Ovarian tumors
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Transcript of Ovarian tumors
THORSANG R1Prince of Songkla University05.11.2014
Functional/hemorrhagic cysts
Real ovarian tumors
Functional cysts
Real ovarian tumors
Reproductive age group Most ovarian cysts are physiological or functional
dominant follicles
follicular cysts (from failure of the follicle to rupture or regress)
corpus luteal cysts (may contain hemorrhage)
US:
thin walled (< 3 mm), unilocular, with posterior acoustic enhancement
Cyst with uniform internal echoes, reticulations or septations hemorrhagic functional cyst endometrioma
A follow up ultrasound in 6-12 wk should be performed A functional hemorrhagic cyst shows complete
interval resolution
an endometrioma persists or even slightly increases in size
MRI
most functional cysts
▪ T1: low signal intensity
▪ T2: very high signal intensity
Hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts have a characteristic appearance of blood products
▪ T1: relatively high signal intensity
▪ T2: intermediate to high signal intensity
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affecting 5%-10% of women of reproductive age
Characterized by menstrual irregularities, hirsuitism, obesity and sclerotic ovaries
TVUS (gold standard)
an enlarged ovary with 10 or more peripherally arranged cysts,
each cyst of 2-8 mm diameter
with an echogenic central stroma
MRI: T2 weighted images in the long and short axis of the uterus
Peripherally arranged uniform sized high signal intensity cysts with hypointense central stroma
child bearing age 80% implanted in the ovary pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and infertility From cystic to complex
US: cystic masses with diffuse low level internal echoes with hyperechoic foci secondary to a cholesterol cleft or blood clot in the wall
Endometriomas and implants may mimic malignant lesions on CT
MRI: T1: very high signal intensity (light-bulb)
▪ persistent high signal on fat saturated T1-weighted image confirms the absence of fat in the lesion
T2: intermediate to low signal intensity from blood products in various stages and decreased free water content
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL GERM CELLSEX CORD-STROMAL
METASTASIS
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL
Serous Mucinous Endometriod Clear cell Brenner
GERM CELLSEX CORD-STROMAL
METASTASIS
60% of all ovarian neoplasms 85% of malignant ovarian neoplasms Age 50-70 years
Serous
mucinous
Endometrioid
Clear cell
Brenner tumors
Serous and mucinous tumors
Mostly benign
Endometrioid tumors
Mostly malignant
Clear cell carcinomas
malignant
Papillary projections
Characteristic features of epithelial neoplasms of the ovary
represent folds of the proliferating neoplasmicepithelium growing over a stromal core
single best predictors of an epithelial neoplasm and may correlate with the aggressiveness of the tumor
Papillary projections
Benign
▪ usually absent
▪ generally small
Low malignant
▪ profuse in epithelial tumors with
Invasive carcinomas
▪ often present
▪ gross appearance is dominated by a solid component.
Wall thickening, septa, and multilocularityare less reliable indicators of malignancy
Frequently seen in benign neoplasms
▪ cystadenofibromas
▪ mucinous cystadenomas
▪ endometriomas
10%–15% of all ovarian carcinomas. Almost always malignant About 15%–30% are associated with
synchronous endometrial carcinoma or endometrial hyperplasia
Bilateral involvement is seen in 30%– 50% Imaging findings are nonspecific
a large, complex cystic mass with solid components Endometrial thickening
Most common malignant neoplasm
endometrioid carcinoma clear cell carcinoma
5% of ovarian carcinomas always malignant The majority (75%) of clear cell carcinomas
are stage I disease
prognosis appears to be better than that of other ovarian cancers
Most common malignant neoplasm
endometrioid carcinoma
clear cell carcinoma
