1

Overview of

Energy Storage Technologies

For Renewable Integration

Jamie Patterson

Sr. Electrical Engineer

R&D Division

California Energy Commission

Examples of Energy Storage Technologies

Frequency Regulation:

Ramping:

Load Leveling

Time (Hr)

Load (MW)

0 24

• CAES

• Pumped Hydro

• Battery, Flow type

• Note: In California ramping

is a big issue

• Battery, Regular or Flow Type

• SuperCap

• Flywheel

• SMES

•CAES

•Pumped Hydro

Str. Chrg Time ~ Hrs

Str. Chrg Time ~ Min’s

Str. Chrg Time: ~ 0.5 Day

Energy Storage Efficiently Resolves

Renewable Power Fluctuation, Ramping and

Load Management Issues

Energy Storage for

Load Leveling and Peak Shaving

Source Tokyo Electric Power Company

Time (Hr)

Daily Electric Load In CaliforniaM

ega

Wat

ts (

MW

)

24181260

Energy Storage Efficiently ResolvesWind Power Load Management Issues

Types of Electric Energy Storage Technologies

• Pumped Hydro

• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

• Flywheels

• Batteries

• Super-Capacitors (SuperCaps)

• Superconducting Magnetics

• Thermal Storage

• Fuel Cells (reversible)

• Hydrogen Storage

Electric Energy Storage Applications

(All Boundaries Of Regions Displayed Are Approximate)

1.0

0.1

10

100

0.1 Cycle 10 Cycle 5 Hour

Power Quality

Temporary

Power Interruptions

15 Minutes

1000

Grid System

Stability

VAR

Support

Peak Shaving

T&D Deferral

Load Leveling

Ramping

Energy Arbitrage

1 Hour15 Second

Spinning Reserve

Renewables

- Wind

- Solar

Remote Island Applications

Village Power Applications

Peak

Shaving

and T&D

Deferral Transmission

Conjunction ManagementBlack

Start needs

1 to 10 MW’s

For a 1 to 2 Hr.

Duration

Frequency

Regulation

High

Priority High

Priority

PumpStorage

1 MW1 kW 100 kW 10 MW 100 MW

Ma

xim

um

Dis

ch

arg

e

Tim

e

Power Rating

High Energy Flywheels

Compressed Air

Flow Batteries

NAS Battery

Metal-Air

Batteries

Advanced Batteries

Lead-Acid Batteries

Super Capacitors

Se

co

nd

s

10 kW

Low EnergyFlywheels

SMES

Electric Energy Storage Technologies

Modular Compressed Air

Energy Storage Applications Identified

by PIER Subject Areas

Transmission Distribution Generation/

Renewables

End Use—Industrial,

Building & Residential

Energy Storage toIntegrate Intermittent

Renewables

Energy Storage to

Support Distribution

(upgrade deferral,

congestion

relief, peak load

reduction,

asset utilization,

demand

response, renewable

integration, etc.)

Energy Storage to

Integrate Intermittent

Renewables

Energy Storage to

Apply Renewables to Industrial,

Commercial and Residential Operations and

to Help Meet

New Emission Standards

Energy Storage to

Support C&I

MicroGrid

Operations

Small Scale Energy Storage

as a DR Resource for C&I

(possibly residential)

To reduce peak load,

improve reliability and

improve power quality

Energy Storage to Support Peak

Load Shifting, DR, New Emission

Standards, Improved Energy

Efficiency, Power Reliability

and Improved Power Quality

Energy Storage to Support

CA ISO Ancillary Services

Energy Storage to

Support Renewable

Dispatchability

Energy Storage toSupport MicroGrid

Operations

Transportation

Energy Storage to

Support

Transportation

Goods Movement,

Automotive & Truck

Operations, Light

Rail/Commuter Train

Operations and the

Reuse of Electric

Vehicle Battery

Systems

Example Results Expected From Phase 1(Continued)

Benefit to Cost Ratio

PlantSize

1.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

4.0

Storage Time

Typical Transmission Benefit to Cost Ratio for Battery Plants Versus Hours of Storage and MW Size

Example Results Expected From EPRI Analyses

Note: The cost for an extra

hour of storage for a battery

plant is so expensive that the

B/C Ratio goes down relatively

quickly, compared to CAES.

11

• Active Projects

– Ultracapacitor Technology

– Flywheel Technology

– ZBB

– VRB

– CAES (underground and modular

above ground)

– NaS

PIER Energy Storage Research

12

PIER Energy Storage Research

Ultra Capacitor Technology

13

PIER Energy Storage Research

Ultra Capacitor Technology

14

PIER Energy Storage Research

Flywheel Technology

15

PIER Energy Storage Research

ZBB Technology

16

PIER Energy Storage Research

VRB Technology

17

Battery ModuleNAS Battery 8MW / 57.6MWh

Fuses

Cells

2.2 m1.7 m

MainPole

Sand

Heater

Vacuum Vessel

0.67 m

PIER Energy Storage Research

NaS Technology

18

14.4MWhEnergy

2MWCapacity

Japan

☆

Fukuoka

Tokyo

Nagoya

PIER Energy Storage Research

NaS Technology

PG&E Emerald Lake Substation

(NAS Battery Will Likely Be Installed in the Empty, Back Part of this Substation)Source: EPRI, Schainker

PIER Energy Storage Research

PG&E Proposed NaS Installation

20

Capital Cost Comparison of

Energy Storage Plant Types

Technology $/kW + $/kWH* x H = Total Capital, $/kW

Compressed Air, CAES- Large (100-500 MW) 440 1 10 450- Small (10-20MW) AbvGr Str 600 80 2 760

Pumped Hydro, PH- Conventional PH (1000MW) 1300 40 10 1700

Battery, BES (target) (10MW)- Lead Acid, commercial 250 300 2 1150- Advanced (NaS/Flow) 250 500 2 1250

Flywheel (target) (100kW) 250 700 2 1650

Superconducting (1MW) 200 1000 2 2200Magnetic Storage, SMES (target)

Super-Capacitors (best today) 250 12000 1/60 450(target) 250 1200 1/60 270

* This capital cost is for the storage "reservoir", expressed in $/kW for each hourof storage. For battery plants, costs do not include expected cell replacements. EPRI updates these plant costs as technology improvements occur.

21

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Pum

ped H

ydro

Com

pres

sed A

ir

Ld Aci

d / NaS

Bat

tery

ZnBr / F

low B

atte

ry

Flyw

heel

Sto

rage

Sup

er C

apac

itor

MW Capability Of Energy Storage Plants

(In Next Five Years)

MW Power Scale Per “Module” For Energy Storage Plant TypesM

W P

ow

er

Le

ve

l

22

CAES Geologic Siting Opportunities In CA

23

Underground Natural Gas Storage

Facilities in the Lower 48 States

Depleted Gas Fields

Porous Rock/Aquifers

Salt Caverns

This chart shows the successful siting and operation of natural gas storage in U.S.