMADE SOAP

PAPERWORK

By

Kamasean Y. Matthews

Global Prestasi Senior High School

Komplek GPS Jalan K.H. Noer Alie No. 10B Bekasi 17145

Kalimalang, Bekasi

April 2010


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Preface

Praise is to God Almighty who never left the author's tongue, which has given pleasure,

mercy, and His grace so that scientific work can be done right this time. Just because good and His

grace I can finish this report with the good.

Reports in prepared to show the benefits of Home Made Soap, in this scientific work, the

authors give a comparison study of alcohol content in wine red and green grapes

The author is fully aware that success in completing the writer of this scientific work was

also supported by various parties in the form of material assistance and moral encouragement.

Therefore, the authors give thanks as much as possible to:

1. Ms. Mega as an English teacher and also a mentor, and all Global Prestasi Senior High School

teachers who had given his knowledge so valuable to the writer;

2. Both parents with care and understanding and has given encouragement to the author tocomplete this report;

3. all my friends who are writers in X 4 and other classes of encouragement to finish this

scientific work on time.

The author is fully aware that this report is still far from perfection because of the limited capacity

and experience of the author. Therefore, input and suggestions from readers are writers expect.

Authors hope this report will be useful to all my friends, and teachers are also younger classes in

high school writers Global Prestasi Senior High School.

Bekasi, April 20, 2010


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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background

Although it is believed by many that soaps history actually began around 2800 B.C. in

Babylonia (where historians found a barrel containing a soap-like substance), undeniable proof of

soaps existence was first provided by a Mesopotamian clay tablet dating back to 2200 B.C. with

an actual soap recipe inscribed on it. The ancient soap making technique described mixing potash

and oils to form a cleansing agent.

Its almost a given that Egyptians would also make some type of soap or cleanser. Egyptian

manuscripts describe a substance created by combining animal fats and vegetable oils to create a

soap-like base. The documents from approximately 1500 B.C. go on to explain another type of

soap that is used in the production of wool.

Around 200 A.D. the ancient Greeks were said to have used an ash mixture to clean their statues

and pots. The Gauls and Romans also made soap with animal fat, beech tree ashes and Goats

Milk. The goats milk seems to have been their favorite, and I can understand why! They made

both hard and soft soap products.

Today, soap is made from vegetable or animal fats and an alkali. In the past however, people made

their own soap from animal tallow and wood ashes. Regardless of who first created the concoction,

it was undoubtedly used in Rome. This is an established fact because a soap makers shop was

discovered within the rubble of Pompeii after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The Romans often


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used soap as a cosmetic. It was quite popular with the ladies, for they used it to dye their hair red.

Plant extracts were probably used to acquire this color.

By 600 A.D. soap making guilds were formed and the modern formula for the soap that we usetoday was created.

The Hebrews used a salt base when creating their cleanser. This salt, used in a similar manner by

many ancient cultures, could be found quite easily in their local lakes. They used the salt to create

the alkali called for in the recipes.

By the eighth century, it is documented that there were soap factories in Italy and Spain. It was not

until the twelfth or thirteenth century that this industry was embraced by France. France then

passed on the tradition to England. The French made their soaps almost exclusively from olive oil,

while the English delved into many different kinds of soap.

The Industrial Revolution forever changed the commercial production of soap. People stopped

making it at home and started buying it from a catalog or store. Although, poor people still did

make their own soap from wood ash and animal fats.

Today, lye is a product on the hit list because it is used in methamphetamine production. You

cant just buy it at the store like we did 30 years ago. It must be ordered or bought from a supplier

with plenty of paperwork to go along with it! But, its still possible to make your own inexpensive

and all-natural soap at home. You can make it from scratch with lye and soybean, coconut or olive

oils, or you can order a re batching base from a reputable supplier.


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Either way, natural glycerin soaps are the way to go! Commercial soaps have more detergent than

moisturizer these days. Meanwhile, detergent may cause terrible effects to the environment and it

may also make our skin dry. So, that means commercial soaps arent so good for the earth and us.

Vegan or at the very least, all natural, ingredients are best. Make your own soap or buy from soap-makers like me and be kind to your skin and environment! This is why I decided to make this

kind of natural soap. Its not just eco-friendly but its also good for your skin health.

