P2 presentation-Nazanin

Towards Regional Synergy Potentials for polycentric development in Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR)

Nazanin Babaee Hemmati Student Number: 4119959

[email protected]

Complex Cities Studio MSC 3 Urbanism

23 Jan 2012

DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Architecture

Track of Urbanism

• Introduction

• Theoretical Framework

• Historical Review of Planning in TMR

• Analysis the Urban Structure of TMR

• Next Step…

[Outline of the presentation]

Introduction Theoretical Framework Analysis the Urban Structure of TMR Historical Review of Planning in TMR Next Step…

Introduction


Iran

TMR

City of Tehran

[Introducing the Context]

Tehran is the most populated city in Iran and the center of cultural, economical, political and social activities. Area: 730 km-sq, Population: 9.10.347 One of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world’s 19th largest city.

Source: Maps by author


Iran

TMR

City of Tehran

[Introducing the Context]

With roughly 13.4 million people, TMR is Western Asia’s largest Metropolitan. Hosting one seventh of Iran’s population, the region extends over a surface of 1247 square kilo-meters (491.9 square miles).

Tehran is the most populated city in Iran and the center of cultural, economical, political and social activities. Area: 730 km-sq, Population: 9.10.347 One of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world’s 19th largest city.

Source: Maps by author


[Problem Statement]

Urban Sprawl!

Source: Zebardast, 2010


[Problem Statement]

Congestion! Air Pollution!

Unfair life condition! Monotonous Landscape!


STRATEGY:

The proposed spatial development pattern is polycentric.

[Government’s Plan]

Source: Zebardast, 2010


[Government’s Plan]

Is it possible to define TMR as a polycenric urban region?

STRATEGY:

The proposed spatial development pattern is polycentric.


[Aim & Research Question?]

Comprehensive understanding of the urban condition of the TMR

Evaluating the possibility of the polycentric development




Searching for appropriate and innovative planning strategies


Promoting polycentric development


To what extent can the TMR be considered as a PUR?



Searching for appropriate and innovative planning strategies


Promoting polycentric development


• Project Definition

• Concept-Related Research

• Context-Related Research

• Planning

• Evaluation

[Research Strategy]

Source: Diagram by author


Theoretical Framework

[Concept-Related Research] understanding of the key-term of the research: polycentrism. 1. What is the definition of the PUR based on the existing literature? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing PUR? 3. What are the fundamental elements for measuring polycentrism in a region?



[Defining the PUR]

Source: Parente, Looking for urban synergy, 2010


Polycentricity at Regional Scale “PUR is a region with two or more historically and politically distinct cities with no hierarchical ranking (although, inevitably, one of these cities has the largest number of inhabitants), in a reasonable proximity and with functional interconnection. ” (Davoudi, 2003)

[Defining the PUR]



Polycentricity at Regional Scale “PUR is a region with two or more historically and politically distinct cities with no hierarchical ranking (although, inevitably, one of these cities has the largest number of inhabitants), in a reasonable proximity and with functional interconnection. ” (Davoudi, 2003)

The degree of interaction and inter-dependence between the centres (Champion, 2001):


[Defining the PUR]



[Advantages of PURs]

Baily and Turok (2001, p.698) declare, “The PUR concept is alleged to promote regional economic competitiveness while

safeguarding environmental objectives. It promotes the advantages of stronger interaction between neighboring cities to

develop specialised and complementary assets, while avoiding large-scale urban sprawl and destructive territorial

competition”.

I. Promotes regional economic competitiveness

II. Promotes stronger interaction between neighboring cities to develop specialised and complementary assets

III. Avoids large-scale urban sprawl and destructive territorial competition


Key Factors for Developing a PUR

I. Morphology

II. Functional Relationship

III. Regional Identity

IV. Governance


[Measuring the PURs]


1. MORPHOLOGY: The morphological dimension basically addresses the size and territorial distribution of the urban centres across the territory and equates more balanced distributions with polycentricity (morphological polycentricity).




2. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP: Takes the functional connections between the settlements into account and considers a balanced, multidirectional set of relations to be more polycentric (functional polycentricity).





3. REGIONAL IDENTITY: Identity is another characteristic that strengthen the relations within polycentric structures. In this regards, it is important that PUR could be considered as a single urban region in terms of its identity.





3. REGIONAL IDENTITY: Identity is another characteristic that strengthen the relations within polycentric structures. In this regards, it is important that PUR could be considered as a single urban region in terms of its identity.

4. GOVERNANCE: The governance of polycentric structures is one of the most complex issues, since it deals with multi-level of actors in different levels and competences. One argument for planning at the scale of a PUR is that the governance arrangements provide the region with greater organisational capacity. PUR promotes co-operating of local authorities through voluntary arrangements.



Historical review of planning in

TMR

[Context-Related Research]

• Normantive

• Analytical


Normantive Dimension It provides a metaphor for desirable spatial structures, and polycentric concept is used as a guiding principle to achieve a policy goal. 4. How the government encouraged or discouraged the polycentrism in the TMR, through urban plan and policies?


Tehran became capital of Iran

in 1758

King of Iran visited Europe in the second

half of 19th century.

Beginning of modernization

of Persia.

