Optimizar el funcionamento de un sistema agroforestal .... CULTIVOS EN HUERTOS...Cultivos...
Transcript of Optimizar el funcionamento de un sistema agroforestal .... CULTIVOS EN HUERTOS...Cultivos...
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Optimizar el funcionamentode un sistema agroforestal
Cultivos productivos en huertos
Christian DuprazUMR SYSTEM, Montpellier, Francia
20/03/2015
Segunda conferencia
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2
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Mixing trees ans crops ?m
on
ocu
ltu
re 1
mo
no
cult
ure
2
asso
ciat
ion
mo
no
cult
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1
mo
no
cult
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2
asso
ciat
ion
mo
no
cult
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1
mo
no
cult
ure
2
asso
ciat
ion
complémentarité compétition facilitation
Qu
anti
tyo
f re
sou
rce
cap
ture
d
capture espèce 2
perdu
capture espèce 1
Captured by plant 1Not usedCaptured by plant 2
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Efficiency of the tree-crop associaton
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To mix or not to mix …
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1.2 to 1.6
Land Equivalent Ratio
Poplars winter cereals
14 years
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20/03/2015Des arbres en agriculture
L'agroforesterie au cœur des enjeux contemporains8
Prunus avium
Juglans hybrid
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A 1.4 LER means
that an 100 ha agroforestry farm produces as much as a 140 ha farm where treesand crops are segregated
Improved efficiency of natural production factors (light, water, nitrogen)
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Tree and crop plasticity in agroforestry systems
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Poplar-cereal experiment
• 1996 – 2009 (14 years)
• Cereals and rape from 1996 to 2007
• Harvesting and selling the trees in december 2009
2000 2007
AF
AF
F
F
A
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12
Plasticité des couronnes dans un système à base de peuplier
Unexpected canopy plasticityStrectched canopies with esat-west tree lines
CW = 14 m
CW = 11 m
Experimental 13 years old poplar-wheat agroforest
CW =
Crown Width
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Unexpected root plasticity
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Documenting the fine root distribution
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15
0
10
20
30
40
50
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
soil d
ep
th (m
)
relative Lrv (%)
Agro
fore
stry
Fore
stry
8 ans après plantation14 ans après plantation
Pro
fon
de
ur
du
so
l (m
)
pourcentage de longueur de racines
Dupraz and Mulia, Plant and Soil, 2012
Agroforesterie
Témoinforestier
Agroforesterie
TémoinforestierForest control
AgroforestryAgroforestry
Years after plantation
Forest control
Agroforestry
Years after plantation
Root length (%)
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Root phenology
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20/03/2015Des arbres en agriculture
L'agroforesterie au cœur des enjeux contemporains17
Germon et al, Plant & Soil, 2016
Unexpected phenology for walnut trees in agroforestry
Winter summer
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Crop yield in Agroforestry
• With 50% of radiation, between50 and 100% of crop yield
• Light competition compensated by several processes
• Results obtained with numerical models
Treeplantation
Treeharvest
133 trees.ha-1
64 trees.ha-1
?
Relative irradiation
Relative
yeield
8 scenarii x 3 climate replications
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Complementarity in ressource capture
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Complementarity for light capture
20
15 year old trees
NoyersBléNon utilisé
02
04
06
08
01
00
% d
u r
ayo
nn
emen
t in
cid
ent
Janvier Avril Juillet Octobre
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Light balance (40 ans)
21
Light captured in agroforestry:
Walnut : 0.73Wheat : 0.66
LER light = 1.39
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 400 10 20 30 40
020
40
60
80
100
Agriculture Agrofrestry Forest plantation
% d
u r
ayo
nn
emen
t in
cid
ent
AnnéeWalnutWheatNot used
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What is the shape of the cumulated shade of a tree over a year?
A banana A flying cup A banana on a wheel
Nord
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Nord
No : only on June 21 for direct beam
YESNo : only on 21 June for bothdirect and diffuse beams
A banana A flying cup A banana on a wheel
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AGROFORESTRY AT ALL LATITUDES?
UNEXPECTED RESULTS ABOUT BEST DESIGNS TO ALLOW MORE LIGHT TO THE CROPS AT VARIOUS LATITUDE
Dupraz Christian, Lecomte Isabelle, Molto Quentin, Blitz-Frayret Céline, Gosme Marie
INRA, UMR-System, Montpellier
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Latitude 52 °N (University of Leeds)
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Path of the Sun over the celestial sphere through the course of the day at 56°N latitude.
