Pak studies Notes English

8/18/2019 Pak studies Notes English

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Pak Study NotesPrepared By Muhmmad Abdur Rehman A.K.A

Re Khan (RK).

Q.Discuss the educationa! poitica! rei"ious! socia and iterary ser#ices o$

Ai"arh Mo#ement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan).Ans. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi. After early education he joinedEast India Comany in 18!" as a sub cler# in the Court of law. In 18$% he romoted toChief &ud'e. Durin' the war of indeendence (18"7) he was in *ajnor where he sa+ed*ritish women and children uttin' himself into the ris#. ,win' to this ser+ice Sir Syedwas as#ed to wor# as a -o+ernor but he refused because he wanted to ser+e theuslims.

Back "round% After the war of indeendence the uslims were the tar'et of the re+en'eful acti+ities of the *ritish -o+t. And the /indus 'ot an oortunity to ma#e the *ritish belie+e that the

uslims were a threat to the *ritish rule. As a result national reco'nition of the uslimswas in se+er dan'er. At that crucial time Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first leader tocome forward and triedto rescue the national ride of the uslims0 /e started Ali'arh o+ement.

&b'ecti#es o$ Ai"arh Mo#ement% Ali'arh o+ement was established to fulfill the followin' tar'ets1. 2o build confidence between the 'o+ernment and the uslims.3. 2o ersuade the uslims to ac4uire odern #nowled'e and En'lish lan'ua'e.!. 2o hold bac# the uslim from the olitics. Educational Ser+ices

ducationa Ser#ices o$ Ai"arh Mo#ement%

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted the uslim nation to be educated to #ee ace with the

modern ad+ancement. /e was of the oinion that honour of the nation could be

achie+ed only by education. /e ad+ised the uslims to 'et the most modern western

education. /e established educational institutions for the uslim youth and 'uided them

both theoretically and ractically.

. Schoo in MuradabadSir Syed Ahmed Khan established the educational institution in uradabad 18"5. 2hatwas a 6ersian school.

*. Schoo in +ha,i Pur Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a school in -hai 6ur in18%3.-. Scienti$ic Society%Sir Syed established a uni4ue institution Scientific Society in -haiur in 18%!. 2he/ead4uarters of this society were shifted to Ali'arh in 187%. 2he urose of itsestablishment was to ac4uire the boo#s in other lan'ua'es0 and translate them in rdu.Sir Syed stressed uon the need for education in En'lish lan'ua'e so that the uslim'eneration could learn the 9estern are modern #nowled'e as soon as ossible.


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. stabishment o$ M.A.&. Schoo Ai"arhSir Syed Ahmed Khan set u .A.,. School in Ali'arh in 187": later on (in 1877) it wasu'raded to colle'e. 2his institution became uslim ni+ersity Ali'arh in 153;./. Muhammadan ducationa 0on$erence%Sir Syed established another or'aniation in 188% to ro+ide funds to fulfill the

re4uirements of Ali'arh mo+ement. 2his or'aniation ser+ed the uslim community inall the fields (social0 olitical and reli'ious). 2he main aim was to insire the uslims towor# in the field of education. It was this mo+ement that laid the foundations of All Indiauslim were the thou'hts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan when decidin' the syllabi ofthe institutions. /e ut e+ery effort to ma#e the syllabus a 'ood blend of 9estern0Eastern and Islamic education.

0oncusion%?o doubts s Ahmed Khan u ft the educational s of the uslims 2he ser+ices of the

En'lish teachers li#e Arnold0 orrison and Archibold hired. Some +ersatile ersonalitiesof the sub@continent were aointed as teachers. 2he 2eacher to teach Sansi#rit was a

/indu. any other institutions were also found followin' the Ali'arh o+ement in

+arious cities of the country. 2hus Ali'arh o+ement was the ioneer to brin' a

re+olution in the field of education.

Socia And conomic Ser#ices o$ Ai"arh Mo#ement%Sir Syed too# many stes to re'ain the lost social and economic status of the uslims.2he suressed and ruined community became dynamic.. 1ost +orySir Syed Ahmed 'uided the uslims on e+ery le+el to re'ain their lost 'lory.