Besides these conditions above, what really encourages me to make this home-made soap

is my concern about the social and economical in Indonesia. I think this homemade soap

manufacture has a great potential of business opportunity for us, especially for the low-economic

class people. They can get a lot of money from this soap manufacture to make their life better, or at

least just to help them take away some of their heavy weight.

1.2 Objectives

To take benefits from the unused oil

To try to open a business opportunity for the middle-lower class civilians by this soap

manufacture

To substitute the commercial soap which has lots of detergent with a homemade soap

which is more eco-friendly to the environment.


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Chapter 2

Literature Review

Soap is one of the oldest chemical compound people had ever known. Soap itself was never

actually found, but it came from the development of the combination of alkali compound and fat/oil.

The materials to make soap are divided into two kinds, which is: the main (raw) materials, and the

supporting materials (additional). The main materials in making soap are oil or fat and alkali

compound. The supporting materials are used to increase the quality of the soap, from its utility to its

appeal. The supporting materials that are commonly used to make soap are: Sodium Chloride, Sodium

Carbonate, Sodium Phosphate, Perfume (fragrance), and coloring.

Soaps are made with the following saponification reaction:

Saponification reaction using alkali is a triglyceride reaction with alkali (Sodium Hydroxide and

Potassium Hydroxide) which produces soap and glycerin. The saponification reaction can be written

as follows:

C3H5 (OOCR) 3 + 3 NaOH C3H5 (OH) 3 + 3 NaOOCR

Soap-making reaction or saponification produces soap as the main product and glycerin as a

byproduct. Glycerin as a byproduct also has a sale value. Soap is a salt formed from carboxylic acids

and alkali. Soap with low molecular weight would be more soluble and has a harder soap structure.

Soap has a high solubility in water, but soap does not dissolve into smaller particles, but dissolved in

the ionic form.


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Soap is generally known in two forms, liquid soap and solid soap. The main difference from the

second form of this soap is the alkali used in soap making reaction. Solid soaps use sodium

hydroxide / caustic soda (NaOH), whereas the liquid soaps use potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the

alkali. In addition, the type of oil used also affects the shape of soap produced. Coconut oil will produce a harder soap than soybean oil, peanut oil, and cotton seed oil.

Raw Materials: Oil / Fat

Oil/fat is a lipid compound which has the structure of the glycerol ester. In the process of making

soap, the oils or fats that are used are vegetable oils or animal fats. Differences between the oils and

fats are both in a state space form. Oil will turn to liquid at room temperature ( 28 C), while the

fat will turn to solid. Vegetable oils and animal fats are triglycerides compounds. Triglycerides

which are commonly used as raw material for soap-making have carboxylic acids with carbon chain

which lengths between 12 and 18. Carboxylic acids with carbon chain lengths less than 12 will cause

irritation to the skin, while the carbon chain of more than 18 will make soap became harder to be

dissolved in water. Unsaturated carboxylic acids content, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic, may

cause soap to be easily oxidized at atmospheric conditions so that the soap becomes rancid, if there

are too much of them. Unsaturated carboxylic acids have double bonds so the lower melting point is

lower than saturated carboxylic acids which have no double bonds, so the resulting soap will also be

softer and easier to melt at high temperatures.

The types of oils or fats

Amount of oil or fat used in soap making process should be limited for various reasons, such as:

economic feasibility, specification of products (soap is not easily oxidized, easy foaming and easily

soluble), and others. Several types of oils or fats commonly used in soap making process include:


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1. Tallow. Tallow is beef or lamb fat produced by the meat processing industry as a byproduct.

The quality of tallow is determined by the color, titer (solidification temperature of carboxylic

acids), FFA, saponification numbers, and iodine number. Tallow with good quality is usually used

in the manufacture of bath soap and tallow with low quality is used in the manufacture of washingsoap. Oleic and stearic carboxylic acids are the most contained in the tallow. The total FFA of

tallow is ranging from 0, 75 - 7, 0%. The titer of tallow is generally above 40 C. Tallow with a

titer below 40 C is known as grease.