The previous walls

demolished

Tehran 1857

A walled city with 6 gates

Population: 100,000

Tehran 1890


Population: 150,000

Source: Map by Mashayekhi


[First Phase (before 1940): Planning through infrastructure design and development]


Reza shah rose to power in 1925.

large roads construction projects

The Trans-Iranian railway were built

number of highways increased from 2,000

to 14,000

Demolishing the walls and allow the city expand beyond its

limit

Tehran 1890


Population: 150,000

Tehran 1937

Un walled city

Population: 250,000



[First Phase (before 1940): Planning through infrastructure design and development]


Before 1940 there was no much difference between Tehran province and other provinces in the country.

From second half of 1940s : government investment and consequently private sectors

Tehran the growth and development of Tehran reached unprecedented rate.

Tehran overtook the other regions of the country and become undisputed economy hub.

Explosion of Tehran in 1960 brought a massive fear about the future of the capital

In early 1960s, two major plans in national and local level were adopted and carried out.

Local level: Preparation of First Master Plan of Tehran and Land reform

Tehran 1953

Undisputed economy hub

Population: 1,560,934

Tehran First Master Plan

1968



[Second phase (1940 till 1980): Planning through land-use regulation]


development of the main roads in TMR and establishment of factories and companies along these roads

small cities and villages near Tehran grew and new population centers appeared.

mid-70 spatial strategy plan for Tehran region. Introduction of Newtown strategy with the intention of decentralization of Tehran.

TMR 1956


Cities: 4

TMR 1966


Cities: 6

Source: Map by author


[Second phase (1940 till 1980): Planning through land-use regulation]


Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979

The revolution followed by long war in 1980

Immigration and massive flood of refugees

governments set new regulations

MHUD gave the permission to Tehran municipality to

enlarge the municipal limits to the 25-years boundaries

encouraged immigrants to move back to the rural areas and smaller cities

Prevention of unconditional settlement of immigrants in

Tehran.

TMR 1976

Decentralization

Cities: 15

TMR 1986

Decentralization

Cities: 22



[Third phase (After1980): Planning through policy development]


Reconstruction after war and Tehran’s

Second master plan TMR 1996

Decentralization

Cities: 28

TMR Second Master Plan

1993

Source: Map by Mehryar




Tehran Regional plan

TMR 2006

Decentralization

Cities: 38

Tehran Regional Plan

2003





Analysis the Urban structure of

TMR

Analytical Dimension

The analytical dimension uses the concept of polycentricity to explain or analysis an existing or emerging polycentric system.

This part of the research investigate the urban condition of the TMR in four aspects:

• Morphology,

• Functional relationship,

• Regional identity,

• Governance.

5. How the population and activities distributed over the TMR territory? 6. What is the level of functional interaction and interdependence between various centres in the TMR? 7. Could the TMR be considered as a single urban region in terms of identity? 8. How the existing governance of the TMR can promote the PUR?


[Morphological Analysis of TMR]

Density


68%

10%

12%

10%

TMR population distribution

Tehran

Karaj

TMR fringe

TMR other cities



Population Trends





Concentration of Urban Activities

I. Finance and Business

II. Power and Influence

III. Research and Educational

IV. Tourism

V. Leisure



Cluster of service activities




Mobility Nodes



Structure of the Urban Governance in TMR

[Structure of Urban Governance in TMR]


Structure of the Urban Governance in TMR

Study the Tehran Metropolitan region’s administration system in three aspects:

I. Territorial studies

II. Institutional and functional studies

III. Study of Tools and supportive sources




Political devision units in Iran:



Political devision units in Iran:

Managment Zones in TMR:



Influential Institutions and Actors in Tehran Metropolitan Region Governance



Influential Institutions and Actors in Tehran Metropolitan Region Governance


Source: Table by author


Supportive Tools and Resources for TMR Governance


90%

3% 4% 2% 1% The ratio for collected revenues

Taxes and Duties

Sales of properties and assets

Revenues from services and goods sales

Revenues fines and compensations

Government aids

Msc. Revenues

Ownership revenues


90%

3% 4% 2% 1% The ratio for collected revenues

Taxes and Duties

Sales of properties and assets

Revenues from services and goods sales

Revenues fines and compensations

Government aids

Msc. Revenues

Ownership revenues

Supportive Tools and Resources for TMR Governance


88%

6%

1%

5%

The share of municipalities located in Tehran metropolitan region from the

total collected revenues in 2002

Tehran

Karaj

Eslamshahr

Other cities


[Conclusion]

The current management of the urban areas is organized in a rigid structure, considering the official borders rather than the regional phenomenon! In this situation there is no regional administrative system to manage the metropolitan plan as well as coordinate it with the other level of governance.


Next step…

[Planning] • The evaluation of the government’s

plan based on the results of the research.

• searching of potentials for polycentric development.

• proposing some planning strategies and recommendation in order to generate a link between government’s goal and reality.

9. Are the trends in TMR in the same direction with the vision of the government (Polycentric development)? 10. What are the potentials for creating synergy in TMR based on the analysis of the current reality? 11. What are the planning proposals or policy recommendations for the TMR to promote a polycentric reality?



[Expected End Result]

Source: Diagram by author, Based on Balz, Spatial representations and politics, 2011

Network +

Governance

[Evaluation]

• Regional Design

• Evaluation



[Phasing and Time Planning]


Thank you Questions and Recommendations?

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