*. Risaa2e2Asbabe2Ba"ha3at2e24ind After the war of indeendence 18"70 he wrote isala@e@Asbabe@*a'hawat@e@/ind inwhich he described the actual reasons behind this war.-. 1oya Muhammadans o$ 5ndiaSir Syed wrote this boo# to ma#e the *ritish aware of the ser+ices of the uslims.2hrou'h this boo# he 'ot sensible beh+iour of the *ritish for the uslims of India.. +o#ernment 6obs $or the Musims

As a result of Sir Syed s camai'n0 the uslims of India 'ot remar#able jobs in -o+t.‟sector on a lar'e scale./. &rphana"es/e established orhana'es for uslim children so that they may not become /indu or

Christian. It was really a 'reat ser+ice of him. In this way he tried to construct a brid'ebetween the *ritish and the uslims. /e succeeded in 'ettin' attitude finally chan'ed

and the uslims0 once a'ain0 joined the main stream.

Poitica Ser#ices o$ Ai"arh Mo#ement

Sir Syed ad+ised the uslims to remain away from olitics and he himself too#imortant stes to educate the uslims for their socio@economic restoration so that they


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mi'ht ac4uire the status e4ui+alent to that of /indus. /e was of the +iew that educationis the only weaon to #ee ace with model ad+ancement.. 73o Nation 7heory/e was no doubt in the fa+our of /indu uslim unity in the be'innin' but after rdu@/indi Contro+ersy he came to #now the nature of the /indu nation. 2hen for the first

time in the /istory he used the word =?ation> for the uslim in 18%7. So we can say hewas the founder of two@nation theory in sub@continent. ,n the basis of 2wo ?ation2heory0 Sir Syed as#ed for secial safe'uards for the uslims in different fields. Secialseats for the uslims in the local councils*. Quota in ser#icesStarted a mo+ement a'ainst the oen cometiti+e eBaminations for suerior ser+icesejected the 'o+ernment of the majorities because that could lead to the monooly ofthe /indus-. Ad#ice to a#oid poitics

After the war of 18"70 he ad+ised the uslims to remain away from olitics until they

would become stron' in education.

. 8rdu 4indi 0ontro#ersy

After rdu /indi Contro+ersy in *in eras Sir Syed understood the mentality of the

/indus and he ressuried the *ritish to a+oid relacin' rdu with /indi.

/. Beha#iour to3ards 5ndian Nationa 0on"ressSir Syed forbade the uslims to join the Indian ?ational Con'ress founded by A.,./ume in 188"0 as he could understand the objecti+es of this arty.9.Poitica Re$orms/e restrained the uslims from joinin' con'ress and stru''le for secial seat of theuslims in loc council. /e also started a mo+ement a'ainst the oen cometiti+e eBamsto a+oid the monooly of the /indus.0oncusion 2he ser+ices of Sir Syed were hi'hly alaudable0 therefore0 he is reco'nied as one ofthe founders of 6a#istan. aul+i Abdul /a4ue areciated the role layed by Sir Syedand said0=2he first stone of the foundation of 6a#istan was laid down by this old man.>


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Q.:hat 3ere the causes! e#ents and conse;uence o$ the :ar o$ 5ndependence<

0onse;uences o$ the :ar%

ollowin's were the conse4uences of the war.

1. After the war the number of Euroeans soldiers was increased in Indo 6a#istan. A

ratio of one and two was maintained with the nati+e soldiers.

3. ,ne u'ly effect of the war of Indeendence was that the uslims were subjected to

oression by the En'lish. 2he *ritish thou'ht that the uslims were resonsible for the

war or Indeendence. Accordin'ly the hand of reression fell more hea+ily on the

uslims than on the /indus. any of the leadin' uslims were han'ed.

!. 2he failure of the war 'reatly encoura'ed the Christian missionaries to resume the

roa'ation of their reli'ion.

:rite a comprehensi#e note on 73o Nation 7heory<Ans. 7:& NA75&N 74&R=In the historical ersecti+e of the sub@continent 2wo ?ation 2heory means that desiteli+in' to'ether in the same country0 the /indus and the uslims are two searatenations. 2hou'h the uslims and the /indus both ha+e been li+in' to'ether forcenturies0 yet they could not mer'e with each other.B+5NN5N+ &> 7:& NA75&N 74&R=2he history of two nation theory is as old as the history of man. Accordin' to the holyuran0 the concet of one nation was roduced before Adam. uran says

