oral communication

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Competence in oral communication – in speaking and listening – is prerequisite to students’ academic, personal, and professional success in life. Indeed, teachers deliver most instruction for classroom procedures orally to students. Students with ineffective listening skills fail to absorb much of the material to which they are exposed. Their problems are intensified when they respond incorrectly or inappropriately because of poor speaking skills. Students who cannot clearly articulate what they know may be wrongly judged as uneducated or poorly informed. Additionally, some speech styles of students can trigger stereotyped expectations of poor ability: expectations that may become self-fulfilling. Of equal concern, students who are unable to effectively ask for help from a teacher will not receive it, and typically reticent students progress more slowly despite what may be a normal level of aptitude. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To learn how nonverbal communication works and the various forms it takes To learn how you can use these nonverbal channels to communicate your thoughts and feelings more effectively Explain the principles of nonverbal communication.

Transcript of oral communication

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Competence in oral communication – in speaking and listening – is prerequisite to students’ 

academic, personal, and professional success in life. Indeed, teachers deliver most instruction 

for classroom procedures orally to students. Students with ineffective listening skills fail to 

absorb much of the material to which they are exposed. Their problems are intensified when 

they respond incorrectly or inappropriately because of poor speaking skills. Students who 

cannot clearly articulate what they know may be wrongly judged as uneducated or poorly 

informed. Additionally, some speech styles of students can trigger stereotyped expectations of 

poor ability: expectations that may become self-fulfilling. Of equal concern, students who are 

unable to effectively ask for help from a teacher will not receive it, and typically reticent 

students progress more slowly despite what may be a normal level of aptitude. 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To learn how nonverbal communication works and the various forms it takes

To learn how you can use these nonverbal channels to communicate your thoughts and 

feelings more effectively

Explain the principles of nonverbal communication. 

Illustrate the types of nonverbal communication

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PRE-TEST

1. Who is usually better at both sending and receiving nonverbal messages?

  a) womenb) childrenc) adultsd) men

2. If you were to nod your head while saying, "Yes, that would be fine with me," you would be using a nonverbal message to:

  a) regulate a verbal message.b) repeat a verbal message.c) complement a verbal message.d) substitute for a verbal message.

3. Vocalized pauses, such as "um," "er," and "uh," are nonverbal messages that: 

  a) accent verbal messages. b) regulate verbal messages.c) repeat verbal messages.d) contradict verbal messages.

4. What would somebody be doing with their nonverbal message if they were to hold their hands about 21" apart, while saying, "You shoulda seen the fish I caught last weekend! It was this big!"? 

  a) complementing their verbal messageb) contradicting their verbal messagec) accenting their verbal messaged) repeating their verbal message

5. By using your voice to emphasize "not" in the message, "No, I will NOT call your boss and lie for you this time," you are using a nonverbal message to:

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  a) Complement your verbal message.b) Substitute for a verbal message.c) Regulate part of your verbal message.d) Accent part of your verbal message.

6. Emotional states are communicated mostly through:

  a) body appearance. b) eye behavior.c) the use of personal space.d) facial expression.

7. Body size, skin color, and clothing are among several nonverbal signals that are used to:

  a) form and define relationships.b) express emotion.c) alter verbal messages.d) form and manage impressions.

8. Gestures that directly translate into words or phrases are called:

  a) emblems.b) regulators.c) illustrators.d) emoticons.

9. Research has found that one type of gesture can actually increase the sender's ability to remember his or her message. Which type of gesture is it?

  a) emblemsb) illustrators

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c) adaptorsd) affect displays

10. Self-, alter-, and object- are categories of a particular type of gesture called:

  a) regulatorsb) affect displaysc) adaptorsd) emblems

LEARNING CELL

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Paralanguage

Paralanguage (sometimes called vocalics) is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues. Paralanguage may change the meaning of words.

The linguist George L. Trager developed a classification system which consists of the voice set, voice qualities, and vocalization.

The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.

The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality, and accent. They give each individual a unique "voice print".

Vocalization consists of three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and segregates. Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning. A voice qualifier is the style of delivering a message - for example, yelling "Hey stop that!", as opposed to whispering "Hey stop that". Vocal segregates such as "uh-huh" notify the speaker that the listener is listening.

Functions of nonverbal communication

Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication: 

Express emotions Express interpersonal attitudes

To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners

Self-presentation of one’s personality

Rituals (greetings)

Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication

When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways: repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/moderating.

Repeating

"Repeating" consists of using gestures to strengthen a verbal message, such as pointing to the object of discussion 

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Conflicting

Verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction. Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration. When mixed messages occur, nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when people perceive mixed messages during interactions.

Complementing

Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complements each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals; messages have been shown to be remembered well when nonverbal signals affirm the verbal exchange. 

Substituting

Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for communication of a message. People learn to identify facial expressions, body movements, and body positioning as corresponding with specific feelings and intentions. Nonverbal signals can be used without verbal communication to convey messages; when nonverbal behavior does not effectively communicate a message; verbal methods are used to enhance understanding 

Regulating

Nonverbal behavior also regulates our conversations. For example, touching someone's arm can signal that you want to talk next or interrupt. 

Accenting/Moderating

Nonverbal signals are used to alter the interpretation of verbal messages. Touch, voice pitch, and gestures are some of the tools people use to accent or amplify the message that is sent; nonverbal behavior can also be used to moderate or tone down aspects of verbal messages as well. For example, a person who is verbally expressing anger may accent the verbal message by shaking a fist.

