Organic Compounds

BIOLOGY

A) Organic Compounds

• Also known as biomolecules• Most made of monomers bonded together to form a polymer

– Dehydration synthesis / Biosynthesis – formation of compounds

– Hydrolysis – breakdown of compounds

• Include Carbon• 25 of these elements are essential to Life

– 4 of those 25 make up 96% of a life-form– Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

B) Carbohydrates

• Primary fuel source for cellular respiration• Common Name- Sugars– All sugars end in -ose

• Basic Chemical Components C, H, O• Basic Formula C H2 O– Ratio= 1C: 2H

• Monomer(building block) = Monosaccharide• Basic Shape of a Monosaccharide

Glucose

GHow many carbs do you need per day?

20-60g if trying to loose weight180-200g otherwise

Carbohydrates are divided up into two categories

Simple Sugars

Monosaccharides = 1 sugar unit-Major source of energy for all cells

Glucose = blood sugar Fructose = fruit sugarGalactose = milk sugarXylose= wood sugarRibose = used to make DNA

Disaccharides = 2 sugar units

Sucrose = table sugar – (glucose & fructose)Maltose = malt sugar – (glucose & glucose)Lactose = milk sugar – (galactose & glucose)

Glucose

G

Fructose

F

Fructose

F

Glucose

G

Complex Sugars

Polysaccharides –many sugar units

Starch Found in breads, grains, pastasglucose chainfood storage in plants

Cellulosemost abundant carb on the planetfound mainly in the cell walls of plantsalso know as FIBER / WHOLE GRAINS/ RUFFAGE

ChitinFound in exoskeletons of insectsdigestable- so you can eat it

Glycogenused for short term energy storage ~24-48 hourseasiest form of stored energystored in the muscles and liver

G G G G G G

Molecular Structure of a Carbohydrate

Chain Forms

Ring Forms

Galactose Fructose

Glucose

C) Lipids

• Commonly Name = Fats & Oils ( also Waxes and Sterols)

- Fats- solid at room temperature (animals)- Oils- liquid at room temperature (plants)

• Basic Chemical Components = C, H, O• Monomer = Fatty acid

• Primary function is to store energy long term (used for cellular respiration when glucose is not available)

- Additional functions include: insulation, water proofing, build cell membranes, hormones, building blocks of vitamins, construction of brain cells( brain is 60% fat); cushioning of organs

• For good nutrition, average person needs < 50g / day

Structure of lipids

Lipids have two partsGlycerol Head

-Polar-Hydrophilic ( Water Loving)

Fatty Acid Tails-Non-Polar-Hydrophobic ( Water Fearing)

Fatty Acid Tails Glycerol Head

Glycerol Head

Fatty Acid Tails

Sources of Saturated Fats

Sources of Unsaturated Fats

Draw this on the left side of your notebook

Good Fat

Good Fat

Bad Fat

Partially hydrogenated oils

In 2003, Kraft foods was sued over its use of trans fats in Oreos

D) Proteins

• Basic Chemical Components = C, H, O, N• Monomer = Amino acid

• 20 essential amino acids

• Primary function is the construction of body structures ex hair, nails, muscle, skin,

• Long chains of amino acids held together with peptide bonds• Very large molecules, folded together in a 3-D form

• Sources-dairy, lean meat, poultry, fish & veggies

• For good nutrition, average person needs > 50g / day• Athletes need greater than 1000 g/ day

AA AA AAAA

Peptide Bond

Shape of Polypeptide

Shape of a Protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AminoAcidball.svg

*Dehydration Synthesis*

Draw this one on the left side of you notebook

20 Essential Amino Acids

D-1) Enzymes• A bio-molecule that acts as a catalyst- it speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction(rxn) by lowering the activation energy• Enzymes are made out of proteins, and their shape is vital to their function• Basic Chemical Components C, H, O, N• Used to break down, or make complex chemicals in the body• All enzymes end in –ase• The name of the enzyme tells you what it reacts with• Ex: Sucrase breaks down sucrose

Maltase breaks down maltose• Common names of digestion enzymes end in - in• Ex: Pepsin

(which helped give Pepsi-Cola is name in the early 1900’s, is was used to help aid in digestion)

Factors affecting enzyme action:

pHSalinityTemperatureSubstrate concentrationEnzyme concentration

Large changes in any of these factors can cause the enzyme to change it shape and become denatured

Enzyme Functionevery enzyme has specific substrate that it can alterThe shape of the enzyme and the shape of the substrate fit together like

a lock and a key

Active Site

Lock and Key Model Diagram

Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction Graph