=9e Said -o down0 all of you from here: but +erily there cometh unto you from e a'uidance: and who so follow y 'uidance0 there shall no fear come uon them neithershall they 'rie+e. *ut they who disbelie+e and deny ,ur re+elations0 such are ri'htfulowners of the fire. 2hey will be therein.>5sam and 73o Nation 7heory%Islam has different character and temerament. 2he concet of 2wo ?ations was 'i+enby Islam 1$ hundred years a'o. Accordin' to Islam there are only two nations in theworld: *elie+ers and ?on belie+ers.?&1875&N &> 7:& NA75&N 74&R= 5N 5ND5A%In the subcontinent 2wo ?ation 2heory is as old as the history of the uslims. 2wonations theory had been formed in India when aja Samri of Kadan'a ?oor acceted

Islam0 because /indus and uslims of India belon'ed to the same race. 2hey wereli+in' in the 'eo'rahically connected areas. 2hey were the citiens of one country.2here was no hu'e difference between their customs. In site of all these commonthin's0 reli'ious fer+or had ro+ided them such a stron' base for nationalism whichalto'ether made the uslims and e+erythin' different from /indus. It is clear from thewords of the uaid@e@Aam=6a#istan was created on the +ery first day when first /indu acceted Islam in India>


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. 4a,rat Mu'adid A$ Sani @ 73o Nation 7heory/arat ujaddad Alf Sani eBlained the 2wo ?ation 2heory in 1%th and 17th century@=If uslims want to li+e li#e a li+e nation then they will ha+e to 'et rid of all thosea'anism. 2hey will ha+e to li+e searately from /indus. If this consciousness ofsearate nationalism is not roduced amon' the uslims then the fear is that they

would be swet away in the flood of one@nationhood.>*. 4a,rat Shah :ai 8ah @ 73o Nation 7heory%Shah 9ali llah was also a 'reat suorter of two nation theory. /e sa+ed the uslimsof the sub@continent at that time when the uslims decline was started after the death of

Auran'eb Allam'ir in 17;7. /e ad+ised the uslim to be united and followed theIslamic rules re'ulations. /e also ad+ised the uslims to 'i+e u /indu and n@Islamic +alues. /e considered that the uslims are the searate nation from /indus.-. Sir Syed Ahmed and 73o Nation 7heory%Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Indian uslim olitical leader who used the word=?ation> for the uslims of the sub@continent in 18%7. Durin' the rdu /indiContro+ersy he came forward with two nation concet and declared that the uslims

were a searate nation0 ha+in' their own culture and ci+iliation. /e tal#ed to r.Sha#eseare0 -o+ernor of *anaras and eBlained the two nation theory as=/indi rdu conflict is the startin' of the sace of searation between /indus anduslims which will 'radually increase and a day will come when both the nations willsearate from each other after di+ision.> Aama 5;ba and 73o Nation 7heory%

Allama I4bal awa#ened the uslims of sub@continent with his oetry to demand asearate homeland. /e led the uslims at e+ery ste and rendered 'reat ser+ices forthe establishment of 6a#istan. Allama I4bal considered Islam as a comlete code of life./e said that he was fully con+inced that the uslims of India would ultimately ha+e asearate homeland0 as they could not li+e with the /indus in united India.

2he e+olution of the 2wo ?ation 2heory 'ot momentum slowly. Allama I4bal clearlystressed the need of a searate state by includin' the ro+ince of ?960 in his addressat Allahabad in 15!;. *ut the *ritish and the /indus did not a'ree to it./ Quaid2e2A,am and 73o Nation 7heory%2he uaid@e@Aam was a bi' suorter of two@nation theory. /e said0=2he foundation of 2wo ?ation 2heory was laid on the day when the first non@uslim ofsub@continent became uslim>.2his two@nation theory was ori'inated with the arri+al of the uslims in the sub@continent. /e said=India is neither a country nor its inhabitants are a nation. 2his is a sub@continent wheremany nations li+e: amon' these the /indu and the uslim are two imortant nations>.9 6ohn Bri"ht and 73o Nation 7heory%,n 3$th &une0 18"8 &ohn *ri'ht 'a+e the concet of a searate state for the uslims of the sub@continent. Syed 6ama 8d Din A$"hani and 73o Nation 7heory%In 1875 aulana &amal@ud@Din Af'hani 'a+e the concet of 2wo ?ations in the sub@continent. Moana Abdu 4aeem Sharar and 73o Nation 7heory%In 185; aulana Abdul /aleem 'a+e the concet of the 2wo ?ation 2heory.