2. Lard. Lard is pork which still has a lot of oils containing unsaturated carboxylic acids like oleic

(60 ~ 65%) and saturated fatty acids such as stearic (35 ~ 40%). If its used as a substitution for

tallow, partially hydrogenated lard should advance to reduce ketidakjenuhannya erlebih. Soap is

produced from white lard and easy frothing.

3. Palm oil (palm oil). Palm oil is commonly used as a substitution for tallow. Palm oil can be

obtained from oil palm fruit ripening. Palm oil is reddish-orange color due to carotenoid pigment

content, so if you want to use it as a raw material for making soap its color should be neutralized

first. Soap which is made from 100% palm oil will be hard and difficult to form foam. Therefore, if

you want to use it as a raw material for making soap, palm oil must be mixed with other ingredients.

4. Coconut Oil (palm oil). Coconut oil is a vegetable oil that is often used in the manufacture of

soap. Coconut oil, pale yellow flesh and is obtained through extraction of dried fruit (copra).

Coconut oil contains high saturated carboxylic acids, mainly lauric acid; coconut oil is very resistant

to oxidation which causes rancidity. Coconut oil also contains carboxylic acids kaproat, caprylic,

and capric.

5. Palm Kernel Oil (palm kernel oil). Palm kernel oil is obtained from oil palm seeds. Palm kernel

oils contain carboxylic acids that are similar to coconut oil which can be used as a substitute for


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coconut oil. Its unsaturated carboxylic acids are higher and short-chain carboxylic acids are lower

than coconut oil.

6. Palm Stearin Oil (palm oil stearin). Palm oil stearin is a kind of oil produced from the extraction

of carboxylic acids from palm oil with a mixture of acetone and hexane. The largest carboxylic

acids content in oil is stearin.

7. Marine Oil . Marine oil is derived from marine mammals (whales) and sea fishes. Marine oils

unsaturated carboxylic acid is quite high, so it must be partially hydrogenated before being used as a

raw material.

8. Castor Oil (castor oil). It is derived from jatropha seeds and is used to make transparent soap.

9. Olive oil (olive oil). Olive oil comes from olives extraction. High-quality olive oil has a

yellowish color. Soap which is derived from olive oil has a hard texture but its gentle to the skin.

10. Mixture of oils and fats . Manufacture of soap is generally derived from a mixture of different

oils and fats. Coconut oil is often mixed with the tallow because it is the natural complementary of

the tallow. Coconut oil contains high lauric acid, and high myristic, which can make soluble

foaming soap. Stearic and palmitic content and high tallow soap will harden the structure.

Raw Materials: Alkali

Common type of alkali used in the saponification process is NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NH4OH, and

ethanol amines. NaOH, or commonly known as caustic soda in the soap industry, is the most widely

used alkali because its easily soluble in water. Na2CO3 (soda ash / sodium carbonate) is an alkali

which is cheap and can saphonificate carboxylic acids, but cannot menyabunkan triglyceride (oil or

fat). Ethanolamines an alcohol class of compounds amen. This compound can be used to make soap

from fatty acids. Soap generated very soluble in water, easy foaming, and can reduce water hardness.


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Soap made from coconut oil showed ethanolamines and easy foaming properties but is more

commonly used soap as soap and detergent industry, not as household soaps. Mixing different alkali

is often done by the soap industry with the goal to get the soap with certain advantages.

Supporting Materials

Supporting raw materials used to assist the process of perfecting the soap saponification (making

soap and glycerin to be sediment) un til the soap into a product that is ready for market. These

materials are sodium chloride (salt) and additive ingredients.

1. NaCl. NaCl is the key component in the process of making soap. NaCl content in the final product is very small because of too high NaCl content in the soap can harden the soap structure.

NaCl which is commonly used form of salt water (brine) or solid (crystal). NaCl is used to separate

products and glycerin soaps. Glycerine not experience precipitation in the brine because of high

solubility, while the soap will settle. NaCl must be free of iron, calcium, and magnesium in order to

obtain quality soap.

2. Additive Materials Additives are substances added to the soap which aims to enhance the quality

of soap products to attract consumers. Additive materials include: Builders, inert fillers, anti-

oxidants, dyes, and perfumes.

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