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20/03/2015Des arbres en agriculture
L'agroforesterie au cœur des enjeux contemporains30
Sun path at the summer solstice (dashed), equinox (solid) and winter solstice (dotted-dashed) for latitude 65° (left) and 25°(right) as seen from the center of the alley
Summer solstice
Equinox
Winter solstice
North-South tree line
East-West tree line
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20/03/2015Des arbres en agriculture
L'agroforesterie au cœur des enjeux contemporains31
Sun path during the summer solstice at 25° and 65° of latitude North
Poplar alley cropping system with tree lines spaced 16 m and tree height 20 m
North-South tree line
East-West tree line
From the center of the alley
South and close from the tree
The sky as the crop « sees » it
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20/03/2015Des arbres en agriculture
L'agroforesterie au cœur des enjeux contemporains32
Extraterrestrial irradiation throughout the year at different Northern latitudes
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50 cm DBH trees, 84 trees/hectare
Relative irradiation of the crop in March, June, September and December
North-South better
Low impact of latitude
East-West better
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Heterogeneity of relative crop irradiation
84 trees/ha (17m wide alleys)
East-West tree lines North-South tree lines
Month of June
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Increase light
availability
Reduce light
heterogeneity
Increase tree
growth
Best
compromise
Low latitudes
(<35° Tropics)
East-West
+++
North-South
+
North-South
+
East-West
++
Temperate latitudes
(35°-50°)Equal
North-South
++
North-South
+
North-South
+
High latitudes
(>50° Boreal/Austral)
North-South
+++Equal Equal North-South
Looking for the best compromise for tree row orientation
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Complementarity for light
• Impact of tree and crop phenology
36
0 10 20 30 40
02
46
8
0 10 20 30 40
02
46
8
Late leafing walnutEarly leafing walnut
Monocrop
Année Année
Ren
dem
en
t (
t.h
a-1)
Winter wheat long cycle Winter wheat short cycle
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Complementarity for water
• Less important in irrigated systems
• Example : Wheat system water balance
– Rain : 750 mm
– Soil evaporation : 250 mm
– Crop transpiration : 300 mm
– Leaks (runoff + drainage) : 200 mm - > rivers, water tables
• Transpiration of mature walnut trees : 150 mm
37
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Water balance (40 years)
38
Water capture:Walnut : 0.71Wheat : 0.84
LER water = 1.55
Inputs :RainWater table
OutputsWheat transpirationWalnut transpirationUnderstory forest transpirationSoil evaporationdrainageRunoff
A AF F
(mm
/an)
0200
400
600
800
A AF F
Entrées Sorties
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Yield of crops in agroforestry
39
What yield components are modified and when?
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Increased light capture• Delayed senescence
A
AF
40
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
Noyer
Prec Tard
Blé
Tard
Pre
cEffect
y
ai
pnwst
guf
Explanation
LAI walnutsPhénology walnutPhénology wheat
0 40 8020 60 100
Yield of crops in agroforestry
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Complémentarité pour l’azote
20/03/2015 41
Nitrogen capture in an agroforestry system
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Complémentarité pour l’azote• Safety net for nitrate leaks
– Capture of leached nitrate in depths and recycling by the trees
42
AgricultureAgroforestry Forestry
N loss
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Looking for facilitation
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Mecanisms triggered by trees for facilitation
• Nutrients pump
• Hydraulic lift
• Microclimate change : reduction of soil evaporation, reduction of windspeed, reduction of crop temperature
44
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Optimizing AF system with simulation models
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The Hi-sAFe model (2005-2017)
• 3D process-based
• Competition for light, water and nitrogen
• Day time step, decades run
• STICS crop model embedded and replicatedon each cell
• Toric symmetry allowing infinite stands
• 3D tree root systems
4m
9m
13m
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Scène réelleScène virtuelle Scène virtuelle
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First results of simulation runs
• Impact of climate change with IPCC predictions
Montpellier, Restinclières,
Longitude 3° 5' E, Latitude 43° 7' N, Elevation 62 m
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Tree pruning, tree row orientation, tree density
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Tree line orientationNorth-South / East-West
133 trees.ha-1 64 trees.ha-1
10
10
10
10
6
66
6
NS NSEO EO
Pruning height: 10 / 6 m
Tree density
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Root plasticity of trees
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+ 33% explained by :
• total PAR intercepted : +12 %
• light use efficiency : +19 %
Above ground biomass
+23 %
Below ground biomass
+100 %
Total growth (Kg C)
Opportunistic tree roots as a
key success factor for tree
growth
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Resilience to climate change
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Assessing the adaptation to climate change of agroforestry systems by field experiments and numerical simulations.
