Organismic Biology
description
Transcript of Organismic Biology
Organismic Biology
Lecture 4 NatSci IIJosephine B. Guerrero, MDAsst. Professor, Department of Biology
Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism
TISSUES
Plant Tissues:1. Meristematic – immature, undifferentiated,
rapidly dividing; apical meristem and lateral meristem
2. Fundamental Parenchyma – thin-walled; cortex and pith Collenchyma – irregularly thickened; periphery of
stems and leaves Sclerenchyma – thick walls; fibers, sclereids (seeds
and seed coats)3. Vascular- responsible for the movement of
materials inside the plant; xylem vs. phloem
Animal Tissues:1. Epithelial – covers external and internal
surfaces; attached to a basement membrane2. Connective – “connects” or supports other
structures , “fills” body layers or spaces3. Muscle – capable of contraction for movement4. Nervous – for propagation of electrical impulses5. Reproductive – gametes for reproduction
Epithelial Tissues According to Shape of Cells
Squamous – flat, polygonal Cuboidal – equal height, width, thickness Columnar – greater height than width and
thickness Transitional – varies in shape from cuboidal
to squamous depending on the degree of distention of the organ where it is found
Epithelial Tissues According to Number of Layer of Cells
Simple – only one layer of cells directly attached to basement membrane
Stratified – more than one layer; the innermost layer is attached to the basement membrane
Pseudostratified – appears to have several layers; in reality, only one layer
Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Stratified Squamous
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Transitional
Components of Connective Tissue1. Matrix – mucopolysaccharides, ground
substance or “background” where other components are embedded
2. Fibers Collagen – most resilient Elastic – has the ability to be stretched and
return to its original configuration Reticular – fine, branched fibers; most
delicate
Components of Connective Tissue3. Cells
Fibroblast – produces fibers and matrix Osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast –in bone Chondroblast, chondrocyte – in cartilage Adipocyte – in adipose tissue Macrophage – phagocytic cell Mast cell – produces chemical mediators as
histamine for inflammation
Connective TissueGeneralized Connective Tissue
Specialized Connective Tissue
Loose or Areolar CT
Dense CTDense Collagenous RegularDense Collagenous Irregular
Dense Elastic RegularDense Elastic Irregular
Adipose
Cartilage Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood
Loose or Areolar Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood
Skeletal Muscle – striated, voluntary; multinucleated; peripheral nuclei; cylindrical cells
Cardiac Muscle – striated, involuntary; uninucleated; central nuclei; cylindrical branched cells
Smooth Muscle – nonstriated, involuntary; uninucleated; central nuclei; fusiform or spindle-shaped cells
Nervous Tissue
Reproductive Tissue
Male Gamete = sperm
Female Gamete = ovum
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Organ Systems in Plants:Root System (usually underground)Shoot System (usually above ground)
Integumentary System: Functions mainly for protection Other functions include thermoregulation,
secretion, absorption, excretion Derived structures from integument
include scales, feathers, horns, claws, nails and hair
Types of Integument Amoeba – cell membrane Paramecium – pellicle Soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates or those which
thrive in most environments – single-layer epidermis
Worms, arthropods – cuticle; cuticle of arthropods have chitin
In snails and other animals, the epidermis secretes an exoskeleton.
Section of Human Skin
Skeletal SystemTypes:1. Hydroskeleton2. Exoskeleton3. Endoskeleton
Function:1. Support2. Form3. Attachment of
muscles4. Protection
Human Skeletal System
Movement in Organisms Amoeboid movement- Amoeba; exhibited
by some cells in complex organisms Contractile fibrils in cilia and flagella –
ciliates and flagellates Smooth and striated muscles (in layers or
separate muscles) – cnidarians, arthropods, worms, molluscs, vertebrates
Organization of Muscle in Vertebrates
Human Muscular System
Modes of Digestion1. Single cell prokayotes/eukaryote –
intracellular, by enzymatic action2. Fungi (molds & mushrooms) – absorptive3. Plants – rare via external acid4. Animals – internal; complex combination
of mechanical and chemical processes
Human Digestive System
Chemical DigestionNeeded to convert macromolecules to simplest forms
that can be absorbed CHO to monosaccharides CHON to amino acids Fats to glycerol and fatty acids Carried out by:
1. Salivary glands – amylase2. Stomach – pepsin3. Small intestine – pancreatic amylase, trypsin,
chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, dissacharidases, dipeptidases,
Modes of Circulation:1. Plants – xylem (transpiration cohesion)
phloem (active transport osmosis)
2. Lower animal forms (open type) – blood or circulatory fluid directly bathes cells
3. Higher animal forms (closed type) – blood or circulating fluid stays inside blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Requires a pumping organ, circulating fluid and the channels for the fluid
Human circulatory system
Pathway of blood thru the heart
Formed Elements in the Blood
Lymphatic System
Immunity Non-specific Immune Mechanisms or
Innate Immunity Intact skin and mucous membranes as
protective barrier Chemical mediators: lysozymes, histamine,
interferons Phagocytic cells Inflammation
Immunity Specific or Adaptive Immunity – exhibits
specificity and memory Cell-mediated Immunity or Cytotoxic
Immunity – T cells/T lymphocytes (Killer T cells) Antibody-mediated or Humoral Immunity –
B cells/B lymphocytes produce antibodies (Immuneglobulins)
How do we acquire adaptive immunity? Natural vs. Artificial Means Active vs. Passive Means
Active – give the antigen and stimulate body to produce its own defenses; more permanent
Passive – give the pre-formed immuneglobulins or antibodies; faster but short-lasting
Natural Active – when an individual gets exposed to the pathogen or antigen; may or may not become sick
Natural Passive – From mother to infant through breastfeeding and through placental circulation
Artificial Active – Vaccinations Artificial Passive – Immuneglobulin
therapy
Modes of Respiration1. Single cell animals and some lower forms -
diffusion2. Plants – cellular3. Aquatic animals – gills4. Terrestrial animals – lungs or similar forms
Human Respiratory System
Forms of Respiration
External Respiration or Mechanical Ventilation – involves exchange of air/gases between the body and the environment Inspiration or
Inhalation Expiration or
Exhalation
Forms of Respiration Internal Respiration -
involves exchange of gases at the level of the tissues Exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries and in systemic capillaries
Forms of Respiration Cellular Respiration
involves utilization of oxygen in cells for production of ATP