TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1. 1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Importance of speaking English for study and work proposes 1 2

1.2 Basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills 3 4

1.3 Various forms of oral communication in English 5

2. 2.0 How oral communication works

2.1 Theories of oral communication 5 6

2.2 Focus on the transactional model of oral communication 6

2.3 How the components of the model work together 6 - 7

2.4 What makes the process complex 7

3. 3.0 Interpersonal Communication 7

4. 4.0 Small Group Communication 8 9

5. 5.0 Public Communication 9 - 12

6. 6.0 Conclusion 12 - 13

7. 7.0 References 14

8. 8.0 Pages of Slide Show 15 - 20

Communicating effectively in spoken English in selected social contexts

1.0 Introduction

Language is a system of vocal symbols through which human beings in the

same speech community or subculture interact and hence communicate in terms of

their common cultural experience and expectations (Henry Lee Smith,Jr.). As we

know that English language is very important now days because it is becoming the

lingua franca of the world. From the small country until to big country, English

language playing the important role in communication. In Malaysia, which is a multi-

racial, multi-cultural, multi-lingual and multi-religious country is give a priority to

English language as a second language. This is because of the few reasons why this

language is very important in Malaysia in 21st century.

1.1 Importance of speaking English for study and work purposes

The English language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the

world, second only to Mandarin. Many people settle in areas near family or other

immigrants from the same part of the world so the language is easier, but there comes

a time when every newcomer needs to step out of his or her safety zone. Learning and

speaking English is an important step in the settlement process because it helps

newcomers obtain better jobs, get involved in their communities, participate in events,

vote with confidence and express themselves. That English is used almost everywhere

is only one of the many advantages of learning the language.

Ibrahim Absiye , Executive Director of Culture Link, a Toronto-based

settlement agency for new Canadians, says communication "opens the door for

employment, integration and education." In Toronto, speaking English can be the first

step to clear, effective communication. Absiye identifies "5 Cs" for new immigrants;

they are five major challenges, all starting with the letter C: Colour, Cultural

Confusion, Climate, Computers and Communication.

English is the primary language of work throughout the world. Most

international business transactions, including emails, memos, reports and contracts,

are written in English. The English language is predominantly spoken throughout the

world, so international travelers may find that speaking English can make their travels

a little easier. Most hotel and restaurant employees, as well as store merchants,

probably speak English to some degree.

The English language is the predominant language of academics all over the

world, with a large amount of research conducted, written and presented in English.

Knowing English can helpful for scholars who wish to communicate their ideas and

research findings to peers in their field. Most software programs are written in

English. Those seeking to expand their computer knowledge can find the ability to

read and understand the English language invaluable.

Learning English does not mean giving up culture, background or a native

tongue, its simply adding a new and valuable skill that will make the transition much

smoother for all people.

1.2 Basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills

Camp and Satterwhite (2002) explained that oral communication is a two-way

process that required both a speaker and a listener. It is most of effective when sender

of a message has good speaking skills and the receiver has good listening skills.

Speaking is very spontaneous process and we cannot avoid making mistakes. So just

stop worrying and speak English. Everywhere we go we find language. Shop names,

street names, advertisements, notices on buses and trains.. Even if we are not in an

English-speaking country, there are often a lot of English words you can see when

walking in the street, especially in big cities. And there are always numbers. How can

this help us? When we walk down the street practice reading the words and numbers

that we see. Say them to ourselves. Its not exactly a conversation, but it will help us

to think in English.

Learning and speaking English is totally depends on environment. That

environment can be artificially created so that we can learn and speak English. To

speak English try to speak with your friends first so that you will get some

confidence. Don't take tension at initial stage when we go wrong go on speaking

English. After some period we will be able to find our own mistakes and then correct

them. To improve English one should have good word power. So why not English!

The best way which we think will great help us in increasing our level of

English is that if we record our voice while speaking English and then listen to it

again and again. In this way we will come to know our mistakes and the other thing

which we can do is stand in front of the mirror and speak what we want to speak this

really helps us a lot. We can read the Editorial Column of any National Daily in front

of your mirror loudly. Underline tough words and refer to Dictionary and note the

meaning in a diary. If you find any new word go on collecting them so that when

these word are reused in news we can remember that. Learn at least 3 to 4 words per

day. Everything can be improved. This will grow confidence for us.

In the beginning don't try to use sophisticated constructions. Use the simple

ones we are sure. This helps us build our confidence and will make us speaking more

fluent. The right way to improve our English speaking skills is to have good

vocabulary first. Then try to speak with your friends, family members. It will give you

a bit confidence. Practice will lead you towards improvement and finally towards

desired goal.

Speak as much as possible! Make as many mistakes as possible! When we

know that we have made a mistake, we know that we have made progress. Above all,

dont be afraid to speak. We must try to speak, even if we make mistakes. We cannot

learn without mistakes. There is saying: The person who never made a mistakes

never made anything. So think of our mistakes as something positive and useful.

In order to improve our speaking its better that listen more to English news,

films and songs carefully because when we want to speak English we are as an infant

who in early years just listen to mother and father voice after a while start to speak

step by step. In order to speak fluently we go to the internet find native speakers then

try to speak with them in free time. It helps us to have good accent, intonation, and

pronuncituation fluently.

Listen to the words of an English-language song that we like. Then repeat

them to ourselves and try to sing with the music. Repeat the words as many times as

possible until they become automatic. Its good practice for our memory and for the

mouth muscles that we need for English. We also upgrade our listening skills which is

necessary for natural speaking.

1.3 Various forms of oral communication in English

Oral communication is the process of people using verbal and non-verbal

messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts, cultures, channels

and media. It encompasses various sets of skills including the ability to speak

coherently and persuasively, understanding of communication theory and processes,

knowledge of verbal and non-verbal cues, audience analysis, listening skills as well as

communication ethics.

The seven forms that oral communication often takes: intrapersonal

communication, interpersonal communication, small group communication, public

communication, mass communication, corporate communication and intercultural

communication.

2.0 How oral communication works

2.1 Theories of oral communication

There is much discussion in the academic world of communication as to what

actually constitutes communication. Currently, many definitions of communication

are used in order to conceptualize the processes by which people navigate and assign

meaning. Communication is also understood as the exchanging of understanding.

Additionally the biocommunication theory investigates communicative processes

within and among non-humans such as bacteria, animals, fungi and plants.

We might say that communication consists of transmitting information from

one person to another. In fact, many scholars of communication take this as a working

definition, and use Lasswell's maxim, "who says what to whom in what channel with

what effect," as a means of circumscribing the field of communication theory. A

simple communication model with a sender transferring a message containing

information to a receiver.

Communication stands so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures

of society that scholars have difficulty thinking of it while excluding social or

behavioral events. Because communication theory remains a relatively young field of

inquiry and integrates itself with other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology,

and sociology, one probably cannot yet expect a consensus conceptualization of

communication across disciplines. One of the issues facing scholars is the possibility

that establishing a communication met theory will negate their research and stifle the

broad body of knowledge in which communication functions.

2.2 Focus on the transactional model of oral communication

There are those who think that communication ideally should only involve

messages intentionally sent and successfully received, this is not the case in real

communication situations. How can we determine the true intentions of speakers and

writers, anyway? This model therefore proposes that all kinds of intentional sending

and intentional receiving should be considered as acts of communication.

This model suggests that both the receiver and sender of the message change

roles most of the time. The receiver is also a sender of the message, while the sender

is also a receiver of the message.

2.3 How the components of the model work together

Linear model is perhaps the most basic model of communication.

Communication involves two people the sender and the receiver of the message.

The communication process is relatively unproblematic: one person sends a message,

and then another person receives it. In this way, the flow of information is linear.

An interactional view of communication assumes that the sender who encodes

a message also receives feedback from the receiver who decodes the message. This

view also includes channel or medium of communication, as well as the physical

environment.

