MACROMOLECULES Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Functional Groups Chart.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.
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Transcript of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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CARBOHYDRATES
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C a r b o h y d r a t e
Contains Carbon
Same ratio of Hydrogen:Oxygen as H2O, 2:1
Made up of the elements:
• CARBON
• HYDROGEN
• OXYGEN
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Simple Sugars-monomers
• MONOSACCHARIDES
• C6H12O6
• 3 Monosaccharides:• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
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MONOSACCHARIDES
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*You need to be able to draw glucose
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Double Sugars-polymers
• DISACCHARIDES
• C12H22O11
• 3 Disaccharides:• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
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SUCROSE• Common table sugar
• Made by combining glucose & fructose
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LACTOSE• Major sugar
in milk
• Made by combining glucose & galactose
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MALTOSE
• Product of starch digestion
• Made by combining glucose & glucose
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How are disaccharides made?
• Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
—2 monomers combine & you get a polymer + water.
• Hydrolysis —break-up of polymer to get monomers… just add water. (reverse of above)
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DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
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HYDROLYSIS
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Complex Sugars-polymers
• POLYSACCHARIDES
• Many sugars…long chains
• 3 Polysaccharides:• Starch
• Cellulose
• Glycogen
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STARCH• Plants store it as food
(energy)
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CELLULOSE• Plant fiber
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GLYCOGENAnimals store
it as food energy in liver and muscles
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Carbohydrate Function
• Used by cells to store and release energy
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Carbohydrate Examples
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LIPIDS
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Made up of the elements:
• CARBON
• HYDROGEN
• OXYGEN
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MONOMERS
• 1 Glycerol
• 3 Fatty Acids
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POLYMERS
• COMMON NAMES• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
• Steroids (Cholesterol)
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LIPID VARIATIONS• Saturated – all single bonds (the fatty
acids contain the maximum possible number of H atoms)
• Unsaturated – 1 double bond (more H atoms can bond)
• Polyunsaturated – multiple double bonds
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FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
• Used to store energy
• Biological membranes & waterproof coverings
• Hormones (chemical messengers, regulators)
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EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Made up of the elements:
• CARBON
• HYDROGEN
• OXYGEN
• NITROGEN
• PHOSPHORUS
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MONOMERS
• Nucleotides• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Base
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POLYMERS
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid• DNA
• Ribonucleic Acid• RNA
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FUNCTIONS
• Genetic Code
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PROTEINS
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Made up of the elements:
• CARBON
• HYDROGEN
• OXYGEN
• NITROGEN
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Protein Facts
• Protein = Greek for primary or first
• Most diverse and complex macromolecule
• Makes up about 50% of our body weight
• Each has a unique structure and function
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MONOMERS
• Amino Acids• There are 20 amino acids.
• If you change the order they are arranged in, you produce different proteins with different functions.
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POLYMERS
• Polypeptides• Many amino acids bonded
together
Amino Acids
Polypeptide
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Parts of an Amino Acid
• Central Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Amino Group (NH2)
• Carboxyl Group (COOH)
• Side Group (R)• Different for every amino acid
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20 Types of Amino Acids
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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)• How amino acids are put
together into a polypeptide(a) Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
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Hydrolysis Reaction
• How polypeptides are broken down into amino acids
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Protein Functions1. Structure
• Give support and shape• Collagen and Elastin – skin,
cartilage, tendons and ligaments
• Keratin – hair, horns, feathers, nails
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Protein Functions2. Transport
2. Move other molecules• Hemoglobin and Myoglobin –
transport oxygen
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Protein Functions3. Motion
• Allow movement• Actin and Myosin – contract
muscles
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Protein Functions4. Defense
4. Protect against disease• Antibodies – fight off foreign
bacteria
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Protein Functions5. Storage
5. Store nutrients• Ovalbumin –
protein in egg whites
• Caesin – protein in milk
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Protein Functions6. Signal (hormones)
• Regulate body functions• Insulin and Glucagon –
regulate blood glucose levels
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Protein Functions7. Enzymes
• Proteins that speed up chemical reactions• Amylase – breaks down starch
(polysaccharide)• Lipases – breaks down fats (lipids)• Protease – breaks down proteins
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Enzymes• Proteins that act as catalysts in
chemical reactions
• Catalyst – helps speed up a chemical reaction
• Without enzymes chemical reaction would not occur fast enough to sustain life.
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Enzyme Terminology• Substrate – molecule that is
going to chemically react; what an enzyme will work on.
• Active Site – specific shape on an enzyme that binds a specific substrate
• Product – what is made after the reaction
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How Enzymes WorkENZYMES ARE REUSABLE!
They can work over and over to catalyze reactions.
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How Enzymes WorkENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC!
Each enzyme has an active site that fits perfectly with its substrate.
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How Enzymes WorkENZYMES CAN DENATURE
(CHANGE SHAPE) IN HARSH CONDITIONS!
Each enzyme has an optimal pH and temperature.
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How Enzymes WorkENZYMES CATALYZE
REACTIONS!
Enzymes lower the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started (activation energy).
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Activation Energy• The energy needed for a
chemical reaction to occur
• High when no enzyme is present
• Low when an enzyme speeds up the reaction
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
•pH
•Temperature
•Concentration
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CALORIES• The amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of 1 ml of water by 1oC
• Measurement of energy content in food
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CALORIES• 1g of fat = 9 calories
• 1g of carb/protein = 4 calories
• Needs determined by:
Sex, age, body mass, physical activity
• What happens if you eat more calories
than your body burns?