Dance and nonverbal communication

Dance is a form of nonverbal communication that requires the same underlying faculty in the brain for conceptualization, creativity and memory as does verbal language in speaking and writing. Means of self-expression, both forms have vocabulary (steps and gestures in dance), 

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grammar (rules for putting the vocabulary together) and meaning. Dance, however, assembles (choreographs) these elements in a manner that more often resembles poetry, with its ambiguity and multiple, symbolic and elusive meanings.

Clinical studies of nonverbal communication

From 1977 to 2004, the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar paradigm Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University and Ohio State University had subjects observe gamblers at a slot machine awaiting payoffs. The amount of this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement. These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts and phencyclidine abusers was contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts. Men with major depression manifested signicantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when compared with euthymic men.

Obese women and women with premenstrual syndrome were found to also possess diminished abilities to read these cues. In contradistinction, men with bipolar disorder possessed increased abilities.. A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial expression was found unable to transmit or receive any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever. Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity. The members of the research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for reception of nonverbal cues. Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it, the neurotransmitters dopamine an d endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate. Based on the available data, however, the primary cause and primary effect could nout be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed.

A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh/Yale/ Ohio State team was an investigation of the role of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape. Males who were serial rapists of adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities. Their scores were the highest of any subgroup. Rape victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had been raped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders. These results were troubling, indicating a predator-prey model. The authors did note that whatever the nature of these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level,diminished.

The final target of study for this group was the medial stidents they taught. Medical students at Ohio State University, Ohio University and Northest Ohio Medical College were invited to serve as sujects. Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family practice, psychiatry, pediatrics and obstetrics-gynecology scored achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons of any, radiologist and pathologists. Internal medicice and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near the mean.

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POST TEST

1. Facial expressions of happiness, anger, surprise, fear, sadness and disgust are referred to as:

  a) primary affect displays.b) facial feedback.c) secondary affect displays.d) affect blends.

2. In the United States, the average length of mutual gaze is:

  a) 3.25 secondsb) 1.18 secondsc) 2.95 secondsd) 2.10 seconds

3. Which of the following would be considered a territorial "earmark"?

  a) leaving your coat in your seat at the movies while you go to get popcornb) Putting down the armrest between yourself and the person in the seat 

next to you while on an airplane.c) writing your name and address on the first page of your textbookd) Arranging your books and papers around you while you're seated at a 

library table.

4. Which of the following would be considered an example of someone using artifactual nonverbal communication?

  a) Pedro arrives early to his job interview to show his prospective employer that he is a responsible person.

b) Suzanna moves away from Terry to increase her personal spacec) Michael wears a nose ring, one earring, and tight t-shirts because he 

thinks they make him look sexy.d) Sam taps Jesse on the arm to get his attention.

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5. The nonverbal behavior that has both ritual and task-related functions, and can, at various times, signal liking, control, or the intention to play, is:

  a) touch.b) paralanguage.c) eye contact.d) chronemics.

6. Which of the following would be of most interest to researchers examining haptics?

  a) Michelle winks at Samuel.

b) Dad uses the "death pinch" on the back of little Liz's neck to keep her from running all over the store.

c) Maury sends his romantic partner flowers and candy on Valentine's day.

d) Ron stands too close to James when they're talking.

7. Chronemics is the study of:

a) communication through clothing.b) temporal communication.c) smell communication.d) communication through silence.

8. Another term for the study of space communication is:

  a) kinesics.b) proxemics.c) haptics.d) oculesics.

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9. Which of the following colors is used to signify royalty in Europe?

  a) yellowb) redc) blued) purple

10. Which culture practices very little talk, and often uses total silence, during the initial stages of courtship?

  a) the Apacheb) the Japanesec) the Iraniansd) the Egyptians

CONCLUSION

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            Beyond the confines of school, oral communication competence can contribute to

individuals' social adjustment and participation in satisfying interpersonal relationships.

Youngsters with poor communication skills are sometimes viewed as less attractive by their

peers and enjoy fewer friendships. Antisocial and violent behaviors often accompany or occur

with underdeveloped social and conflict management skills. On the positive side, the ability to

communicate orally supports sound psychological development. One's self concept is acquired

through interaction with others. In psychological terms, achieving self-actualization involves

communication activities such as making contributions in groups, exerting influence over others,

and using socially acceptable behavior.

            As individuals mature and become working adults, communication competence continues

to be essential. Communication skills are required in most occupations. Employers identify

communication as one of the basic competencies every graduate should have, asserting that the

ability to communicate is valuable for obtaining employment and maintaining successful job

performance. The communication skills essential in the workplace include basic oral and writing

skills, and the ability to communicate in work groups and teams, with persons of diverse

background, and when engaged in problem solving and conflict management.

Given the importance of the ability to communicate competently, the communication discipline

should be viewed as central on college campuses. Humans are born with the ability to vocalize;

but not with the knowledge, attitudes, and skills that define communication competence. The

ability to communicate effectively and appropriately is learned and therefore must be taught

ANGELES UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

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GRADUATE SCHOOL

FORMAL REPORT

ON

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

SUBMITTED BY:

JUAN PAULO UY RN

SUBMITTED TO:

MS. SYLVIA SORIANO

DATE SUBMITTED:

JULY 12 2008