P REMOVAL: TREATMENT AND CAPABILITIES€¦ · TECHNOLOGIES AND CAPABILITIES Jane Madden, PE, BCEE...
Transcript of P REMOVAL: TREATMENT AND CAPABILITIES€¦ · TECHNOLOGIES AND CAPABILITIES Jane Madden, PE, BCEE...
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PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL: TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND CAPABILITIES
Jane Madden, PE, BCEE Senior Vice President
CAWPCA Fall Workshop November 14, 2014
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Agenda
• Phosphorus Removal Overview • Phosphorus Regulations in Massachusetts • Six Phosphorus Removal Case Studies • Summary and Questions
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Phosphorus Fractions In Wastewater
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Orthophosphate fractions Acid-hydrolyzable fractions Organic fractions
mg/
L ph
osph
orus
Insoluble (retained on f ilter)
Soluble (passes throughfilter)
Direct colorimetry
Sulfuric acid digestion & colorimetry
Persulfate digestion & colorimetry
0.45 µm filter
Analyses type
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How is Phosphorus Removal Achieved?
• Convert soluble orthophosphates to a solid
• Remove solid – Biological solid
(microorganism) – Chemical solid
(precipitate)
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Biological Phosphorus Removal
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Secondary Clarifier
Aerobic
Return Activated Sludge
Waste Activated Sludge (TP ~4-7% of organic TSS)
Primary Clarifier
Preliminary Treatment
Anaerobic
Effluent TP < 0.75 mg/L
P RELEASE P UPTAKE
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Pros and Cons of Biological Phosphorus Removal
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• Pros – Sustainable treatment process – Low O&M costs – No chemical storage and feed systems – Less sludge production – Anaerobic selector provides improved sludge settleability
• Cons – Phosphorus re-release – Cannot achieve extremely low limits – Subject to upsets (like any biological process) – Can compete with biological nitrogen removal – Some plants report dewaterability issues
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Chemical Phosphorus Removal
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Dual point is more efficient than single
point
Return Activated Sludge
Waste Activated Sludge (TP ~ 2% of organic TSS
AND TP in Chemical Sludge)
Preliminary Treatment
Effluent TP < 0.5 mg/L
Chemical (Metal Salts and Polymer)
Chemical (Metal Salts and Polymer)
(add-on or integrated process)
Effluent TP < 0.2 mg/L
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Chemicals (Metal Salts) Used for Phosphorus Removal
• Iron Salts – Ferric Chloride – Ferrous Sulfate
• Aluminum Salts – Alum – Poly Aluminum Chloride (PACl)
• Calcium Compounds – Quick Lime – Hydrated Lime
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Pros and Cons of Chemical Phosphorus Removal
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• Pros – Lower limits can be consistently achieved – No phosphorus re-release
• Cons – High O&M Cost – Increased sludge production and associated disposal costs – Chemical sludge can be more difficult to thicken and dewater – Additional chemicals for alkalinity control – Not sustainable
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Processes to Achieve Low TP Limits (0.2 mg/L or less) (case studies)
• Add-On Processes with Chemical Addition – Filtration
• Conventional sand filters • Cloth media filters • Upflow filters
– Ballasted Flocculation • ACTIFLO® • CoMagTM
• DensaDeg®
• Integrated Processes – BioMag – Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs)
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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EPA Region 1 in Massachusetts Has Pushed the Envelope on Phosphorus Removal
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Massachusetts Communities with Phosphorus Limits <0.2 mg/L
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Regulations have Inspired Innovation
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• Upgrade under construction – EBPR (A/O process) – Aquadisks and Aquadiamonds to achieve
0.1 mg/L summer, 0.3 mg/L winter – Bid Price: $17.4 M
Charles River Pollution Control District, Medway, MA
• Originally Constructed 1978 – 4.5 mgd
• Upgraded and Expanded 1998 to 5.7 mgd – Single-stage nitrification – Disk filters TP to achieve
0.2 mg/L seasonally
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Filtration – Cloth Media
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• Original facility designed by CDM Smith in early 1980s
• Average Daily Flow: 1.2 mgd • Total Phosphorus
– 0.2 mg/L (April – Oct) – 1.0 mg/L (Nov –Mar)
• Process: CoMag by Evoqua • First full-scale facility in the
world • Construction Complete 2007 • Construction Cost $13M
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
Concord, MA
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Concord CoMagTM Ballasted Flocculation System
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Reaction Tanks (Polymer Addition)
Alum Addition To CoMagTM Influent Piping
Settled Sludge
Optional Polishing Magnet
Clarifiers
Magnetite Recycling Drums
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Performance Test Results – December 2007
