Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4
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Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4
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Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4. Viruses and Bacteria Page 51. Viruses . Viruses are considered nonliving particles. Viruses does not carry out reproduction until in a living cell( host ). Obtaining Food= they are parasites . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Organisms and their Essential Life Functions Goal 4
Organisms and their Essential Life Functions
Goal 4
Viruses and Bacteria
Page 51
Viruses 1. Viruses are considered
nonliving particles.2. Viruses does not carry out
reproduction until in a living cell(host).
3. Obtaining Food= they are parasites.
4. Reproduction= Asexual reproduction through Replication.
5. Not made of a cell or cells.
Moneran Kingdom- Bacteria.
1. Eubacteria Kingdom- consist of all bacteria in normal conditions.
2. Archaebacteria Kingdom- consist of bacteria in harsh conditions such as septic systems, hot springs and salty water.
3. Reproduction- Sexually by Conjugation; Asexually through Binary Fission.
Protists
Pages 59-64
Pg. 59 Amoeba1. Kingdom- Protista (Protists)2. Obtaining Food: heterotrophs- feed on
bacteria by using pseudopods (false feet)
3. Body is shapeless.4. Gas Exchange: Diffusion using the
plasma membrane.5. Lives in water: Aquatic6. Reproduction: Asexual by Binary
Fission.7. Unicellular: eukaryotic cell= has
organelles.8. Digestion: happens in the food vacuole
by enzymes.
Page 60 Paramecium1. Kingdom: Protista (Protists)2. Obtaining Food: uses cilia to
bring food to its oral groove.3. Live in water. (aquatic)4. Digestion: happens in the
gullet by use of enzymes.5. Waste: Excretion by use of
anal pore6. Reproduction; Asexual by
Binary Fission.7. Gas Exchange: Diffusion by
using plasma membrane: O2 in and CO2 out.
Page 61Euglena1. Kingdom: Protista2. Eyespot: used to detect
light.3. When light is present, it acts
as an autotroph (carries out photosynthesis); when light is not present, it acts as a heterotroph.
4. Gas Exchange: Diffusion through the plasma membrane.
5. Has Mitochondria: synthesis its own ATP by respiration.
6. Unicellular: Eukaryotic cell (has nucleus)
Page 62 Algae- Volvox1. Kingdom- Protista2. Autotroph: carries out
photosynthesis.3. Reproduction- Fragmentation-
asexual; produces clones; each little piece becomes a new organism.
4. Gas Exchange: CO2 in and O2 out
5. All algae is protist made of eukaryotic cells; some unicellular and some multicellular.
algaealgae
Volvox
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Fungus-like Protists(Slime molds and Water Molds)
1.Heterotrophs- saprophytes2.Multicellular- no chitin in cell wall.3.True fungi have chitin in cell wall.4.Reproduction- Asexual called sporulation.
Page 64
Concept Map on Protists1.Animal-like Protists are called protozoans.2.Zooflagellates swim with a flagellum.2.Sarcodines use pseodopods (false feet).3.Ciliates use cilia (hair-like projections).4.Sporozoans live in a host… fish, birds humans etc. They reproduce by spores.5.Plant-like Protists are called Algae.6.They exist in a wide variety of sizes and colors.7.Contain chlorophyll; can conduct photosynthesis.8.Six groups of algae: Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Red Algae, Brown Algae, Green Algae.
Page 65Mushrooms- Fungi Kingdom
1.A mushroom carries out asexual reproduction called sporulation- each spore is a clone of the parent.2.Mushrooms are heterotrophs- release enzymes over dead plant material- food is liquified and absorbed into mushroom’s body.3.Mushrooms are saprophytes- food source is dead or dying plant material.
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Yeast- Fungi Kingdom
1.Asexual reproduction: called budding.2.Important in alcohol fermentation. (produces two ATP and CO2)3.Used in baking bread; release CO2 which causes bread to rise.
Draw Yeast
Page 66Lichens= Fungi Kingdom
1.Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus.
a. Fungus provides protection, water and minerals.
b. Algae carries out photosynthesis to provide food for both.
