Organic Molecules. Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds –Must have Carbon (C)
Organic Compounds Organic Compound- Compounds that contain carbon atoms Ex: Glucose (sugar) C 6 H 12...
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Transcript of Organic Compounds Organic Compound- Compounds that contain carbon atoms Ex: Glucose (sugar) C 6 H 12...
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Organic Compounds
• Organic Compound- Compounds that contain carbon atomsEx: Glucose (sugar) C6H12O6
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Inorganic Compounds
• Inorganic Compound- Compounds that do not contain carbon atoms.
ex: water- H20, salt-NaCl
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Why is carbon important?
• Carbon is found in many different compounds because carbon has 6 electrons, 4 of which are found in the valence (outer) shell.
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Why is carbon important?
• Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen.
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Covalent Bond
• Covalent bond: bond created when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
• Carbon can form a single bond, by sharing one pair of electrons, a double bond by sharing two pairs of electrons, or a triple bond, by sharing three pairs of electrons.
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Example
• Methane: CH4
– Main component of natural gas
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CHNO
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the main components found in all living things. (CHON) These elements are found in 96% of all life on earth.
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Building Blocks
• Monomer is a smaller, simpler molecule that can bind with other monomers to form larger, more complex molecules called polymers.
• Large polymers are called macromolecules. Macromolecules are organic compounds.
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Monomers Together
• Condensation Reaction = the process of monomers joining together to form a polymer, and a water molecule is released.
• Also called Dehydration Reaction (Synthesis)
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Breaking it Down
• Hydrolysis =the process where water is used to break down polymers into monomers
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Energy
• Adenosine Triphosphate =ATP
When the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, energy is released.
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Chapter 3 Section 2Chapter 3 Section 2
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Chapter 3Chapter 3LET’S REVIEW!
1.What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
2.What is an organic compound?
3. What 4 elements make up 95% of all living things?
LET’S REVIEW!
1.What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
2.What is an organic compound?
3. What 4 elements make up 95% of all living things?
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LET’S REVIEW
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One link in the chain is one single unit or monomer
Mono - one
Several links (monomers) together is
a polymer.
Poly - many
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Organic Compounds• All contain the element Carbon. • They also contain other common elements,
which means you are made mostly of…
CHNO
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Four main classes of organic compounds…
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• Made mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (and sometimes N,S, and P)
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Carbohydrates
• Common name:– Sugar or starches
• Elements Composed of:of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen
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Carbohydrates
• Units (Building Blocks):– Monosaccharides= simple sugar
• Ex. Glucose, fructose
• Complex form:– Disaccharide= double sugar
• Ex. Sucrose= table sugar
– Polysaccharide – Ex. Starch, glycogen
• Bonding process:– Condensation Reaction
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Carbohydrates
• Common Examples:– Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose and Cellulose
• Functions:– Mid-term energy storage
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Carbohydrates
• Draw carbohydrate• Polysaccharides
– Starch (many glucoses)- energy storage in plants– Glycogen- energy storage in liver and muscles of
animals– Cellulose- structural molecule in cell wall of plants– Chitin- structural molecule in exoskeleton of
arthropods
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Lipids
• Common name:– Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Elements composed of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen
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Lipids
• Units (building blocks):– 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules
• Complex Form:– Triglyceride
• Type of Bonding:
saturated unsaturated
Single bonds Double bonds
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Lipids
• Common Examples:
• Functions:– Long term energy storage, components of
hormones, components of cell membrane
butter oils
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Lipids
– Draw Lipids
• Triglycerides – Oils- long term storage of energy in seeds
and fruits– Fats- long term storage of energy in higher
animals
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Proteins
• Common name:– Proteins
• Elements composed of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Sulfur
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Proteins
• Units (building blocks):– Amino acids
• Complex Form:– Polypeptide
• Type of Bonding:– Peptide bond
• Bonding Process– Condensation Reaction
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Proteins
• Common Examples:– Hemoglobin, Keratin, Collagen
• Functions:– Enzymes, structural, transport, storage,
protective, hormones, membrane proteins
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Protein
– Make a drawing
• Collagen-structural, tendon, hide, muscles• Keratin- structural, wool, fingernails, feathers• Insulin- regulatory, hormones• Egg White- Storage• Hemoglobin- transport protein that combines
easily with oxygen.
