Orbital shape-orientationt (Orbital Structure Of Atom)
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Transcript of Orbital shape-orientationt (Orbital Structure Of Atom)
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Chapter 5
Models of the
Atom
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Bohr’s model…• Electrons are found in specific circular
paths (orbits) around the nucleus. • The electrons have fixed energies called
energy levels. (like rungs on a ladder)• The amount of energy required to move
an electron to another energy level is called a quantum.
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The Quantum Mechanical model
• It is based on the energy and possible location of an electron.
• how likely it is to find an electron is described in terms of probability. (ie. Propeller blades)
• Based on work done by Shrodinger…
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Atomic Orbitals
• The energy levels of electrons are labeled by principal quantum numbers (n)
• Each energy sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape, which describes where the electron is likely to be found.
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Atomic Orbitals
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Shapes and Orientations of
Orbitals
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1s Orbital
• Sphere around the nucleus
The one tells you that the electron is in the orbital closest to the nucleus
• S tells you about the shape
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2s Orbital
• Similar to 1s except the electron is most likely in the region farther from the nucleus
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p Orbitals
• At the first energy level there is only the 1s orbital, after the second energy level there are 2p orbitals
• Look like dumbbells • In the three directions
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Remember….MAX NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
IN AN ENERGY LEVELENERGY LEVEL MAX # OF ELECTRONS
1 22 83 184 325 50
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Electron Configuration
A detailed way of showing the order in which electrons fill in
around the nucleus
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Electron Configuration Symbols1s 2
Energy Level Sub Level
(s, p, d, f )
# of e- in sub level
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We must follow 3 rules…
• Aufbau priciple• Electrons occupy energy levels with lowest
energy first.
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Pauli exclusion principle
• If 2 electrons occupy the same energy level they must have opposite spins.
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Hund’s rule…
• Electrons that occupy orbitals of the same energy will have the maximum number of electrons with the same spin.
• 2p
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To start we will use orbital filling diagrams to help us with electron
configurations….• ExampleBoron- has 5 electrons
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Periodic table arrangement
• the quantum theory helps to explain the structure of the periodic table.
• n - 1 indicates that the d subshell in period 4 actually starts at 3 (4 - 1 = 3).
s (n) d (n - 1) p (n)1234567
f (n -2)
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•Practice!!!
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Summary: p orbitals and d orbitalsp orbitals look like a dumbell with 3 orientations: px, py, pz (“p sub z”). Four of the d orbitals resemble two dumbells in a
clover shape. The last d orbital resembles a p orbital with a donut wrapped around the middle.
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1st Quantum #Principle Quantum #
(n)Specifies the energy level
that the electron is on.
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2nd Quantum #Specifies the shape of the
sub level .
(l)
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The 3rd (m) and 4th quantum numbers (s) …
• Deals with the orbital within the sublevel and the spin of the electron.
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Four Energy Sub-LevelsEnergy Level Sub-level Type of sub # of
Orbitalss Sphere 2 1
p Dumbbell 6 3
d 4-Lobed 10 5
f 6-8 Lobed 14 7