Ordeal of Reconstruction. All Confederate Leaders were eventually pardoned in 1868 by Andrew...
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![Page 1: Ordeal of Reconstruction. All Confederate Leaders were eventually pardoned in 1868 by Andrew Johnson.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e795503460f94b78f4f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ordeal of Reconstruction
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• All Confederate Leaders were eventually pardoned in 1868 by Andrew Johnson
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Problems of Peace
• 1. Southern economy and social structure was destroyed
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. Many white southerners still believed that secession was correct
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 3.Emancipation was uneven in different parts of the southern confederacy that were conquered
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• For Blacks Emancipation allowed
• 1. look for lost family members
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. right to get married• 3. form their own churches
• 4. opportunity for education
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• As a result of Emancipation former slaves traveled to look for family members testing their freedom
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• From 1878 to 1880 some 25,000 blacks from Louisiana Texas and Mississippi left to seek opportunities in Kansas
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Steamboat captains refused to transport blacks across the Mississippi thus ending the exodus
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Freedman Bureau was created by Congress in March of 1865
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• It provided clothing medical care food and education to both free blacks and white refugees
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• The greatest achievement of the Freedman's bureau was the opportunity for education primarily teaching former slaves to read
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Southerners rejected the Freedman bureau as a threat to their supremacy in the south
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson
• The Tailor President
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Refused to secede with Tennessee
• Added to Lincoln ticket to appeal to War Democrats and pro-Union southerners
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Strong Supporter of States rights and champion of poor whites
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Presidential Reconstruction• Lincoln stated 10% solution • State could reenter the
union if 10% of its voters in the 1860 election for President took an oath of allegiance to United States
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Next a formal state government must be started and the state would be readmitted to union
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• This proposed reconstruction would lead to a rapid readmission of southern states to the union
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Deep divide between Congress and the President Lincoln
• Wade-Davis bill in 1864
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 50 % of voters take allegiance to the United States
• Stronger safeguards towards emancipation
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Two factions • Majority agreed with Lincoln
• Minority (radicals) felt south should suffer more
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Wanted the social structure to be destroyed
• Emancipated blacks to be protected federally and to ratify 13th Amendment
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• They also believed south were conquered territories and Congress would develop what terms were needed for readmission to union
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 13th Amendment to Constitution
• The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865. On December 18, Secretary of StateWilliam H. Seward proclaimed it to have been adopted. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted after the American Civil War.
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Ordeal of Reconstruction• 15TH AMENDMENT• AMENDMENT XV• SECTION 1.• The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• SECTION 2.• The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Johnson’s plan was similar to Lincoln's a quick restoration of Southern States after a few basic conditions were met
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• South answers to Emancipation were
• Black Codes to• Ensure a stable and subservient labor force
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
Banned Jury duty for blacks and vote
• Could not rent land
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Punishments for idleness• Fines for blacks who
jumped labor contracts• Labor contracts were
plantation owners would rent land
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Called sharecroppers rent was so high that no profit was made by former slaves
• So they “jumped” the contract
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Northern reaction was the south was arrogant and it seemed that the south would not acknowledge that the North won the war
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Johnson and Congress Clash
• Johnson vetoed the extension of the Freemans Bureau
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Civil Rights act of 1866 gave blacks rights of Citizenship
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• A dilemma for Republicans especially radicals that if blacks were now citizens the south could be more powerful in National politics
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Fearing the south (if they got a majority in Congress) would repeal the Civil Rights Act of 1866
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 14th Amendment was passed
• 1. gave citizen rights to freeman
• 2. Assumed all debt of the south
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Ordeal of Reconstruction• 14th Amendment• All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 3. disqualify from state and federal office Confederates who as federal office holders could not hold office again
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 4. if denied blacks to vote the state would lose members of Congress
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• No state would be readmitted to union until the 14th Amendment was passed
• Tennessee was the first southern state to ratify 14th Amendment in 1866 and readdmitted
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• The chief argument between Congress and the President was Johnson soft treatment of the south
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• All republicans believed that blacks should have right to vote
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• On March 2, 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act
• South is broken up in 5 military districts
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Each district commanded by a Union General
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Also demanded that each state pass the 14th Amendment
• State Constitution allow former male slaves the right to vote
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• A15th Amendment granted black men the right to vote
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• In 1877 the last Federal troops were removed thus reforming the Union.
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• IT DID NOT GRANT THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO WOMEN
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Blacks united and participated in the Union League
• The union league helped:
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 1. educated blacks on their civic duty
• 2. Campaign for Republican Candidates
• 3. Build black churches and schools
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 4. recruiting militias and militants to protect black communities
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Blacks in the south relied on the Union league to educate them on their civic duties
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• African American woman assumed new political roles
• 1. participating in church life
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. monitoring state conventions
• 3. participating in political rallies
• 4. organizing mass meetings
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• But they could not vote
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Two types of unsavory• Characters out of
Reconstruction• Scalawags southerns
plundering or stealing from southern states
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers
• Sleazy Northerners who came to south to seek power and profit from Reconstruction
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Radical state governments passed legislations and reforms that were needed
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• However corruption in both North and South was common
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• KKK
• Ku Klux Klan
• Invisible Empire of the South
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• They could be described as a secret terrorist organization
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• KKK’s motives:• 1. keep blacks in their place
• 2. prevent blacks from voting
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 3. keep white “carpetbaggers” from voting
• 4. end radical reconstrution
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• They resented black legislators ability and sucess
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• The Force Acts and the union Army helped surpress the KKK but they were successful in using intimidation including lynching's beatings and murder
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Johnson Impeachment
• Tenure Act of 167Senate must consent to any cabinet position removal
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Secretary of War Stanton was dismissed by Johnson
• House Impeached Johnson and he went to trail in Senate
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Failed to convict Johnson by 1 vote
• 2 reasons • 1. poor precedent and
politically motivated• 2. hated his replacement more
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• In 1867 Secretary of State William Steward signed a treaty to purchase Alaska from Russia
• Stewards Folly
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Real reasons Johnson was not convicted
• 1. abuse of Checks and balances
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. concern about who would take over
• 3. creating a destabilizing period
• 4. Johnson agreed to stop obstructing Republican policies
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Steward overcame opposition in Congress because Russia was a friend to the Union in Civil War
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Ordeal of Reconstruction
• It was Johnson greatest success in foreign policy during his administration