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0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
12/10/2007 12/12/2007 12/14/2007 12/16/2007 12/18/2007 12/20/2007 12/22/2007
Date
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
[mg/
L]
Secondary Effluent
CoMag Effluent
Average tertiary effluent TP < 0.05 mg/L
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Webster, MA
• Average Design Flow: 6 mgd • Total Phosphorus
– 0.2 mg/L (Apr – Oct) – 1.0 mg/L (Nov – Mar)
• Process: Actiflo by Kruger • Constructed within existing
abandoned tanks • Construction Complete:
Spring 2011 • Construction Cost: $8M
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Ballasted Flocculation – ACTIFLO®
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Recirculation Pumps
Treated Water
Settling Tank
Microsand
Coagulation Tank
Injection Tank
Maturation Tank
Raw Water Inlet
Sludge + Microsand
Coagulant Polymer
Hydrocyclones
Sludge
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Marlborough Westerly WWTF
• Originally Constructed 1973 – 2.0 mgd
• Upgraded and Expanded 1988 to 2.89 mgd – Single-stage seasonal
nitrification • Upgraded and Expanded
2012 to 4.15 mgd – Single-stage year-round
nitrification – 0.1 mg/L (summer) – 1.0 mg/L (winter)
• Construction Cost: $27.5M • BluePro Filtration System by
BlueWater Technologies
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Filtration – Upflow Filters
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
Dynasand Blue PRO®
Raw Water Inlet Clean
Water
Reject Stream
Wat
er
Particles
HFO- CS Grain
Fe
Fe
Fe
O
OAs
O
OPO4
3-
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Facility Upgrade – Blue PRO® System
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
Filter Quad
Influent Channel
Weir Box
Effluent and Recycle Pipes
Air Control Panel
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2012 Plant Performance
Description Permit/Design Values 2012 Values Flow (mgd)
Average Daily Flow 4.15 1.97
Maximum Daily Flow 7.5 4.5
Influent (mg/L)
CBOD 184 211
TSS 269 357
Phosphorus 6.1 7.9
Effluent (mg/L)
CBOD 15-25 0.89
TSS 15-30 1.82
Phosphorus – in season 0.1 0.086
Phosphorus – off season 1.0 0.13
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Influent and Effluent Total Phosphorus (mg/L) April – October 2012
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
4/1/2012 5/1/2012 6/1/2012 7/1/2012 8/1/2012 9/1/2012 10/1/2012
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus (
mg/
L)
Influent Effluent
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Marlborough Easterly WWTF
• Originally Constructed early 1970s – 5.5 mgd – Two-stage/two-sludge
process • Currently being upgraded
to meet TP limits – 0.1 mg/L (Apr-Oct) – 1.0mg/L (Nov-Mar)
• Two-stage process with A/O in first stage and BioMagTM in second
• Construction Cost: $44M
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Integrated Process - BioMag
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWAD) WWTF
• Serves greater Worcester, MA • 45 mgd ADF; 80 mgd MDF; 160 Peak hour • 3 Phase improvements plan completed in 2012 at a cost of
$180M
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Facility Designed to Exceed 2001 Permit Limits Using Sustainable Process (EBNR – A2/O)
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
• Incorporated Nitrogen removal – Reduce O2 demand – Reduce chemicals for
alkalinity control • Biological phosphorus
removal • Gravity flow into and out of
treatment facility
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Currently working with District to Optimize EBNR and Pilot Conventional Technologies
Process Optimization
• Conversion from caustic to magnesium hydroxide for alkalinity control
• Addition of real-time instrumentation and controls
• Operation in step feed under high flows
Pilot Studies
• Targeted addition of ferric chloride
• A2/O with supplemental carbon
• Modified Bardenpho with and without supplemental carbon
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Innovative Technology – Advanced Biological Nutrient Recovery (ABNR)
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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ABNR Mimics the Natural Process in a Controlled Environment (PBR)
• Consumes CO2 • Releases O2
• Consumes nutrients • No chemical addition
required • Harvested algae is
potentially a beneficial product
• Can remove metals and other contaminants
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Summary
• Each facility is unique and will have a unique solution for phosphorus removal
• Be cognizant of permit language – Push for seasonal average load or concentration – Consider regulating ortho-P vs. TP (to mitigate non-reactive P)
• Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal are often competing reactions
• Phosphorus removal facilities can be costly to construct… • …And operate primarily due to power and chemicals
– Intermediate pumping; ancillary systems – Cost of chemicals (for coagulation and alkalinity) and increase
in sludge production
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
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Questions?
Jane Madden, P.E., BCEE
CDM Smith [email protected]
CAWPCA Fall Workshop
Blue Pro
EBNR
Actiflo
BioMag
CoMag
Cloth Filters