A unilocular or large cyst solid protrusions
often both round and few in number
The cyst margin is almost always smooth
Always in DDx for serous tumor with aggressive pattern
composed of transitional cells with dense stroma
2%–3% of ovarian tumours rarely malignant usually small (2 cm) discovered incidentally, but affected patients
may present with a palpable mass or pain
associated with other ovarian tumors in 30% of cases
a multilocular cystic mass with a solid component
a small, mostly solid mass
CT: mildly enhanced solid components T2 MR: the dense fibrous stroma
lower signal intensity
Extensive amorphous calcification
often present within the solid component
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL GERM CELL
Teratoma
Mature Immature
DysgerminomaEndodermalsinus tumor
SEX CORD-STROMAL
METASTASIS
second most common group of ovarian neoplasms 15%–20% of all ovarian tumors
Subtypes mature teratoma
Immature teratoma
Dysgerminoma
endodermal sinus tumor
embryonal carcinoma
choriocarcinoma
mature teratoma Only benign tumour in this group
the most common lesion in this group Malignant germ cell tumors generally large and nonspecific
a complex but predominantly solid imaging appearance
AFP and HCG also help establish the diagnosis
most common benign ovarian tumorin women less than 45 years old
composed of mature tissue from two or more embryonic germ cell layers
Monodermal type—less common
Unilocular Filled with sebaceous material and lined by
squamous epithelium Hair follicles, skin glands, muscle, and others
There is usually a raised protuberance projecting into the cyst cavity= the Rokitansky nodule
Broad spectrum of findings, ranging from purely cystic mixed mass with all the components of the three
germ cell layers noncystic mass composed predominantly of fat
US a cystic lesion with a densely echogenic tubercle
(Rokitansky nodule) projecting into the cyst lumen
a diffusely or partially echogenic mass with the echogenic area (sebaceous material and hair )
CT fat attenuation within a cyst, with or without
calcification in the wall MR the sebaceous component has very high signal
intensity on T1
Complications
Torsion
Rupture:
▪ leakage of the liquefied sebaceous contents into the peritoneum and resulting in granulomatous peritonitis
Malignant degeneration
▪ Squamous cell carcinoma
Less common forms of mature teratomas are the monodermal types
struma ovarii
▪ mature thyroid tissue predominates
▪ Hyperthyroidism
carcinoids
less than 1% of all teratomas Contains immature tissue from all three germ
cell layers Age < 20 years malignant, immature teratomas
Prominent solid components
May demonstrate internal necrosis or hemorrhage
UNLIKE Benign mature teratomas
A large, complex mass with cystic and solid components
Scattered calcifications
Mature teratomas, calcification is localized to mural nodules
Small foci of fat are also seen in immature teratomas
rare young women counterpart of seminoma of the testis 5% of dysgerminomas
Syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells elevation of serum HCG levels
Speckled calcification
Multilobulated solid masses with prominent fibrovascular septa
The anechoic, low signal-intensity, or low-attenuation area of the tumor represents necrosis and hemorrhage
yolk sac tumor rare Malignant
Age < 20 years A large, complex pelvic mass that extends into
the abdomen Contains both solid and cystic components The cystic areas are composed of epithelial line cysts
▪ produced by the tumor or of coexisting mature teratomas
grow rapidly and have a poor prognosis Elevated serum AFP
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL GERM CELLSEX CORD-STROMAL
Granulosa cell Fibrothecoma Sertoli-Leydig
METASTASIS
Gonadal cell types or mesenchymal cells 8% of ovarian neoplasms All age groups The most common types
granulosa cell tumors
Fibrothecomas
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors
hormonal effects !!!