2.Lichens are major producers in the Tundra Biome.3.Lichens grow on rocks and break them apart to provide fertile soil.4.They are good indicators of air pollution.
Page 67
Leaf1.Xylem transport H2O to all cells.2.Phloem transports sugar (glucose) to all cells.3.Guard Cells opens and closes stomata.4.Palisade Mesophyll= where the majority of photosynthesis happens.5.Transpiration (H2O moves out) happens at stomata.6.Vascular Bundle= contains Xylem and Phloem.
Page 67Seed
1.A seed carries the embryo; embryo formed by sexual reproduction known as pollination which occurs in flowering plants called angiosperms.2.Seed is compared to the uterus of a female because both carry the embryo.3.For a seed to germinate when placed in the soil, conditions must be favorable; H2O; O2; temperature (warm); Earthworms help increase O2 in the soil by turning it over as they crawl
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The Flower1.Male reproductive parts are: .amen, anther and filament, the anther produces pollen and pollen carries the sperm cell.2.Female reproductive parts are: pistil, stigma, style and the ovary. Pollen lands on the stigma and sperm cells are carried to the ovary by the pollen tube. When the ovary is fertilized you get a fruit in the end. No flower – no fruit.
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Fertilization1.Part of the male gametophyte grow through the pistil to reach the female gametophyte in flowering plants.2.Double fertilization involves two sperm nuclei.3.A zygote (2n) and endosperm (3n) are formed.
How Guard Cells Work Using Turgor Pressure
Do book drawing and write information in picture.
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Page 71Process of Fruit Formation
1.All vegetables are fruit to a scientist because they are formed from a flower.2.When the eggs in the ovules of a blueberry flower have been fertilized, the petals, stamen and stigma wither and fall away.3.The wall of the blueberry flower’s ovary becomes fleshy as the seeds develop.4.The remains of the sepals and some dried stamens usually can be seen at the top of a blueberry fruit.
page 72Understanding Roots
1.Apical Meristem= high rate of mitosis (new body cells)
2.Xylem= transport H2O and minerals.3.Phloem= transports sugar (glucose)4.Xylem and Phloem in plants compare
to arteries and veins in animal transport.
Page 73 Plant Responses*** Plant Responses are controlled by Hormones called Auxins.***
1. Thigmotropism= plants touch object and vines wrap around object.
2. Phototropism= plants bend toward light or sunlight.
3. Geotropism or Gravitropism= roots grow down and stems grow up. a. Positive Geotropism= roots always grow
down.b. Negative Geotropism= stems grow upward.
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4. Nastic Movement= venus flytrap leaves fold around insect that lands on it; traps the insect and it dies- juices of dead insect used by plant.
(Pictures to be drawn for each)
page 74
Plant Responses of Flowering Plants= Photoperiodism
1. Many plants are day-neutral. Flowering in cucumbers, tomatoes, and corn is not influenced by a dark period.
2. Spinach and lettuce are long-day plants that flower in midsummer.
3. Short-day plants include pansies and goldenrod.
(Pictures to be drawn for each)
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Gastrula (Horseshoe Shape)
*** Differentiation= cells begin to specialize (1 specific job)
1. Endoderm= inner cells that form the animals digestive tract and organs.
2. Ectoderm= outer cells that form skin and nervous system.
3. Mesoderm= middle cells form muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, and respiratory system.
4. Stages of Development: Fertilized Egg →zygote → blastula → Gastrula → Embryo → Fetus
Page 76 Sponge= Invertebrate, Asymmetry, Sessile (no locomotion), Filter feeder,
Phylum Porifera1. Protection= needle-like structures called
spicules.2. Obtaining nutrients= ocean water enters pores
bringing in food and food is caught.3. Excretion= uses a large pore called an
Asculum.4. Reproduction= Asexual called fragmentation.5. They are hermaphrodite= carry male and
female sex organs.