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Nucleic Acids
• Common name:– Nucleic acid
• Elements composed of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Phosphorous
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Nucleic Acid
• Units (building blocks):– nucleotides
• Type of Bonding:– Hydrogen bonds between
nucleotides
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Nucleic Acid
• Common Examples:– RNA, DNA
• Functions:– Codes for all proteins in the body
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Nucleic Acids
– DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid, part of chromosomes of cell, carrier of genetic info
– RNA- Ribonucleic Acid, transcribes message of the DNA so that proteins can be made inside the cell
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The Digestive System and
Enzymes
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The Digestive System
• A long hollow tube called the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) has the purpose of breaking down macromolecules that you eat into molecules that your body can absorb.
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Process of Digestion
• 1. Ingestion: taking food in
• 2. Digestion: breaking food down
• 3. Movement: from one segment of the tract to another
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Process of Digestion
• 4. Absorption: when nutrients cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining in order to enter the blood stream
• 5. Elimination: undigested molecules are removed
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Pathway of Food• Mouth Pharynx Esophagus
Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus
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The Mouth
• The first stages of digestion occurs here. – First: mechanical Digestion or
chewing occurs here.– Second: The food meets saliva (a
mixture of water, mucus, and a digestive enzyme called amylase)
•Amylase: helps break
starches (polysaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharides)!
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The Pharynx
• The location where the GI tract and respiratory system cross over.
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The Esophagus
• Long muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach muscles in the esophagus wall.
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Stomach• J shaped muscular
organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm. – Stores food– Stomach acid and
gastric enzymes called pepsin begin to break down protein.
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Small Intestine
• Digests carbohydrates, fats, and completes the digestion of proteins.
• ABSORBS nutrients
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Large Intestine• Absorbs water to prevent dehydration
• Absorbs vitamins (B and K)
• Forms and rids the body of feces through anus
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Accessory Organs
• Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic fluid to the small intestine
–Lipase enzyme: breaks down fat molecules to free fatty acids, diglycerides and monoglycerides.
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Accessory Organs
• Liver– Produces bile, destroys old blood cells,
detoxifies blood, stores iron, and helps regulate cholesterol levels.
– Bile: ENZYME produced by liver, stored in gall bladder helps to further process of digestions.
• Gall Bladder: stores bile
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6 Classes of Nutrients
• 3 that provide the body with energy, promote growth and development, and regulate metabolism.– Carbohydrates (monomer:
monosaccharide)– Proteins (monomer: amino acid)– Lipids (monomer: fatty acid)
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6 Classes of Nutrients
• Minerals: inorganic substance that occurs naturally in ground. – Living organisms require them for parts of
cells, body fluids, and structural components of tissue.
– Ex: calcium: bones and muscle contraction and phosphorous: bone, phospholipids, ATP
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6 Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Vitamins: organic compounds that the body uses for metabolic purposes.– Unable to produce these on its own– Many are co-enzymes (enzyme helpers)– Ex: Vitamin D, B, C, ect
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What is an enzyme?
• Enzymes are proteins• Serve as a catalyst. Catalysts are substances
that begin or accelerate a reaction without the reaction itself being affected.
• Enzymes speed up or slow down reactions, but remain unchanged.
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What is an Enzyme?
• A molecule that can break apart other molecules or combine monomers to make a polymer.
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Enzymes Control Many Vital Functions
• Including: – Breaking down food for energy!
– Increasing the reaction rate (or how quickly reactions happen) of biochemical processes. Examples of biochemical processes are metabolism (how cells convert and use energy to grow and reproduce)
ATP
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What is a substrate?
• The surface of the material that attaches to the enzyme.
• (write this on your notes…)– The active site is where the enzyme
and substrate bind.
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What is an
example?• Starch is a huge
carbohydrate molecule (polysaccharide)
• Saliva contains amylase (an enzyme) which will break the starch molecule (polymer) into pieces (monosaccharide)
• Amylase is the enzyme and the potato chip starch is the substrate.
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What is an example?
• Liver releases bile to break down lipids.
• Pancreas releases pancreatic juices also known as digestive enzymes and hormones.
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How many substrates can an enzyme work on?
• Enzymes can be used many times
– ose= substrate (sugar)– ase= enzyme
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How many substrates can an enzyme work on?
• The shape of an enzyme is specific for one substrate. – The shape of the enzyme lactase is
specific to break apart lactose.– The shape of maltase is specific to
break apart maltose.
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What can cause enzymes to change shape and not
work?
• Change in temperature ranges
• Ranges in pH
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What can cause enzymes to change shape and not
work?• Enzyme specificity
(lock and key)
• ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT!