Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Chapter 2.3 Carbon Compounds.
Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example:...
-
Upload
julian-hodge -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example:...
![Page 1: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biochemistry: Chemistry of LifeOrganic compounds
Contain carbonMost are covalently bondedExample: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compoundsLack carbonTend to be simpler compoundsExample: H2O and CO2
![Page 2: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Important Inorganic CompoundsWater
Most abundant inorganic compoundVital properties
High heat capacityPolarity/solvent propertiesChemical reactivity
![Page 3: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Important Inorganic CompoundsSalts
![Page 4: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Figure 2.12
pHMeasures relative
concentration of hydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutralpH below 7 = acidicpH above 7 = basic
Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change
![Page 5: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
pH
![Page 6: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
pH
![Page 7: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CarbohydratesContain ________, _________, and ________Classified according to size
Monosaccharides—simple sugarsDisaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesisPolysaccharides—long-branching chains
of linked simple sugarsStarchGlycogenCellulose
![Page 8: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b
![Page 9: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14
![Page 10: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Figure 2.13c
![Page 11: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Glycogen
![Page 12: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
LipidsContain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenCarbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygenInsoluble in water
Main ClassificationsTriglyceridesPhospholipidsSteroids
![Page 13: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Triglycerides
Figure 2.15a
![Page 14: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Phospholipids
Figure 2.15b
![Page 15: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 2.15c
SteroidsCholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
![Page 16: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ProteinsMade of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Amino acid structure
Figure 2.16
![Page 17: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Proteins
![Page 18: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ProteinsProvide for construction materials for
body tissues
Play vital roles in cell functionAct as enzymes, hormones, and
antibodies
![Page 19: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 2.17a
ProteinsFibrous proteins
Also known as structural proteins
Appear in body structures
Examples include collagen and keratin
![Page 20: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 2.17b
ProteinsGlobular proteins
Also known as functional proteins
Function as antibodies or enzymes
![Page 21: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 2.18a
Proteins - EnzymesAct as biological catalystsIncrease the rate of chemical reactions
![Page 22: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Enzymes
Figure 2.18b
Animation: How Enzymes Work
![Page 23: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsProvide blueprint of lifeNucleotide bases
A = AdenineG = GuanineC = CytosineT = ThymineU = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.19a
![Page 24: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsDeoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)Organized by
complementary bases to form double helix
Replicates before cell division
Provides instructions for every protein in the body
Figure 2.19c
![Page 25: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels (cellular respiration)
ATP can be used for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work
![Page 26: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a
![Page 27: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 2.21
+ADP
Solute
Contractedmuscle cell
Product made
Relaxedmuscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
Energy liberated duringoxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
![Page 28: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 1
Solute
Transport work
Membraneprotein
ATP
(a)
P
![Page 29: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 2
+ADP
Solute
Transport work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
ATPP
(a)
P P
![Page 30: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 3
Relaxedmuscle cell
Mechanical work
ATP
(b)
![Page 31: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 4
+ADP
Contractedmuscle cell
Relaxedmuscle cell
Mechanical work
ATPP
(b)
![Page 32: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 5
Reactants
Chemical work
ATP
PX
Y
(c)
+
![Page 33: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 6
+ADP
Product madeReactants
Chemical work
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(c)
YX
+
![Page 34: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 7
+ADP
Solute
Contractedmuscle cell
Product made
Relaxedmuscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
![Page 35: Biochemistry: Chemistry of Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f495503460f94c6a864/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 2.21, step 8
+ADP
Solute
Contractedmuscle cell
Product made
Relaxedmuscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
Energy liberated duringoxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+