Page 77Hydra- Cnidarian, Invertebrate, Sessile, Radial
Symmetry, Phylum Cnidaria1. Some have Asexual Reproduction called Budding.2. Nutrition= captures food by using tentacles and
brings in its mouth.3. All Cnidarians have radial symmetry and live in the
water. Ex. Jelly Fish, Corals, Sea Anemones4. Protection= stings and uses cells called
nematocysts.5. Jellyfish= sexual reproduction (External
Fertilization; External Development)6. Digestion in gastrovascular cavity
Page 78 The Planarian- Flatworms: Invertebrate, Bilateral
Symmetry, Phylum Platyhelminthes1. Asexual Reproduction called regeneration.2. Nutrition= sucks up its food by using a
pharynx out of its mouth (feeds on slow moving organisms) or dead organisms.
3. Locomotion= use cilia (tiny hairs)4. Habitat= lies under rocks in streams, Eyespot
picks up light.5. Excretion= waste removal out of mouth. Only
one body opening.6. Other Flatworms= tapeworms (parasites), fluke
(parasite found in rice patties).7. Very simple nervous system: nerve cord
Page 79- 3 slidesMollusks- Invertebrate; Aquatic;
Phylum Molluska3 Major Classes= Food for HumansA. Snail
1. Snail: Class Gastropoda2. Locomotion with large muscular foot.3. Nutrition: uses a radula; a tongue with teeth to bring in food. 4. Mantle produces the shell.5. Snails have well defined, well developed head in addition to a large foot.
Draw Snail
Page 79- slide 2
B. Squid1. Squid= Class Cephalopod.2. Uses ink spray to escape predators.3. Octopus is a cephalopod also.4. Open circulatory system: where blood
leaves out of arteries and veins and fill up an open space around organs.
Draw Squid
Page 79- slide 3
C. Clam1. Clam- Bivalve; class Pelecypoda2. Two shells cover a soft body.3. Other bivalve include oysters and
scallops.
Draw Clam
Page 80Earthworm+= Order Annelida;
Phylum Oligochaeta; Invertebrate, Bilateral Symmetry; Hermaphrodite
1. Gizzard= grinds soil; acts as teeth.2. Locomotion: setae and muscles.3. Closed Circulatory System: blood stays in arteries
and veins.4. Sexual Reproduction: Hermaphrodite; external
development; capsule carries fertilized egg and falls into soil.
5. Excretion: Nitrogenous waste leaves out of anus. The nephridia removes waste from blood stream.
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6. Nutrition: Food enters the mouth; moves into the crop and then into the gizzard for digestion to be completed.
7. Gas Exchange: O2 enters and CO2 moves out by use of the skin (diffusion)- lives in moist soil.
Page 81Grasshopper- Invertebrate; Phylum
Arthropoda; Class Insecta.1. Insects= 6 Legs, 3 Body Sections, Wings,
Closed Circulatory System, Internal Fertilization- External Development.
2. Excretory= uses malpighian tubules are used to remove nitrogenous waste known as uric acid (crystal formation)
3. Gas Exchange: O2 enters the spiracles and goes down tracheal tubes to enter bloodstream -CO2 moves out by spiracles.
4.Nutrition= chews food by using mandibles (eats grass, wheat) (next page)
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5. 3 Body Segments: head, thorax and abdomen
6. Some insects can carry on parthenogenesis (cloning happening with an unfertilized egg) ex. Ants, wasps, bees.
7. Locomotion: Jointed Appendages and Wings.
8. Protection: Exoskeleton (hard outer covering made of chitin)
Page 82Incomplete Metamorphosis
Draw and label as in the book Incomplete Metamorphosis.
Old Book- 774New Book- 754
Page 83The Characteristics of a Chordate
1. Chordates have a notochord; but Vertebrate Chordates only have a notochord when they are embryos. The notochord is replaced by backbone to protect spinal chord.
2. Chordates have muscle blocks (stacks of muscles).
3. Chordates have dorsal nerve fins.4. Chordates have gill slits or did have gill slits
in embryonic stage, also called pharyngeal pouches.
