SocioSocio--spatial transformationspatial transformation Lei Lei QuQu, RP&S, , RP&S, UrbansimUrbansim

北京 Beijing

Spatial Transformation

Energy

CompactnessLand use

MobilityTransportation

Land

Human Society

Natural Environment

EconomicTransformation

Social Transformation

Social spaceNatural space

Social production of urban space is fundamental to the reproduction of societyHenri Lefebvre, The Production of Space

Driving forces

condition

Consumption

condition

Questions

• Driving forces behind socio-spatial transformation?• New spatial strategies?

• Globalization:

• 1 Economic transformation:• 1.a Decomposition and re-composition of world economy: New accumulation

geography / Global institutions/ Core, semi-periphery, periphery• 1.b Deconstruction and reconstruction of production/distribution system:

Distribution chain / Global dispersion of network firms/ Intensification of production,trade and flows

• 1.c Decentralization and centralization of financial capital: Capital flow / Privatization /Tertiarization / Labor flexibility/ Outsourcing/ JIT/ Maquilas

• 2 Socio-cultural transformation:• 2.a Social transformation: Demographic changes / National and int. migration /

Social differentiation / Social inequality /Absolute and relative poverty• 2.b Cultural transformation: Cosmopolitan changes of cultural entities /

Cultural phenomenon / Multi ethnical diversity/ Creative city / Cultural production

• 3 Spatial and environmental transformation:• 3.a Spatial transformation: Large agglomeration/ Conurbation/ Metropolisation

/ Sprawl / Network city• 3.b Environmental transformation: Environmental depletion / Non- renewed energy

resources/ Environmental downgrading/ Urban-rural relations

Flow of capital

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China 1983-2002

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Year

FDI (

hund

red

mill

ion

U

Contracted FDI

Utilized FDI

Employment Structure in China(%)

Industrial structure changes in Beijing: 1997 VS 2001

Flow of people: Internal ImmigrantsRural Immigrants

Knowledge Immigrants

Socio-Spatial Transformation Processes in Chinese Mega Cities: MetropolizationInwards: Intensification, Densification, Gentrification

Outwards: Deconcentration, Suburbanization, Urban expansion

Changes of urban-rural relationship

Formation of functional networks

Data:Metropolitan Area: 16807.8 km²Population:16.95 million (2008)

urban population: 77.54%Density: 805 inh/km²Average Household Size: 3.21GDP: US$ 34.07 billion Per capita GDP: US$ 3060Source: Beijing Annual Statistics 2001

City ProfileHistorical city:> 3000 years’ city history< 800 years’ capital citySocio-economic transformation:from planned to market economyinternationalization fast economic development

Beijing

Water shortage

Limited land resource

mountain area (62%)

agriculture + urban (38%)

Water: 1/8 national average level

1/30 world average level

-Overcrowded central urban area(traffic, function)

-Fast urban expansion

-Duality: The gap between the rich and poor/ urban and rural areas

Problems

-Overcrowded central urban area

Industrialization (1950S)Debate on location of the “center”

Beijing in the period 1949 ~ 1978socialist planned economy, Housing shortage, strict (low) housing standard, Urban reconstruction

Decay Of

The

Inner

City

Housing renewal project (Dongnanyuan, 1980s)

Economically affordable Housing Projects (1990s)

Densification (1990s)

1

2

Socio-spatial transformations led by housing renewal projects in Beijing inner city (1990s)

1 2

3

city of 90s

city of 80s

city of 50s-70s

Mobility

Road System

-Fast urban expansion

Housing construction/ housing consumption/ household size

Expenses for relocation and resettlement kept increasing

Tax and fees kept increasing

Limited land in central urban area

Urban expansion

UrbanRural

UrbanRural

Environment Economy Society

Periphery Periphery

a) Beijing: urban expansion under mono-centric urban structure

Tranffic flows Network

the models of urban-rural relationship

Conurbation due to Urban expansion

1975 2002

-The gap between urban and rural areas

Economic development in suburban area

Income and consumption gap between Beijing urban and rural area

Source: Beijing Statistic Bureau, 2005

Net Income (Per Capita) Increased Consumption (Per Capita) Increased

Urban 15637.8 Yuan 12.6% 12200.4 Yuan 9.7%

Rural 7172 Yuan 10.4% 4886 Yuan 5%

Gap between urban and rural area

New Spatial Concepts

• Regional Level: Regional Networks, comparative advantages

• Urban Level: new centralities, land use changes

• Instruments: Large urban projects, Land management, PPP

Regional development/

Regional cooperation

Jing-Jin-Ji Region/

Bohai Bay Region

Core area:

Beijing-Tianjin Corridor

From mono-centric to polycentric spatial structure

Beijing Master Plan

1993

New strategies of economic development for Beijing suburban areas

1) High and New Technologies will be actively promoted through structural adjustment of the second industry sector: electronic communication, new materials, ecological engineering, new medication and so on.

2) The third industry sector of suburban area will be developed, with emphasis on fostering new types of services: cultural heritages and natural sights, landscape, production process and village culture, tourism integrated with restaurants, hotels, recreation and shopping as a industrial system.

3) Urbanization of countryside independent from the central urban area will be considered as an alternative way of urban growth. Satellite towns are the future economic centralities to be promoted, to partake urban functions like science and technology, education, culture, logistics and so on.

Changing relationship between city and periphery

AccessibilityRailroad System Planning

39

Large Urban Projects

CBD

Transformation of Land Use

42

Beijing Olympic 2008 International Sports Event & Urban Development

Distribution of Stadiums and Gymnasiums of Olympic

Image upgrading

Image upgrading

Image upgrading

Urban Renewal Shichahai

Urban Renewal Nanchizi

Urban Renewal Nanchizi

Strengths/Opportunities Booming economy, working opportunities, image upgrading,

infrastructure improvement, urban growth…

Weaknesses/Threats Social polorization, Gentrification, socio-spatial segregation, spatial fragmentation, urban expansion, energy consumption…

Economic

Ecological Social

Economic

Ecological Social

social, economic and environmental Sustainability

Spatial Transformation

Energy

CompactnessLand use

MobilityTransportation

Land

Human Society

Natural Environment

EconomicTransformation

Social Transformation

Social spaceNatural space

Social production of urban space is fundamental to the reproduction of society

Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space

Driving forces

condition

Consumption

condition