Sender Receiver

Immediate physical environment

Immediate physical environment

Sender Receiver

Immediate physical environment

Immediate physical environment

Simply put, this model of communication stresses the importance of power

relations in any form of communication. Not only does power influence

communication; it is part of any communication situation.

2.4 What makes the process complex?

Clearly, cultural model puts culture at the centre of the communication

process. Communication happens because of culture, so there is no adequate

understanding of the nature and process of communication without recognizing the

central role of culture in it. Communication involves language and other non-verbal

modes of interaction. All these are culturally-shaped. Communication also involves

the transmission and negotiation of meaning; these are also cultural practices.

If we know that all these elements work together in every communication

context, we may be able to understand more adequately how and why people behave

in a particular way.

3.0 Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is usually defined by communication scholars in

numerous ways, usually describing participants who are dependent upon one another

and have a shared history. It can involve one on one conversations or individuals

interacting with many people within a society. In so doing, we would examine how

many people are involved, how physically close they are to one another, how many

sensory channels are used, and the feedback provided. Interpersonal communication

includes message sending and message reception between two or more individuals.

This can include all aspects of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting,

nonverbal communication, and more. In the developmental view, interpersonal

communication is defined as communication that occurs between people who have

known each other for some time.

Impersonal communication means mass communication, in which the

message is directed to large, diffuse audience, with no direct contact between source

and receiver. Like interpersonal communication, it can be oral, visual or non-verbal,

using written, pictorial, or simulated interpersonal messages.eg. Someone talking to

the audience in a TV or radio advertisement.

Importantly, these people view each other as unique individuals, not as people

who are simply acting out social situations.

4.0 Small Group Communication

Groups usually produce more and better solutions to problems than do

individuals working alone. Groups form to accomplish some objective. The objective

may be to complete some kind of task or it may be to promote the interpersonal

relationships between the group members. Many groups, however, fulfill both of these

functions. Read more about the various types of groups and then complete the

interactive activity and the quiz at the end of this unit.

Communication in small groups is interpersonal communication within groups

of between 3 and 20 individuals. This generally takes place in a context that mixes

interpersonal interactions with social clustering. The first important research study of

small group communication was performed by social psychologist Robert Bales and

published in a series of books and articles in the early and mid 1950s.

The strategies for small-group discussion give students the opportunity to

develop critical thinking skills, build positive relationships, work cooperatively, and

participate actively in their learning. You can put your students at ease by modeling

effective skills for small-group discussion and by providing many opportunities to

practice these skills in a safe environment.

Praised for its writing style, research base, and range of topics covered, this

text develops issues of diversity, ethics, technology and the organizational use of

groups and teams within a systems theory framework. Clearly organized and logically

presented, this text provides the opportunity for outstanding discussions of critical

issues. Harris and Sherblom effectively integrate real-world examples, hypothetical

situations, social science theories, and scholarly research into a unified discussion of

small group and team communication. Extensive examples, case studies, and

exercises engage students and help them to move from theoretical discussions into

application and experience of the concepts presented.

A group's members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of

the other members of the group. Groups will develop norms about discussion and

group members will develop roles which will affect the group's interaction.

A group must have a common purpose or goal and they must work together to

achieve that goal. The goal brings the group together and holds it together through

conflict and tension. Every member of a group plays a certain role within that group.

A leader is essentially defined as one who can influence a group to develop something

which would not have happened had the leader not been present. Some roles relate to

the task aspect of the group, while others promote social interaction. A third set of

roles are self-centered and can be destructive for the group. Read about the roles

group members play and then complete the activity. When a leader builds trust and

candor, it can build a truly open communication environment, and give and receive

feedback in an ongoing basis, you motivate your employees, you create truly effective

small group communication, and you build a high performing team.

If our teams communication quality is better, our teams performance is also

better. But if our small group communication quality is poor, our teams performance

is also poor. Whether our team has good or poor communication, I and only I as the

boss of our team are responsible for it. We cannot blame anybody else, because the

moment you start blaming somebody else, we begin to fall into the victim role, we

begin to loose control and we decrease the likelihood that you will be able to deliver

the results you must deliver.

If we are the chief of our team, whoever we might be: A high rank executive, a

mid-level manager, or an entry-level supervisor, we are the person accountable for the

quality of the communication within the team we lead not our direct reports, but our.

It is easier said than done of course, but the discipline it requires is well worth

it.

5.0 Public Communication

Public communication is the sending and receiving of messages on a large

scale that impacts groups of people. For the communication to be considered

effective, the messages must be clearly and accurately sent and received with full

comprehension. It is also speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate

manner. It is a form of communication that adds to the knowledge and wisdom of

listeners, or that influences their attitudes or behavior. In other word, public

communication is the act of delivery speeches in public or the art or skill of

addressing and audience effectively.

According to (Pearson and Nelson, An Introduction to Introduction to Human

Communication, P 201), public speaking is the process of understanding and sharing

that occurs in the speaker to audience situation. Public speaking, like interpersonal

(Judy C. Pearson and Paul E. Nelson, 1999)communication is transaction in which

people simuttaneously give meaning and recieve meaning from each other.

Effective public communication can manifest itself in different ways. Public

speaking in any form is considered public communication. This can be a school

assembly, a business meeting or a presidential speech. Mass media, the use of TV,

radio, newspaper or any other mass-produced medium, is another type of effective

public communication. It is used to inform, educate, persuade and inspire the

audience.

Oral Communication is the ability to use speech to give and exchange

thoughts and information. We use this skill to greet people, take messages, reassure,

persuade, seek information and resolve conflicts.

The material of our presentation should be concise, to the point and tell an

interesting story. In addition to the obvious things like content and visual aids, the

following are just as important as the audience will be subconsciously taking them in:

voice, body language and appearance.

A public speaker needs to understand the needs and expectations of an

audience before the speech. Prepare the structure of the talk carefully and logically,

just as we would for a written report. The speech should then address those needs and

expectations. The speaker's body language should be confident with a strong,

projecting voice. The speaker's timing is important. There should be pauses, allowing

for words to sink in and audience reactions. Humor is helpful when appropriate.

Questions should be taken at the end of the speech.

Good presentations then follow this formula: Greet the audience (for example,

'Good morning, ladies and gentlemen'), and tell them who we are. The length of time

for a speech is important in public speaking. Keep to the time allowed. If we can,

keep it short. It's better to under-run than over-run. As a rule of thumb, allow 2

minutes for each general overhead transparency or PowerPoint slide we use, but

longer for any that we want to use for developing specific points. However, the

audience will get bored with something on the screen for more than 5 minutes,

especially if we are not actively talking about it. So switch the display off, or replace

the slide with some form of 'wallpaper' such as a company logo.

Stick to the plan for the presentation, don't be tempted to digress, we will eat

up time and could end up in a dead-end with no escape. Experienced public speakers

know too, that eye contact is important. By continually scanning the audience and

making eye contact with individuals, a speaker keeps the audience engaged and

interested. Handouts are important in giving an audience the perception that the

presentation was rewarding.

Unless explicitly told not to, leave time for discussion, 5 minutes is sufficient

to allow clarification of points. The session chairman may extend this if the

questioning becomes interesting.

At the end of our presentation ask if there are any questions, avoid being terse

when we do this as the audience may find it intimidating. If questions are slow in

coming, we can start things off by asking a question of the audience so have one

prepared. The audience will be on our side and want to hear what we have to say.

So as always, practice is essential, both to improve our skills generally and

also to make the best of each individual presentation we make then enjoy ourselves.

The audience will be on our side and want to hear what we have to say!

Credibility statements can refer to our extensive research on a topic, our life-

long interest in an issue, our personal experience with a thing, or our desire to better

the lives of our listeners by sifting through the topic and providing the crucial

information.

As speakers we all know the importance of properly preparing our material far

enough in advance so we may have sufficient time to rehearse and "fine-tune" our

speeches. Unfortunately, this is not enough to assure that our speech or presentation is

well received. Our speech preparation must also include gathering information about

our audience and their needs. A well prepared speech given to the wrong audience can

have the same effect as a poorly prepared speech given to the correct audience. They

both can fail terribly.

It is critical that our preparation efforts include some amount of audience

analysis. The more we know and understand about our audience and their needs, the

better we can prepare our speech to assure that we meet their needs.

Proper audience analysis will assure that we give the right speech to the right

audience. Most professional speakers send their clients a multi-page questionnaire in

order to gather enough information about them and the speaking event to properly

customize their speeches.

Develop specific questions which fit into each of these eight categories and

ask the client or audience to tell we what they want. Essentially, ask them what they

need and give it to them.

6.0 Conclusion

As we have seen, it is clear for us that English language plays an important

role in many fields such as education, social, economic and many more. Therefore, if

we fail to teach this language to our children, they will become a blind man in

future. This is because, in future, English language becomes very important in many

deals in Malaysia. Although English is the second language, but it will use widely

everywhere include in the rural place. Therefore, for our generations better life in

future, we should start to use English from now.

However, several teachers say all of these fears can be overcome by always

speak in front of audience. They also learn from their experiences and mistakes. If

somebody want you to speak in public, do it with confident and dont make mistake.

One way to make them "work" is to "overwork" them. They do this by accepting

every invitation to speak in public and by seeking out additional opportunities to

appear before the public. They speak as often as possible, on as many occasions as

possible, and in as many different venues as possible. Sheer repetition generally helps

to distance one from the tension generated by the anticipated ordeal. But with some

people it may ingrain the fear and concern

The best way to do this is to stand alone in a room in front of a full-length

mirror. The trick is to stand there with our eyes closed. Naturally, with our eyes shut,

we cannot see ourselves, but we know that you are in a sense being seen by the

members of an imaginary audience beyond the mirror. Imagine we are going to speak

in five minutes. Conjure up the negative feelings, the leading symptoms that have

affected your equilibrium in the past.

REFERENCES

Bialystok, E. (1990). Communication strategies: A psychological analysis of second

language use. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Brooks, N (1960). Language and language learning: Theory and practice. New York:

Harcourt, Brace & World.

Harold Lasswell (1948). "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society."

In Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas. Harper and Row. (Lasswell,

1999)

Judy C. Pearson and Paul E. Nelson. (1999). The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved

June 30, 2011, from McGraw-Hill Higher Education:

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/speech/commcentral/mgsmgroupcom.html

Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know.

Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

Seelye, H. N. (1994). Teaching culture: Strategies for intercultural communication

(3rd ed.). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.

Wenden, A., & Rubin, J. (Eds.). (1987). Learner strategies in language learning.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

8.0 Pages of Slide Show

Power point Communication effectively in spoken English in selected social contexts

Important of speaking English

Second language in Malaysia

Primary language of work and academics

Slide 1

Speaker

Talk message clearly

listener receiving

understanding

remembering

evaluating

responding

Principles of effective listening and

speaking

Slide 2

Message

Feedback

SENDER RECEIVER

Slide 3

Slide 4

One on one conversation

Individuals interacting with people

Sending and present message clearly

Personal Communication

Impersonal Communication

Slide 5

Slide 6

Better solutions

Slide 7

Group members roles

Brainstorming

Turn talking

Justifying choices and alternatives

Agreeing and disagreeing

Drawing conclusions

A leader

Candor

Trust

Integrity

authentic

Slide 8

Sending and receiving message

clearly

Speaking to a group of people

Adds the knowledge and

wisdom of listener

Influences audience attitudes

or behavior

School assembly, business meeting

Slide 9

\Slide 10

Slide 11

Communication effectively

Interpersonal communication

Small group communication

Public Communication

Slide 12