Page 84 Boney Fish1. Locomotion by fins.2. Gas Exchange: happens in gills: O2 enters from
water and CO2 moves out. By diffusion.3. Closed Circulatory System: heart has 2
chambers.4. Reproduction: Sexual called spawning- external
fertilization; female releases lots of eggs into water male swims over releasing sperm.
5. Kidney removes nitrogeneous waste out of bloodstream.
6. Swim Bladder: Controls depth fish swims.7. Sense Organ: Lateral Line System detects
changes in water.
8. 3 Classes of Boney Fish:A. Agnathans- jawless fish
(Hagfish)B. Chondrichthyes- Sharks, rays,
(lots of cartilage)C. Osteichthyes- Bony Fish- spot;
trout, brim, etc
Scaly Mackeral
Page 85Amniotic Egg
1. Covered by a hard shell.2. All birds, all reptiles, all monotremes lay the
amniotic egg.3. Internal fertilization.4. Yolk= food sac supplies food to embryo.5. Amnion= fluid that surrounds the embryo to
protect it.6. Allantois= place where nitrogeneous waste of
embryo sent for storage.7. Chorion= gas exchange; O2 in and CO2 out.
Page 86 Reptiles1. Reptiles are vertebrates; Chordates2. All reptiles have scaly skin.3. Closed circulatory system: most have a 3-
chambered heart; some have 4-chambered heart.
4. Internal Fertilization- lay fertilized amniotic egg on land.
5. Ectotherms- cold blooded.6. Gas Exchange- lungs: (O2 in and CO2 out).7. Nitrogenous waste removed out of
bloodstream by kidneys.
Page 87 Amphibians1. Amphibians are Vertebrates; Chordates;
and Ectotherms.2. They undergo metamorphosis
(incomplete). Fertilized egg tadpole adult frog (eggs laid in water)
3. Have thin, moist skin used for gas exchange and also uses their lungs.
4. Double Life: live on land and in water.5. Closed circulatory system: 3-chambered
heart.6. Reproduction: sexual: external fertilization
in water.
Page 88 Birds1. Vertebrate, Chordate, Endotherm.2. Have 4-chmbered heart: very efficient.2. Heart keeps oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separated.3. Breast-bone (sternum)- strong support
for flight.4. Sexual Reproduction; internal
fertilization; female lays a fertilized amniotic egg.
5. Oxygenated blood have high level of O2. Deoxygenated blood has high level of CO2.
Page 88 pg. 21. The Owl is nocturnal: circadian rhythm=
(biological time clock based on 24-hours): metabolism low during day and high at night. They incubate an amniotic egg.Draw owl head
2. Hawk= carnivore (Niche)= eats animals onlyDray Hawk
3. Red Bird= (State Bird); omnivore (niche): eats plants and animals.Draw Red Bird
Page 89 pt. 1Mammals
Mammals= All produce milk for their young. They are vertebrates, Chordates, 4-chambered heart, lungs, have hair, diaphragm muscle beneath lungs, endotherms, have glands that produce hormones, teeth that grind food.
1. Man- Primate; Placental mammal; have opposable thumb.draw man
2. Kangaroo- Marsupial has pouch where young fetus develops.draw kangaroo
3. Horse- Ungulate; has hoofs; Placental.draw horseshoe
4. Anteater= Insectivora; eats insects; placentaldraw anteater
5. Mouse= Rodentia= large incisors that gnaws food; placental mammal.Draw Mouse
6. Duckbilled Platypus= Monotreme- lays amniotic egg.Draw Duckbilled Platypus
7. Whale= Cetacean= lots of blubber; Placental.Draw Whale
8. Fox= Carnivore; Placental Mammal.Draw Fox
9. Bat= Chiroptera- can fly; placental mammal.draw bat
10. Rabbit= Logomorpha- powerful hind legs for jumping; placental mammal.draw rabbit
11. Armadillo= Edentata= toothless; placental mammal.Draw Armadillo