The vast majority of sex cord–stromal tumors are either benign or confined to the ovary
benign
▪ fibrothecoma, sclerosing stromal tumor
confined to the ovary
▪ granulosa cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
Most common malignant sex cord–stromal most common estrogen-producing ovarian
tumor Predominantly in peri- and postmenopause Hyperestrogenemia
endometrial hyperplasia, polyps, or carcinoma
Imaging findings
vary widely
▪ solid masses with varying degrees of hemorrhagic or fibrotic changes
▪ multilocular cystic lesions
▪ completely cystic tumors
heterogeneous
▪ From intratumoral bleeding, infarcts, fibrous degeneration, and irregularly arranged tumor cells
VS epithelial cell tumor
▪ do not have intracystic papillary projections, have less propensity for peritoneal seeding, and are confined to the ovary
Estrogenic effects
▪ uterine enlargement
▪ endometrial thickening or hemorrhage
Benign Thecal cell--estrogen
Thecoma--estrogenic activity , few fibroblasts
Fibroma--no estrogenic activity
Both pre- and postmenopausal women
Fibroma
most common sex cord tumor
composed of fibroblasts and collagen
associated with
▪ Ascites
▪ Meigs syndrome (Right-sided pleural effusion)
Fibroma
US demonstrates a homogeneous hypoechoicmass with posterior acoustic shadowing
CT shows a homogeneous solid tumor with delayed enhancement
MR: T1 + T2 --low signal intensity
Dense calcifications are often seen
Scattered high-signal-intensity areas in the mass represent edema or cystic degeneration
very low signal intensity on T2
Fibroma
Fibrothecoma
Cystadenofibroma
Brenner tumor
Age 10-30 T2 hyperintense cystic components
heterogeneous solid component with intermediate to high signal intensity
CECT: early peripheral enhancement with centripetal progression Striking early enhancement = the cellular areas with
their prominent vascular network
An area of prolonged enhancement in the inner portion = collagenous hypocellular area
Age 30 years low-grade malignancy 0.5% of ovarian tumors most common virilizing tumor However, only 30% of these tumors are hormonally
active composed of heterologous tissue Carcinoid, mesenchymal, and mucinous epithelial
tissues a well-defined, enhancing solid mass with
intratumoral cyst
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL GERM CELLSEX CORD-STROMAL
(Collision) METASTASIS
coexistence of two adjacent but histologically distinct tumors
Rare most commonly Teratoma + cystadenoma
Teratoma + cystadenocarcinoma Mechanism--uncertain Considered when an ovarian tumor cannot be subsumed under one
histologic type, especially teratoma
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL GERM CELLSEX CORD-STROMAL
METASTASIS
Most common:
colon and stomach
breast, lung, and contralateral ovary
lymphoma
10% of all ovarian tumors reproductive years
Metastatic tumors to the ovary that contain mucin-secreting “signet ring” cells
usually originate in the gastrointestinal tract
Stomach
Colon
Non-specific
consisting of predominantly solid components
a mixture of cystic and solid areas
Distinctive findings: bilateral complex masses with
T1: Hypointense solid components (dense stromal reaction)
T2: Internal hyperintensity (mucin)
• The imaging appearance ranges from cystic to solid masses
• Although ovarian tumors have similar clinical and radiologic findings,
specific key features are present
a thin-walled, unilocular or multiloculartumor filled with serous fluid
very common may mimic
a physiologic cyst
an atypical mature cystic teratoma that lacks the characteristic eccentric mural nodule
almost always multilocular may be large
a thick, irregular wall; thick septa papillary projections a large soft-tissue component with necrosis
Endometrioid carcinoma Granulosa cell tumor
Thecoma or fibrothecoma
Fibrous
Fibroma
fibrothecoma
Brenner tumor
endometrioid carcinoma clear cell carcinoma
The presence of fat is highly specific Mature
predominantly cystic withdense calcifications
Immature teratomas
predominantly solid withsmall foci of lipid materialScattered calcifications
dysgerminoma endodermal sinus tumors
large predominantly solid masses more common in younger women Dysgerminoma
prominent fibrovascular septa
Sclerosing stromal tumor Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor Struma ovarii cystadenofibroma
serous epithelial tumor Fibrothecoma mature or immature teratoma Brenner tumor
metastatic ovarian tumors serous epithelial tumors of the ovary
When imaging findings that cannot be subsumed under one histologic type
especially in cases of ovarian teratoma
Functional/hemorrhagic cysts Real ovarian tumors
OVARIAN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL GERM CELLSEX CORD-STROMAL
(Collision) METASTASIS
References Un Jung, Seung, et al. "CT and MR Imaging of Ovarian
Tumors with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis." Radiographics (2002): 1305-325. Web.
Wasnik, Ashish P, et at. "Multimodality imaging of ovarian cystic lesions: Review with an imaging based algorithmic approach.“ World J Radiol (2013) March 28; 5(3): 113-125. Web.
Zagoria, Ronald J., and Glenn A. Tung. Genitourinary Radiology: The Requisites. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997. Print.