20/04/2010

Vermelding onderdeel organisatie

1

Chinese Geopolitical History and Urban Context (Eastern China)Urban development strategies in an era of global-local interaction

presenter: Dr. Yawei Chen RE&H, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology

Urbanism, the Sichuan Summer School

Real estate and Housing, Faculty of Architecture

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Content

I: ChinaI: China’’s development path and urban s development path and urban transformationtransformation;;

II: Urban development and the II: Urban development and the development of urban mega project: development of urban mega project: PudongPudong as an example;as an example;

III: Conclusion.III: Conclusion.

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China’d Development Path

• Catalyst factor of globalisation;• Neoliberalisation of Chinese politics with Chinese

characteristics;• Space accommodate urban revolution: from state-led

industrialisation to urban-based accumulation.

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TokyoTokyoSeoulSeoul

ShanghaiShanghai

Hong KongHong Kong

SingaporeSingapore

TaipeiTaipei

China’s Development Path

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Implication for Chinese Urban Development Process

• Economic development as central theme;• Public sector as initiator;• Network strategy and coalition with the market;• Selective intervention.

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China’s Development Path

Pearl Delta Pearl Delta River RegionRiver Region

Yangtze River Yangtze River Delta RegionDelta Region

BeijingBeijing--BohaiBohaiBay RegionBay Region

ChengduChengdu--Chongqing regionChongqing region

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Consequence of China’s Development Path

• Dynamic, energetic, with diversified economic, social, and cultural activities;

• Great social, economic, and spatial differentiation and inequalities;

• Loosened registration system and unprecedented massive rural-urban migration;

• Impact of foreign and domestic investment on urban economic production and consumption;

• New pattern of housing development and urban community formation.

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II. Shanghai Pudong Development Pudong before 1990

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Pudong 1990: 35000 haPudong 1990: 35000 ha

Pudong 1900Pudong 1900

Shanghai Pudong DevelopmentShanghai Pudong Development

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ShanghaiShanghai PudongPudong DevelopmentDevelopment 20092009

What development strategies are What development strategies are adopted in Shanghai Pudong New Area adopted in Shanghai Pudong New Area

to transform a largeto transform a large--scale harbour scale harbour industrial area into the economic industrial area into the economic

powerhouse of Shanghai so rapidly?powerhouse of Shanghai so rapidly?

Pudong 2009: 121041 haPudong 2009: 121041 ha

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SWOT Analysis

• Strength: market potential; high-rate economic growth; national economic engine; well-educated population;

• Weakness: lack of investment; lack of advanced knowledge and know-how; urban decay and spatial deterioration; lack of accessibility and mobility;

• Potential: political and social support; Chinese global business network; accessibility to global finance, information and know-how;

• Threat: institutional barriers; interest conflicts.

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Vision

• Change in initiatives: • Reducing the density of overcrowded Puxi; • Readjusting urban structure; • “Dragon head” of Yangtze Delta and Yangtze River Valley;

• Goal:• Pudong: “reshape Shanghai as economic centre and

international metropolitan” ; “Build an international- standard, multi-functional new district with open and modern image”. (Master Plan of Pudong 1992).

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Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone (28 km2)

Zhangjiang High-tech Park (10 km2)

Jinqiao Export Processing Zone (24 km2)

Waigaoqiao Free- trade Zone(10 km2)

Developmental Goal

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Actor Synergy

• Pudong as a Special Economic Zone:• Focus on service sector and high tech;• Preferential policies to attract FDI;• SEZ prestige status: more autonomy at local level;• Priority zones with priority functions.

• Local state as an initiator, promoter, mediator and later an enabler;

• Central state as facilitator and coordinator: force collaboration between different levels of governments for national interest;

• Chinese global business network, global investors and FDI;• Multinational organisations, foreign governments;• Global architect firms and international design competition.

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Organisational & Administrative Efficiency

• Development companies: • Main players; business oriented; • Subsidiaries handle different phases of land and infrastructure

development: increase efficiency;• Institutional adaptation:

• Revision of approval procedures: one stop system;• Legal adaptation: establish market-facilitating laws, regulation

and policies;• Formal/informal communication channels;

• Human resources: mobilize talented and expertise globally;• Gradual approach but result-oriented: test what work.

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Active Land Policy

• Land as income generator:• Land owned by the state;• Land use right commercialized;

• Development companies as organisational agency: e.g. : Shanghai Lujiazui FTZ Development (Group) Company Ltd (SLDC);

• Land development:• Joint venture with private sector;• Bank loan with land as deposit;• Sell land use right to smaller developers; • Listing in securities;• Land banking.

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Accessibility Upgrading

• Increase investment in infrastructure sector;• Development strategy:

• Improve Pudong-Puxi connection;• Improve fast transportation networks within and

beyond metropolitan region;• Improve linkage to the outside world;

• Organisation structure.

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Transportation system

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Sources of investment in fixed asset in Pudong (1990-2004)

0100200

300

400500600

700

800900

1000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Other sources

Fund-raising

Foreign investment

Domestic loans

State budgetary fund

Multi-channel Financial Mechanism

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PPP/ Complex Global-local Connection

•Decision-making;•Land;•Infrastructure;•Real estate;•Finance.

LGRegion

China

CG

Global

Shanghai

Local

Ministries

District

International developer: Capitaland, Kerry; Chiatai Group; Morri Building; etc.

MNC: Hutchison Whampoa; Philips, GE, JVC; Volvo; GM; Toyota; ABN-AMRO; etc.

Foreign governments: France, Japan, Germany, etc.

Chinese global business network :

Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, etc.

Multinational organizations:

ADB, World Bank, UNDP, etc.

Pudong

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State Level Developme nt Zones

Date open

Plann ed area (sq. km)

Devel- oped area (sq. km)

Invested in fixed assets (million yuan)

No of proje cts

Contract investment(US$ millions)

Foreign Non - Shanghai

Shanghai

Lujiazui 1990 28 14.50 1718.51 106 30.10 21.81 52.51

Jinqiao1990 20 23.72 623.27 620 114.13 7.52 6.87

Waigaoqia o 1990 10 8.50 263.74 8064 85.75

Zhangjian g 1992 25 17.00 587.26 938 78.76 8.50 13.98

Total 83 63.72 3192.78 9728 435.73 37.83 73.36

Key Development Zones in Pudong (1990-2004)

From Development to Urban Quality

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From Development to Urban Quality Emerging Strategy

0,00

2 000,00

4 000,00

6 000,00

8 000,00

10 000,00

12 000,00

14 000,0010 0 mi l l i on Yua n

1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

Year

GDP growth in Shanghai and sector division (1978-2008)

Tertiary industry

Secondary industry

Primary industry

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World Expo 2010, Shanghai

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Pudong’s Urban Strategy

• Urban strategies:• Developmental goal; • Actor synergy;• Organizational and administrative efficiency;• Active land policy;• Multi-channel financial mechanism; • Local-global articulation: information and financial flow • Selective strategy;• Strategies in transition: bold and creative!

• Local-global articulation:• information flow;• financial flow.

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China amazes you!Enjoy your trip…