P RONOUNS AnaphoraPersonal ReflexiveReciprocal Grammar Presentation By: Renae Betten and Ziduan Liu...
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Transcript of P RONOUNS AnaphoraPersonal ReflexiveReciprocal Grammar Presentation By: Renae Betten and Ziduan Liu...
PRONOUNS
Anaphora Personal
Reflexive Reciprocal
Grammar Presentation By: Renae Betten and Ziduan LiuEESL 542D: Second Language Acquisition ResearchCSUSB Winter 2012
PRONOUN
Definition and function:
Grammatical forms that substitute or replace a Noun or Noun Phrase or an entire clause.
Used to avoid repetitive use of the same noun in a sentence or paragraph.
PRONOUNS1st person
Refers to the point of view of the speaker or writer.
2nd personRefers to the person or object the 1st person is speaking with or writing to.
3rd personRefers to the person, people or object the 1st person and 2nd person are talking about. Anyone outside of a dialogue.
Pronoun Rhyme
PRONOUNS
SingularRefers to one person/object:
I, me, my, you, he, she, it
PluralRefers to more than one person:
they, them, you, we, us
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st person
I We Me Us
2nd person
You You You You
3rd person
He/She/It They Him/Her/It them
PRONOUNS2nd person
YouInformal/personal = ‘You’“You can say there is something beneficial about taking
vitamins.”
Formal/less personal = ‘One’ or ‘a person’“One can say there is something beneficial about taking
vitamins.”
Purpose for the replacement:Using ‘one’ or ‘a person’ to replace ‘you’ makes a statement
less directly connected to a particular individual.
PERSONAL PRONOUN RULES
Subject pronouns:Used when the pronoun is the subject of the
sentence.
Example: Dan needed to buy milk. He went to the store after work.
Object pronouns:Occur as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects
of a preposition in a sentence.
Example: Dan needed to buy milk. He went to the store to buy it.
PERSONAL AND OBJECTIVE PRONOUN
Class exercise.Choose which pronoun substitutes the noun.
ANAPHORA PRONOUNS
The use of a word as a regular grammatical substitute for a preceding noun.
Example:The boy enjoys eating ice cream, but he
doesn’t share it with anyone.
ANAPHORA PRONOUNS
Forward anaphora:Noun is mentioned at the beginning of a sentence followed
by a pronoun.
Example:Martha read a book from the library. She enjoyed the story
and quiet time.
Backward anaphora:A pronoun is mentioned at the beginning of a sentence
followed by the noun.
Because they discovered that they really didn’t like them, the boys decided not to order pancakes for breakfast anymore.
VARIABILITY OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Predicate NominalSubject personal pronouns should always be used when the pronoun is a predicate nominal following be.
Example:Who’s there?
1. It is I. (subject pronoun is formal)2. It’s me. (object pronoun is informal)
Which one is the movie star?2. That is she over there. (subject pronoun is formal)3. That’s her over there. (object pronoun is informal)
VARIABILITY OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
ComparisonsInequality comparisons: one thing is greater
than or less than another.Regular
“He is a lot faster than I am.”Shortened
“He is a lot faster than I.”Shortened with object pronoun
“He is a lot faster than me.”
VARIABILITY OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
ComparisonsObject pronouns are particularly common in
shortened comparisons involvingmore, less, better or worse
He is less sophisticated than she is.He is less sophisticated than her.
They were better prepared than she was.They were better prepared than her.
VARIABILITY OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Conjoined Personal Pronouns
“and”
Choosing which pronouns often causes confusion.
Which sentence is correct?
You and I will go to the store.
You and me will go to the store.
Tip: Write the same sentence using only the first person singular.
I will go to the store.
*Me will go to the store.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Singular Plural1st person Myself Ourselves2nd person Yourself Yourselves3rd person Himself/herself/itself/
oneselfThemselves
Pronoun + -self (singular) or -selves (plural)
The function of reflexive pronouns is to “reflect” the same noun or pronoun that occurs in another sentence position.
My dog hurt itself. I saw myself in the mirror.We blame ourselves.
Reflexive pronouns always function as objects (direct, indirect, or object of preposition), never as subjects.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Used in place of a personal pronoun for emphasis.
There was barely enough room in the cabin for her and (me, myself)
As a replacement for personal pronouns after the words; as, like, but, besides and other than.
