Organic Compounds

Biology 11Ms. Lowrie

Nutrients

Raw materials needed for cell metabolism

6 classes:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Water5. Vitamins6. Minerals

A Healthy & Lean Adult Male

Is approximately … 62% water Less than 1% carbohydrate 16% fat 16% protein 5% minerals and other substances

Micronutrients (micro = small)

Needed in small amounts in the body

Examples:– Vitamins– Minerals

Macronutrients (marco = large)

Large molecules– Several units joined together

Needed in large amounts in the body

Examples:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins

- Nucleic acids- Water

Dehydration Synthesis

Occurs when two molecules bond together by removing a water (H2O) molecule

Makes:– Disaccharides– Polysaccharides– Lipids– Proteins

Types of Compounds

Organic: Always contain carbon (C)

– Usually oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) too

Found in all living things Examples:

– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

Inorganic: Do not contain carbon Found in non-living things Examples:

– Vitamins– Minerals– Water

Water (H2O)

Makes up:– 70-90% of cells – 60% of body weight

Functions: – Lubricant for digestion– Transport fluid – Regulates body temperature– Determines structure of cell membrane

Important properties:– Universal solvent– High heat capacity,

vaporization, melting, boiling points

– Expands when solid

Carbohydrates

Made of simple sugars

– Monosaccharide Single/simple sugars

– Disaccharide Double sugars

– 2 simple sugars joined together

– Polysaccharide Complex carbohydrates

– Many simple sugars creating long chain

Carbohydrates

Function: Energy source

– Fuel

Extra carbs are: Stored as starch

– In plants

Stored as glycogen– In animals

Food Source(s): Simple Sugars

– fruit, vegetables, syrup, jellies, desserts

Starch (polysaccharide) – bread, cereal, pasta,

potatoes, rice, corn, beans

Cellulose

– a.k.a. fiber

Polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) Can not be broken down by body

– Provides little energy.

Found in the cell wall of:– Vegetables, fruits, legumes (lentils), whole grains

Important for digestion and gastrointestinal (GI) health

Plants & Carbohydrates

Lipids

Made up of fatty acid and glycerol– a.k.a. Triglyceride

Other lipids:– Phospholipids– Cholesterol

Amounts/types can increase risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer

Lipids

Function: Energy source Construction material for:

– Cell membrane– Hormones

Carry vitamins

Extra Fat: Converted into glycogen

(a carb) and stored

Food Source(s): Meat Milk products Oil Butter Nuts

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

Nutrients that Provide Energy(Carbohydrates & Lipids)

If food not used, will be stored as glycogen (type of polysaccharide) – Used for energy when no food available

Over long term if body consumes:– Too much energy = weight gain– Too little energy = weight loss

Burns both fat and carbohydrate stores

Proteins

Made up of amino acids– Polypeptide chains

Humans need 20 amino acids– 12 are made in cells – 8 are obtained from food

“Essential” amino acids

Proteins

Function: Construction material

for: – Enzymes– Anti-bodies– Hormones– Muscles– Cell membrane

Food Source(s): Meat Eggs Milk products Rice Beans & legumes (lentils)

Essential amino acids - meat, legumes (lentils), whole grains, cheese

Nucleic Acids

Composed of nucleotides– `Free nucleotides` gained from ALL food

Function:– Carry genetic information

Instructions for protein synthesis

Examples:– DNA & RNA

Any Questions