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C :aait Ai Bambook and 73o Nation 7heory%In 151! 9alait Ali *amboo# resented the 2wo ?ation 2heory. Moana Ashra$ Ai 7han#i and 73o Nation 7heory%In 15380 on the basis of searate identity0 aulana Ashraf Ali 2han+i tal#ed aboutsearate state of the uslims.

Murta,a Makesh and 73o Nation 7heory%In 15380 on the basis of searate identity0 urtaa a#esh tal#ed about searate stateof the uslims.* 0haudhry Rehmat Ai and 73o Nation 7heory%Chaudhry ehmat Ali in 15!! su''ested the name of 6a#istan on the base of 2wo

?ation 2heory0 while he was a student of the Cambrid'e ni+ersity of En'land.

5mportance o$ 73o Nation 7heory%2he entire freedom mo+ement re+ol+es around 2wo ?ation 2heory which became the

basis of demand for 6a#istan. It means that the uslim of the sub@continent were a

searate nation with their distinct culture0 ci+iliation0 literature0 history0 reli'ion and

social +alues. Islam0 the reli'ion of the uslims was based on the concet of 2auheedand therefore could not be mer'ed in any other system of reli'ion.

Q9. :hy 3as the Khia$at Mo#ement started< Epain its three ob'ecti#es. Ans. Khilafat mo+ement was a milestone in the stru''le for freedom

Back"round%2he 9orld 9ar I bro#e out in 151$. K0 SA0 rance0 ussia and Italy went into analliance a'ainst -ermany0 Austria and 2ur#ey. 2ur#ey was the centre of Islamic world in

those days0 and the Khalifah of 2ur#ey was owned as Khalifah of the whole Islamicworld. 2he centre of uslim world was in serious dan'er. /ijja@e@u44adas was in2ur#ish domain. In case of defeat of 2ur#ey both sacred cities0 a##ah and adina0could 'o into the ossession of Christian allied forces. Keein' all the arehensions in+iew0 the Indian uslims or'anied a bi' mo+ement called the Khilafat o+ement.

1eaders o$ the Mo#ement% aulana uhammad All &auhar0 aulana Shau#at All0aulana Fafat All Khan0 /a#im Ajmal Khan0 Dr. Ansari0 aulana /asrat ohani0 SyedSalman ?ad+i and aulana Abul Kalam Aad were the nain leaders. -andhi0 oti


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1.2o #ee the institution of Khilafat institution and Khalifah to carry out the business of

'o+ernment usual.

3.estoration of 2ur#ey s 'race as it ossessed before and durin' 9orld 9ar@1 and no‟

chan'e to occur in the boundaries of 2ur#ey.

!.2he sanctity of a##ah and adina should be maintained and non@uslim forcesshould not be allowed to enter in these two sacred cities.

Acti#ities o$ Mo#ement%Khilafat o+ement too# followin' stes to ma#e their demands #nown to the entireworld.Dee"ations%Dele'ations were sent to .K. and other Euroean countries to con+ey the feelin's ofthe uslims to the 'o+ernments.Medica Aid%

Doctors0 nurses arid medicines were disatched to 2ur#ey for the treatment of wounded2ur#ish soldiers. >inancia Aid%

A lar'e amount of money0 'old and sil+er was collected in the 'eneral meetin's to 'i+efinancial aid to 2ur#ey.Processions%


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handed o+er the Sharif /ussain of a##ah and the control of 2ur#ey on the iddle east0?orth Africa and Eastern Euroe was lost. /owe+er0 all the objecti+es of the Khilafato+ement were achie+ed.

0oncusion%

2hou'h Khilafat o+ement was a comlete failure yet it affected the stru''le a lot. 2heuslims came to #now the actual mentality of the /indus and the *ritish. 2hey also

understood the real way of a'itation. 2hat is why Khilafat o+ement is called a

milestone in the Stru''le for Indeendence.

Sima Deputation% A deutation of uslim leaders called on


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ii) uslim jud'es may be aointed more fre4uently.

iii) 2he uslims may be 'i+en due reresentation in the imerial le'islati+e council.

i+) At least one uslim may be aointed in GiceroyHs EBecuti+e council.

+) uslims may be 'i+en due reresentation in -aetted and Sub@ordinated inisterial

Ser+ices.

1ord MintoFs Response 7o 7he Musim 1eaders%

A'ha Khan a'reed with the 6roosals in December 15;% and

the leaders who too# art in the uhammadan Educational Conference at Dacca in

December in 15;% founded All@India uslim


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stabishment o$ Musim 1ea"ue%2o meet the olitical needs of the uslims of India It was decided in the annual meetin'of the uhammdan Education Conference in Dha#a in 15;%0 that a olitical arty of theuslims should be established.

. >ounders o$ the Musims 1ea"ue%?awab Saleern llah Khan0 aulana Fafar All Khan0 /a#eem Ajmal Khan0 ?awab9a4ar ul ul#0 Sir A'ha Khan and aulana uhammad Ali &auhar were the founders of the All India uslim irst Annua Session o$ Musim 1ea"ue%irst Annual Session of uslim


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reformation of olitical institutions ro+ided an oortunity for the uslims to form a

olitical arty to rotect their reresentation.

9. Sima Deputation% A deutation of uslim leaders called on


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3. uslim


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of the Dar@ul@loom aulana uhammad asim left his 'o+ernment ser+ice to join the Dar@ul@loom at a altry salary of uees 2en a month. aulana uhammad asim was a'reat teacher and reli'ious reacher. Due to his dedicated ser+ices for the institution0 theadrassah at Deoband0 with the time0 came to be #nown as asim@al@loom@i@Deoband.

Aart from aulana uhammad asim and aulana uhammad a4ub and other eminentersons li#e Shei#h@ul@/ind aulana ahmud@ul@/assan and aulana Shabbir Ahmedsmani also imarted reli'ious education at the Dar@ul@loom. aulana Shabbir Ahmadsmani did not ta#e any remuneration for his ser+ices while autana abmud@ul@/asanwor#ed on a monthly ay of s. "; only.aulana uhammad asim ?anaut+i wor#ed day and ni'ht to sread the 2ehri#@i@Deoband

in e+ery corner of the country. /e established a number of other institutions of reli'ious

education. 2he number of students in Deoband 'rew with amain' 4uic#ness mainly due to

aulana asims efforts. Iii 15!10 5;; students were on the rolls of the Dar@ul@liloom who

came from 6 *en'al0 ?9..6 and *u#hara.

Poitica 7rends o$ DeobandDeoband was influenced by the All India ?ational Con'ress in its olitical trend. /owe+er0

there was one clear 'rou under aulana Ashraf All 2han+i and aulana Shabbir Ahmad

smani who differed with Con'ress in olitical aroach. 2he adni 'rou formed their

olitical or'aniation as &amiat@ul@lema@i@/ind and suorted the olitical hilosohy of the

Con'ress. 2he 2han+i 'rou set u &amiat@uI@lema@i@Islam and suorted 6a#istan

mo+ement and eBtended +aluable assistance to the uaid@i@Aam. 2he adni 'rou which

included aulana /usain Ahmad adni and ufti Kifiyat llah was influenced by aulana

Abu@ul@Kalam Aad. 2his 'rou wor#ed in collaboration with Con'ress and was oosed to

the artition of India.

ducationa Aspect o$ the Deoband

2he Dar@uI@loom@i@Deoband is re'arded as a resti'ious seat of Islamic learnin's. Itimarts education in different discilines which include education on uran0 /adith0 Arabic0Islamic &urisrudence0 6hilosohy and Iclamic /istory. 2he lema of the Deohand areconsidered as the hi'hly resected ersonalities in the reli'ious sheres and their atwascarry 'reat authenticity and imortance in the whole of [email protected] uhammad asim remained the head of the Dar@ul@loorn till 188;. /e died on

1"th Aril 188; at a youn' a'e of $5 years. aulana ashid Ahrnad -an'ohi became the

head of the institution after the death of aulana asim. aulana ashid Ahmad was a

'reat theolo'ian0 a Sufi and a uhadis. /e was in fa+our of uslims articiation in the

Con'ress olitics. aulana a Ahmad died in 15;". Alter his death Shei#h@ul@lind aulana

ahmud@ul@/asan wo# o+er the char'e of Deoband who comleted his studies in 187!. /e

joined Dar@ul@loom as a teacher after the comletion of his education. /e has written a

number of boo#s and has translated the /oly uran.

Q. :rite the note on the Partition o$ the Ben"a. Ans.


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ro+ince was too bi' to be administrated effecti+ely. 2he ro+incial -o+ernors had alreadycomlained about the administrati+e difficulties faced by them in the lar'e ro+ince. 2heyhad recommended the artition of the ro+ince in +iew of its sie and bi' oulation.

Reasons o$ Partition o$ the Ben"a2here were a lot of reasons behind the artition of the *en'al in 15;". Some of them are as

under@. 1ar"e Popuation o$ Ben"a% Accordin' to the census of 15;1 the oulation consisted of se+en crore ei'hty lacsindi+iduals. Accordin' to the area and oulation ratios its di+ision into two arts wasuna+oidable.*. 1ar"e Area o$ Ben"a%

Accordin' to the census of 15;1 the area of *en'al ro+ince was one lac ei'hty ninethousand s4uare miles that s why artition of *en'al was necessary.‟-. Destruction o$ 0hitta"on" Sea Port%Due to the a+ailability of a sea ort in 9est *en'al in Calcutta no thou'ht was 'i+en toimro+e and de+elo the seaort in East *en'al at Chitta'on'. 2he di+ision of *en'al wasnecessary to sa+e it from destruction.

. Probem o$ 1an"ua"e%2he area of Arisa where lan'ua'e0 Aryaya Arya was so#en di+ided into three ro+inces*en'al0 Assam and .6. 2he eole and 'o+ernment had to face a lot of roblems due tothis. 2he concerned ro+incial 'o+ernments had to do official formalities in ro+incial as wellas Arya


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forty one thousand fi+e hundred and ei'hty s4uare miles and its oulation was fi+e crore0

forty lacs. uslim oulation was only ninety thousand. 2he centre of the ro+ince

remained Calcutta. 2he trade seaort remained Calcutta.

M8S15M R2A075&N 7& 74 PAR7575&N

2he new ro+ince of Eastern *en'al brou'ht haier rosects of olitical and economiclife for the uslims. 2he uslims o+erni'ht turned into majority by the creation of the new

ro+ince. 2he uslims were 18 million out of the total oulation of !1 million in the new

ro+ince. 2he artition of *en'al .ro+ided chances of 'reat ro'ress to the uslims who

formed the majority 'rou in the new set u. In the combined ro+ince of *en'al the

uslims were a suressed and dominated class of society. 2he /indus had monoolied

trade and -o+ernment ser+ices which a''ra+ated the economic condition of the uslims.

2he artition of *en'al ro+ided them with a chance to rehabilitate their social osition.

2hey hoed that their social status would 'et a tremendous boost in the new ro+ince. 2he

uslims0 therefore0 eBressed their utmost hainess o+er the artition of *en'al. 2hey

offered their 'ratification in a loyal way to -o+ernment for ta#in' a ste for their social0economic and olitical ulift.

45ND8 R2A075&N 7&:ARD PAR7575&N2he /indus reacted toward the artition of *en'al in a hostile and +iolent method.2he/indus could ne+er suort a mo+e which was to brin' roserity and hainess to theuslims. 2he reasons for /indu oosition to the artition were as follows1. 2he /indus belie+ed that they would com under the domination of the uslim majority inthe new ro+ince and their suerior osition would be down'raded to the inferior status.3. As the ro+incial /i'h Court and other judicial bodies were to be shifted to Dacca0 he/indu lawyers feared that their le'al ractice would be affected.!. Since Dacca was to become the centre of journalistic and other academic I acti+ities0 the

/indu 6ress and media belie+ed that from now onward the uslim oint of +iew would be

rojected in the newsaers and ma'aines. 2hey also feared that their income would

seriously be lessened.

$. 2he /indu landlords0 caitalists and traders did not li#e the artition as it was to ut anend to their eBloitation of the oor uslims.

2he /indu a'itation soon turned into a +iolent reaction. 2he eole disobeyed 'o+ernmentorders by refusin' to ay taBes and rentals. Communal clashes eruted at a. number oflaces which a''ra+ated the law and order situation in the country. *ombs were thrown andattac#s were made on the li+es of the *ritish eole. Swadeshi mo+ement was or'anied

by which the forei'n 'oods were boycotted. 2he train carryin' the -o+ernor of the Eastern*en'al was derailed and an attemt was made on Giceroy s life which failed.‟

0anceation o$ Partition o$ Ben"a2he +i'orous /indu a'itation roc#ed the -o+ernment which could not withstand the eBtreme

ressure of the mo+ement. .2he /indus threatened the -o+ernment to boycott the

forthcomin' tour of India of the Kin' -eor'e. 2he threat ro+ed successful and the *ritish


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-o+ernment succumbed to the /indus a'itation. 2he artition of *en'al was ultimately

annulled on 13th December0 1511 at a oyal meetin' #nown as Delhi Darbar where the

Kin' -eor'e announced the decision of annulment to the eBtreme dismay of the uslims of

*en'al.