This must really be a big thrill for someone like (you, yourself)
Assume that someone other than (you, yourself) will be directing the project.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Class exercise.Choose which pronoun to use in the sentence.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Used to indicate that an action is being performed by two or more individuals.
Use “Each other” or “One another”
For example:Fred and Bill criticized each other.
We must all learn to get along with one another.
PRONOUNS CONTINUED…
Possessive pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car.
Possessive Pronouns
You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car.
You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers.
Possessive Pronouns
You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car.
You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers.
Possessive Pronouns
You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car.
You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers.
The pronoun replace noun phrase that indicate possession
Possessive Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st person mine ours
2nd person yours yours
3rd person his, hers, its theirs
Possessive Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st person mine ours
2nd person yours yours
3rd person his, hers, its theirs
determiner + noun + of + possessive pronoun
Possessive Pronouns
Singular Plural
1st person mine ours
2nd person yours yours
3rd person his, hers, its theirs
determiner + noun + of + possessive pronounex: A teacher of yours mentioned that you
weren’t in school today.
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
someone anyone everyone no onesomebody anybody everybody nobodysomething anything everything nothing
Indefinite Pronouns
someone anyone everyone no onesomebody anybody everybody nobodysomething anything everything nothing
Native speakers refer back to indefinite pronouns with both singular and plural pronouns and possessive determiners.
Indefinite Pronouns
someone anyone everyone no onesomebody anybody everybody nobodysomething anything everything nothing
Native speakers refer back to indefinite pronouns with both singular and plural pronouns and possessive determiners.
Everyone has his own gifts.Everyone has their own gifts.
Indefinite Pronouns
someone anyone everyone no onesomebody anybody everybody nobodysomething anything everything nothing
Native speakers refer back to indefinite pronouns with both singular and plural pronouns and possessive determiners.
Everyone has his own gifts.Everyone has their own gifts.
someone, somebody, and somethingDid someone call while I was out?
(expectation)Did anyone call while I was out? (not
necessarily)
Pronouns and Agreement
1) Nouns refer to single items but are plural in number-glasses, scissors, pantsRequire pronoun in the plural form-My pants are dirty, can you drop them off at the dry
cleaner?
2) Collective NounFocus on group as a whole individual members
-He stared out at the audience. It was bigger than he expected.
-He stared out at the audience. They were all staring back silently.
Pronouns and Agreement
1) Nouns refer to single items but are plural in number-glasses, scissors, pantsRequire pronoun in the plural form-My pants are dirty, can you drop them off at the dry
cleaner?
2) Collective NounFocus on group as a whole individual members
-He stared out at the audience. It was bigger than he expected.
-He stared out at the audience. They were all staring back silently.
3) Gender – free writing refers to both genders
-Everyone has his or her own way of dealing with problems.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
“Pointing Pronouns”Indicate whether the antecedent is near the speaker in
place (here) & time (now) or not near to the speaker in place (there) & time (then)
Demonstrative Pronouns
“Pointing Pronouns”Indicate whether the antecedent is near the speaker in
place (here) & time (now) or not near to the speaker in place (there) & time (then)
Location Here/Now There/Then
NumberSingular
this that
Plural these those
-Here are application forms. You need to fill these out.
Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun
(p. 283 – p. 287)
Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun(p. 283 – p. 287)
Chinese speakers - topic NP deletion
-wo zai huayuan li zhong-le yixie hua zhexie hua tamen zhang de hen hao.
- I at garden in plant some flower these flower they grow very well
I have planted some flowers in the garden. They grow very well.
Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun(p. 283 – p. 287)
Chinese speakers - topic NP deletion
-wo zai huayuan li zhong-le yixie hua zhexie hua tamen zhang de hen hao.
- I at garden in plant some flower these flower they grow very well
I have planted some flowers in the garden. They grow very well.
Ø
Problems that ESL/EFL students have with pronoun(p. 283 – p. 287)
Chinese speakers - topic NP deletion
-wo zai huayuan li zhong-le yixie hua zhexie hua tamen zhang de hen hao.
- I at garden in plant some flower these flower they grow very well
I have planted some flowers in the garden. They grow very well.
Chinese speakers often omit both subject and object pronouns in English.
Ø
THANK YOU
Pronouns reviewed:
Anaphora
PersonalSubjective & Objective
Reflexive
Reciprocal
Progressive
Indefinite
Demonstrative