1

Overview of the AMF-China Campaign and Research

Dept of Atmospheric & Oceanic ScienceDept of Atmospheric & Oceanic ScienceUniversity of MarylandUniversity of Maryland

Contributors and collaborator: T.Contributors and collaborator: T.--S. S. TsayTsay, H. Chen, J. Huang, , H. Chen, J. Huang, W. Zhang, R. W. Zhang, R. HansellHansell, Z. , Z. ChaudhryChaudhry, C. Flynn, M. , C. Flynn, M. CadedduCadeddu, C. , C.

Chiu, M. Miller, D. Turner, Y. Chiu, M. Miller, D. Turner, Y. ZhengZheng, B. , B. HolbenHolben,, K. Lee, M. K. Lee, M. CribbCribb, W., W.--C. Wang, C. Wang, KummerowKummerow, S. , S. MenonMenon

Zhanqing LiZhanqing Li

2

Mean MODIS AOT MODIS AOT Trend

Temperature Trend Rainfall Trend

4

Aerosol Impacts on Precip. from TRMM

?

Precipitation Radar• Backscatter-based• Vertically-resolved• 4 km spatial resolution• Dominated by rainfall

TRMM Microwave Imager• Emission-based• Integral measurement• Low spatial resolution• Affected by both cloud water and rainfall

L’Ecuyer, Berg, C. Kummerow

5

Features to notice• Correspondence between areas with large

AI value and desert distribution• In Northwestern China and southern

Mongolia there is a band of area with large ice particle sizes

• There’s an established land-sea contrast in terms of DER size

2002

6

Science Questions

• What are the properties and spatial and temporal variations of aerosols in China?

• How do the heavy aerosols affect cloud, precipitation, radiation and atmospheric circulation?

• To what extent do changes in aerosol emissions in China contribute to the observed changes?

• What are the impacts of aerosols emitted in China on the East Asian monsoon system?

7

AMF Primary and Supplementary Sites

Anchored by the AMF in Shouxian, additional instrumented sites to the east and north provided a comprehensive atmospheric data set for studying aerosol effects in the region.

8

Major Milestones

• Apr 2, AMF/AAF trailers cleared for deployment • May 6, First light for most instruments• June 4, WACR and NFOV, arrived in Shouxian• June 24, AAF moved from Zhangye to Xianghe• Nov 10, AAF on the way back to US• Dec. 25, shutdown in Taihu• Dec. 29, shutdown in Shouxian• Mar. 18, AMF DATA RELEASED!

10

AOD records during 2008

Black: CimelRed: MFRSR

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Shouxian Climate Observatory

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ARM Mobile Facility Deployment in Shouxian

13

14

30ECOR

AERIRICH1

AERIRICH2

AERIENGINEER

AERISUMMARY

AOS

AOSAUX

AOSCCN

GNDRAD60S

MET

MFRSR

MWRLOS

MWRP

NFOV2CH

SKYRAD60S

SONDEWNPN

VCEIL25K

WACR

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

HFE Summary of Completeness: May 1, 2008 – Dec. 31, 2008

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May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

30ECOR 84% 100% 100% 100% 100% 94% 100% 90% 96%

AERIRICH1 84% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 87% 95%

AERIRICH2 84% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 87% 95%

AERIENGINEER 84% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 87% 95%

AERISUMMARY 84% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 87% 95%

AOS 74% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 96%

AOSAUX 74% 100% 100% 74% 0% 0% 0% 0% 44%

AOSCCN 74% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 96%

GNDRAD60S 70% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 95%

MET 77% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 96%

MFRSR 10% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 88%

MWRLOS 77% 100% 100% 100% 100% 58% 43% 6% 73%

MWRP 61% 100% 100% 100% 100% 94% 100% 87% 93%

NFOV2CH 0% 53% 97% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 80%

SKYRAD60S 52% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 93%

SONDEWNPN 55% 100% 100% 100% 43% 100% 100% 90% 86%

VCEIL25K 74% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 96%

WACR 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 55% 100% 48% 25%

Average 62% 92% 94% 93% 86% 89% 89% 77%

HFE Summary of Completeness: May 1, 2008 – Dec. 31, 2008*Percentages represent percent of month for which there are daily files.

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MFRSR broadband radiation &TSI cloud opaque (%)

Black: PrecipItatiGray: CloudBlue: clear skyRed: MFRSR

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MFRSR broadband radiation &TSI cloud fraction (%)

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WACR Cloud Radar (Oct 15 – Dec 15)

Instrument Oct Nov Dec

WACR 95GHz

2008-11-17

2095 GHz Cloud Radar from Oct 15 to Dec 15, 2008

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Microwave Radiometers in Shouxian

MWR

MWRHFMWRP

Instrument May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

MWF (23.8/31.4 GHz)

MWRHF (90/150 GHz)MWRP (22-30, 51-59GHz)

Maria Cadeddu

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Precipitable Water from MWR and Sounding (Shouxian)

y = 0.9824x + 0.0632R2 = 0.9771

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Precipitable Water from MWR(cm)

Inte

grat

ed P

reci

pita

ble

Wat

er fr

om

Soun

ding

(cm

)

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Comparison of Radiosonde and MWRP

Courtesy of Maria Cadeddu

Temperature Water Vapor Density

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Shouxian

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

5/9/2008 6/9/2008 7/9/2008 8/9/2008 9/9/2008 10/9/2008 11/9/2008 12/9/2008

Date

Liqi

d W

ater

Pat

h (m

m)

Non-Rainy DayRainy Day

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

5/9/2008 6/9/2008 7/9/2008 8/9/2008 9/9/2008 10/9/2008 11/9/2008 12/9/2008

Date

Prec

ipita

ble

Wat

er (c

m)

Non-Rainy DayRainy Day

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AERI Performance

Instrument May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

AERI

Dave Turner

May 7 8-11

There was one period (Sep 10-20) when a broken thermistor affected initial data quality. The data are reprocessed and data quality is nominal.

All data seem in excellent condition and are in the ARM archive

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Instrument May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Neph

PSAP

CPC

CCN

fRH

Aerosol Observation System (AOS) at Shouxian

CMA shut down PSAP to stop absorption measurements on Aug. 23rdCPC not arrive at the site until July 22ndCCN laser died on Nov. 20th

Measured ParametersScattering coefficients: at 450, 550, 700 nm at sub 10 micron and sub micron size cuts as a function of RHBackscattering coefficients under similar conditionsAbsorption coefficients: at 467, 530 and 660 nm at sub 10 micron and sub micron size cuts Particle number concentrationCloud Condensation Nuclei concentrations: 7 supersaturations every 30 minutes

Calculated ParametersSingle Scattering Albedoat 450 550 and 700 nmHygroscopic Growth Factor, fRHAsymmetry Parameter, Backscatter FractionÅngström ExponentSub micron scattering fractionRadiative forcing efficiencyFraction of particles that form CCN

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Aerosol Scattering & Absorption Coefficients for Shouxian

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360Day of year

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

CC

N (c

m-3)

Supersaturation: 0.3%

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360Day of year

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

CC

N /

tota

l par

ticle

num

ber Supersaturation: 0.3%

Time series of CCN Time series of CCN over Total Particle #

Aerosol loading is low in the summer during periods of frequent rain.

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0

25

50

75

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MWRMFRSRCimel

Ret

rieve

d cl

oud

optic

al d

epth

Time (UTC)

Cloud optical depth - one example from 2008/07/09 in the AMF China

Christine Chiu

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Radar Wind Profiler (1290 MHz)

Sep 17 –Dec 28

Instrument May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1290 RWP

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Lanzhou

ZhangyeJingtai

SACOL

(39.08ºN /100.27ºE)

Prof. Huang and ZhangLanzhou University

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AAF InstrumentsRadiation (SKYRAD)• Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) • Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) • Shaded Black & White Pyranometer

(B/W) • Shaded Precision Infrared

Pyrgeometer (PIR) • Normal Incidence Pyrhiliometer (NIP) • Infrared Thermometer (IRT)

Surface Meteorological Tower (SMET) Instruments

• Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) • Anemometers (WND) • Temperature/Relative Humidity

Sensor (T/RH) • Barometer (BAR)• Present Weather Detector (PWD)

Stand-Alone Instruments• Microwave Radiometer (MWR) • Micropulse Lidar (MPL) • Tethered Balloon • Atmospheric Emitted Radiance

Interferometer (AERI) • Total Sky Imager (TSI) • Standard lamp Li-Cor

Aerosol Observation System (AOS)• Aethalometer• SMPS• APS• Nephelometer x 4• TEOM aerosol chemistry• TEOM-ACCU• Trace Gas sampling• Particle Photometer

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Time Series of Data from AAF

351416182022 242628 300204 06081012 1416182022 242628 30010305 070911 13151719

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Date 20080414--20080620

Angstrom Exponent 4

40-870

MFR Angstrom Exponent(440-870nm) at Zhangye

April May June

MFR # 416

1416182022 24262830 02040608 10121416 1820222426 28300103 05070911 13151719

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Date 20080414--20080620

AOD

MFRSR AOD at 500 nm (Zhangye)

MFR # 416

Aerosol Optical Depth and Angstrom Exponent Derived from MFR Zhangye from Apr 14-June 20 C. Wang

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Covered periodSource Path Incidence Utmost Intensity

SurfaceSynoptic system

4.17--4.25(17—21 Mongolia, 17-- 25Taklimakan Deserts)

44218,44282,44 292(Mongolia)

West, North

Mongolia//Basin of South Xinjiang, West Gansu, West Qinghai

Heavy Dust Storm Mongolia CycloneCold High

4.28--5.3 44218(Mongolia)

Northwest, North

Mongolia//Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Basin of South Xinjiang, West Gansu, West Qinghai

Heavy Dust Storm Mongolia CycloneCold High

5.19--5.20 44282(Mongoli a)

Northwest Mongolia//Inner Mongolia, Heibei, Beijing, Shan’xi

Heavy Dust Storm Mongolia Cyclone

5.25--5.28 44373(Mongoli a)

Northwest Mongolia// Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Ningxia, Shan’xi, Jilin, Heilongjiang

Heavy Dust Storm Mongolia Cyclone

5.28--5.31 44373,44341(M ongolia)

Northwest Mongolia//Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shan’xi, Hebei, Tianjin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan// Korea Peninsula, Japan

Heavy Dust Storm Cold High

Summary of Dust Events in spring of 2008

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Tethered-Balloon Measurements

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Same day as previous slide, more wind in the afternoon as well as nearby aerosol sources, sky was a little hazy

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XiangheXianghe ObervatoryObervatory

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Olympic Period with Severe Traffic Controls

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1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008Year

0

100

200

300

400

Num

ber o

f Veh

icle

( x

10,0

00)

0

20

40

60

80

NO

2 Con

cent

ratio

n (

g m

-3)

Vehicles in Beijing (1992 - 2008)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

CO

Con

cent

ratio

n (

g m

-3)

~ October 344 NO2

288

258

62 7282

98 98120

136 144158

170190

212230

CO

Number of Vehicles and Air Number of Vehicles and Air QualityQuality

[Source] Beijing Traffic Management Bureau and Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China

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Comparison of August Monthly- Mean AOD in Beijing and Xianghe

August

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

2005 2006 2007 2008

Ave

rage

d A

OT

BeijingXianghe

45

Taihu Observator

Shanghai

Hangzhou

Wuxi

Suzhou

46

47

48

Instrument Parameters Units Temporal Resolution Time Period

Cimel sunphotometer AOD; SSA; Angstrom exponent; size distribution;

none, none none

µm3/µm2

15 minutes Jan.1/08-Oct.2/08 (V2.0)

Oct.7/08-Dec.31/08 (V1.5)

ASD spectroradiometer solar spectral radiances (350-2500 nm, 1-nm resolution)

W m-2 nm-1 sr-1 1 minute 2008: Apr. 25 – May 19 Jul. 19 – Dec. 31

MFRSR broadband fluxes; spectral fluxes (414,495,613,671,867,939 nm)

W m-2

W m-2 nm-1 1 minute

Apr. 27/08 – Dec.31/08

B&W pyranometer Norm. incid. pyrheliometer PIR pyrgeometer PAR Lite sensor

diffuse solar fluxes ; direct solar fluxes ; longwave fluxes; photosynthetic photon flux

Wm-2 Wm-2 Wm-2

Wm-2

1 minute Jan.01/08 – May 23/08

Micro-pulse Lidar total lidar attenuated backscatter profile; linear depolarization ratio

1 – 3 minutes

2008: Mar. 24 - May 3 May 16 – Aug. 4

Aug. 8 - 29

Microwave Radiometer time series of:

temperature profile; RH profile; vapor density profile; liquid water profile surface pressure ;RH ; surface T ;T (IR) ; cloud base height; precipitable water; liquid water; rain

K %

g m-3 g m-3

mb,% K,K km cm

mm, 0=no, 1=yes

1 minute Apr. 25/08 – Dec. 31/08

Total Sky Imager JPEG images of daytime sky

1 minute Apr. 24/08 – Dec. 31/08

Weather Transmitter air pressure; air temp. ; RH; wind speed/direction; rain accumulation

mb C, %

m s-1, degrees mm

1 second 1 second

3 seconds 1 second

Sep. 23/08 – Dec. 31/08

Taihu Instrumentation List 2008

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50

Integrated Analysis (June 12, 2008)

MFRSR AOD: ~3.0Lidar: thick haze+smoke layer under 3kmMODIS color image: hazy,

many hot spots near the lake,small cloud sells are producing

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Comparison of AOD from Cimel and MFRSR

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Combination: Active Lidar+ Passive Sun Photometer

Using size distribution and refractive index from AERONET inversion products, aerosol extinction-to- backscatter ratio is calculated.

Aerosol volume size distribution

Retrieved Extinction Profile, Taihu, 2008 June 3

64.221.67 aer

aeraerS

preliminary result

Free troposphere

Multiple Aerosol layers

cloudy

Night time suppression

Extinction Profile Retrieval

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• A steep increase in the potential temperature in the upper region of the aerosol layer was found.

Atmospheric adiabatic heating rate

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56

Contour plots of temperature (top panel), relative humidity (middle panel), andwater vapor density (bottom panel) for the period of May 6-8, 2008.

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Future Work Plan• Observation:

– To continue the operation of our existing baseline ground observation stations and nation-wide aerosol survey stations so that major types of aerosols are characterized and their temporal and spatial variations across China are quantified;

• Analysis:– Continual and prompt analysis of all data acquired to assure data quality

and consistency among all instruments deployed in China;– Matching AMF and AAF data with various satellite products (aerosol, cloud,

radiation and precipitation) over the region in order to identify, reduce or remove any systematic errors;

– Using combined ground-based, space-borne and air-borne measurements to study aerosol effects on cloud microphysics, precipitation, atmospheric circulation and regional climate.

• Modeling– Radiative transfer modeling for 1) closure tests, 2) computing atmospheric

heating rates, 3) determination of aerosol radiative impacts;– Validate and improve GCM models in simulating the impact of Chinese

aerosols on regional and global climate;– Validate and improve a regional climate model (RCM) that incorporates

aerosol-cloud interactions.

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PM Breakout Session (Rm 1)• 1:00-3:00pm

C. Kummerow, Plans for the use of the AMF-China data - Preparatory work using ARM data from Nauru Niamey

• R. Hansell, An overview of the AAF deployments and preliminary results.

• W. Zhang/Z. Li, An overview of the concurrent Chinese field experiments and dust activities in western China.

• K. Lee, K., Retrieval of aerosol optical depth and extinction profiles from MFR and lidar.

• 3:00-5:00 C. Flynn, An overview of the MPL measurements at 3 locations in China.

• Z. Chaudhry, Development of a balloon-borne aerosol profiling system and its application in China.

• H. Shao, Retrieval of cloud number concentration from radar and relation with aerosol number concentration.

• F. Niu, Analysis of aerosol indirect effects in China using satellite and ground measurements and modeling discussions of future studies and collaborations.

Hope to see you there