Dupraz Christian, Reyes Francesco, Inurreta Daniel,
Dufour Lydie, Lecomte Isabelle,
Gosme Marie
INRA, SYSTEM,
University of Montpellier, France
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• Climate change is a threat to many crops and forests in Europe.
• For crops : thermal and water stresses occur more and more frequently and are considered as a main limit to crop yield increase in Europe.
• For trees : Rain reduction and temperature increase may induced water stresses with impacts on growth and health
Brisson N et al. 2010. Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France. Field Crops Research 119: 201-212.
Yields of major crops in Europe stagnate since 15 years, and climate change is largely responsible for this
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Agroforestry systems have the potential to modify the microclimate of crops grown in agroforestry alleys.
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Effet protecteur contreles fortes températures en été
Farmer Henri Breton: « Some years we miss 10% because of tree competition, but other dry and hot years, trees microclimate increase yield by 0.5-1 tonne per hectare as compared to monocrops »
But what about crops ?
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Likely impact of trees on crops
• Reduced incoming radiation (shade)– Reduced biomass
– Reduced yield
– Reduced crop temperature and delayed crop phenology
• Shade and sky mask result in a different climate– Reduced daily air temperature range
– Delayed soil warming in spring and cooling in automn
– Reduced soil evaporation and PET
– Reduced radiative frost and dew
• Impact on wind less easy to predict– Reduced average speed
– Possible venturi effect under the pruned trees
– Depends on tree line orientation and wind direction
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Likeky impacts of crops on trees
Tillage, fertilisation, weeding, N-fixation by the crops, irrigation may benefit to the trees
But out of the forest, trees are strongly coupled to the atmosphere(transpiration is enhanced)
Subjected to strong mechanical constraints (wind)
Crops may induce contrasted microclimate conditions for treesAir humidity increased by crop transpiration (eg irrigated maize vs dry cereal stubbles)
Soil moisture reduced in the top soil inducing deep rooting
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Dual approach :
Field Experiment Numerical modelShort term (5 years) Allow long term studies (100 years)
Imposed rain reductionand temperature increase
Following IPCC predictions
Restinclières farm Hi-sAFe model
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IPCC Assessment Report 5scenario RCP85 adjusted to our experimental location
(Clipick sampling tool developped by Palma et al, Agforward project)
Surprise : No significant total annualrainfall change
As expected : 3° increase in maximumdaily temperatures
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The LER of AF increases with climate change
Trees behave better in AF than in F with climate change
No significant change for the average RY of crops
Final LER :
PAST : 1.28
PRESENT : 1.32
FUTURE : 1.39
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How can we explain crop relative yields in AF?
Small trees Large mature trees
Crop temperature in Monocropping (M) and Agroforestry (AF).
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• We need to document the frequency of eventsaffecting crop yields in the past, present and future
Crop stage Stresses
Flower initiation Light reduction, water stress, high temperature
Grain filling Water stress, high temperature
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Can we try?
No experiment so far in agroforestry systems, especially mechanized systems.
How to do it?
How to reduce rain?
How to increase temperature?
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Rain reduction experiments on forests 2
Eucalypts (Brazil, Itatinga,)Reduction of 30% of the rainfall with permanent guttersSignificant impact on trees
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We set up a mobile rain capture device in a mature walnut-wheat agroforestry system in South France. This is a unique experiment so far in Europe.
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The system is entirely supported by the trees and is open before each rain that we want to capture. Area : 50 m x 26 m (two alleys)
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Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit
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According to the model :
With Climate Change, AF is better
AF trees take advantage of CC, F trees did not
AF crops have more stable yields than monocrops
But we now need the field experiment !
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A final word : new research needs
• New varieties adapted to shade
20/03/2015 71
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20/03/2015Des arbres en agriculture
L'agroforesterie au cœur des enjeux contemporains72
Gracias por su atención