A$$ects o$ 0anceation o$ Partition o$ Ben"a. Start o$ Etremism in Poitics2he Di+ision of *en'al was called as cuttin' aart ieces of motherland and a dan'er to theunity and the stes they too# to reunite it were eBtremists. 2he eBtremism started afterdi+ision of *en'al remained till the di+ision of India which was a bi' roblem for *ritish.*. 8n#eiin" o$ 0on"ress 7rue >ace2he Con'ress suorted the /indus of *en'al in annulment of di+ision of *en'al. 2hismade it 4uite clear that Con'ress was not an or'aniation for all Indians but only and onlyreresentati+e arty of /indus.-. Promotion o$ MusimFs Poitica A3akenin"2he /indus oosition on the decision of Di+ision of *en'al romoted olitical awa#enin' inuslim. ,n 1st ?o+. 15;%0 !" member s dele'ations of uslims headed by Sir A'ha Khan‟met Giceroy


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If they ha+e any olitical caability and cometence then they should form a unanimousconstitution and resent it to us and we will imlement it.2o answer the challen'e of indin" o$ More Seats than the Popuation%2he ri'ht of rotection of seats accordin' to oulation roortion should be ended.6rotection of seats means accetin' sectarianism which is as bad as searate electorate.9ith that justification the su''estion was made that the demand for reresentation

accordin' to the roortion of oulation of 6unjab and *en'al was rejected. 2he uslimsmajority in these ro+inces can easily rotect its interests.-. ndin" o$ More Musim Seats than Popuation%2he uslims should be 'i+en reresentation accordin' to their oulation roortion inuslim minority ro+inces and the method of 'i+in' more seats than oulation should bestoed.. Re$usa to "i#e one third Representation to Musims in the 0entre%2he uslims should not be 'i+en one third reresentation in the Central Assembly0 ratheraccordin' to the roortion of their oulation 3" seats should be reser+ed fort them./. Separation o$ Sindh Pro#ince $rom Bombay%2he di+ision of ro+inces should be carried out once a'ain one two basis0 firstly thelan'ua'e should be common secondly the eole of that area must ha+e a desire to 'etsearated. As the ro+ince of Sind co+ers both these terms therefore it should be searatedfrom *ombay.9. Su""estion $or Re$orms in N.:.>.P and A#oidance $rom Baochistan%Constitutional reforms should be imlemented in ?.9..6 *alochistan was not mentioned inthis su''estion. 2he justification was 'i+en that it was not mentioned by mista#e.. Demand o$ Stron" 0entra +o#ernment%

A central tye of 'o+ernment must be imlemented in India under which the centre shouldha+e more ower than the ro+inces besides not discussed authorities should be 'i+en tothe centre so that it can become stron'.. Demand o$ &rderin" the 0oonia Rue%

Instead of 'i+in' comlete freedom India should be made a colony in which Defense andorei'n Affairs should remain with the *ritish.

Reaction o$ Musim 1ea"ue%2he anti uslim su''estion of ?ehru eort shattered the


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. 0omments o$ Mauana Shaukat Ai Khan%aulana Shau#at Ali Khan saidrom my childhood I am fond of #eein' huntin' do's and I ha+e ne+er been them treat arabbit li#e the /indus ha+e treated the uslims in ?ehru eort.*. 0omment o$ Sir A"ha Khan%Sir A'ha Khan said

Any sensible erson cannot thin# that uslims will accet these insultin' conditions.-. ?ie3 o$ Quaid2e2A,am%2he uaid@e@Aam on 33nd December 15380 at the failure of Calcutta con+ention and due tothe /indus Stubbornness commented on the ?ehru eort.rom now the aths of /indus uslims are searate.In short all uslim leaders eBressed

'reat disli#e to the ?ehru eort but it did not ha+e any effect on /indus. As a result it was

acceted in All 6arties Conference because of majority of Hindu Parties.

0omments%2he Su''estions of ?ehru eort was based on uslim enmity and were a'ainst the

constitutional interests and ri'hts of uslims. nder these su''estions the /indus had

alto'ether for'otten about the terms of

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