Opportunities and challenges in transitioning South Africa ...mile.org.za/symposium2019/SubTheme...

Prof Cristina Trois

SARCHI Chair in Waste and Climate Change

Research Symposium – MILE

6-7 June 2019

Opportunities and challenges in transitioning South Africa to

a Green Economy: Managing the Urban Nexus

Developing the waste sector through RDI

Namaste SA

Waste management in an emerging economyis a complex socio-technical challenge…

Our Grand Challenge

© Linda Godfrey

65% of the OFMSW and nearly 100% of industrial biomass (agricultural

& food processing) is disposed of to land in SA (DEA, 2011)

© Linda Godfrey

On average, 57% of MSW generated in Africa is organic waste, the bulk of

which is dumped, but provides significant socio-economic opportunities

(UNEP 2018)

4,3%

The waste sector

in South Africa

contributes to 4.3%

of GHG emissions

and 37.2% of total

CH4 (DEA, 2014)

Emissions: 9 million tons of

CO2 equivalent (2016)

CH4 from landfills

represents 12% of

total global CH4

emissions (USEPA,

2006; World Bank,

2012)

CH4 has increased by

11.3% and GHG

emissions have

increased of almost

60% from waste sector

in SA in past 15 years.

GHG emissions in

the EU have more

than halved from

1999 to 2007.

Waste and Climate Change in SA - GHG

The waste production

in South Africa

contributes to over

108M of ton/year of

which 31M are

organic/biogenic

Waste: 90% of all waste generated

in SA is disposed of to landfills

(DEA, 2012)

Estimated 65% of the 31M

tons of Municipal organic

waste and 100% of

industrial biomass

(agricultural and food

waste) is disposed in

landfill)

Waste and Climate Change in SA - WASTE

31M

Only 10% of the waste

produced in SA is

recycled and only 1% is

recycled at municipal

level in MRFs

• Challenge of meeting high

standards in service delivery

with limited resources

• Lack of environmental control

systems and appropriate

legislation

• Limited know-how,

indiscriminate dumping

• Lack of reliable data on waste

streams and GHG emissions

indicators

• Poor environmental and waste

awareness of the general

public

Waste Management in South Africa

Municipal Solid Waste; 900

Municipal Liquid Waste;

100

Food and Fruit; 40

Paper & Pulp, Dairy Tannery,

etc.; 140

Sugar (Pressmud);

220

Distilleries; 300

Energy recovery potential (MWe) of different wastes from urban and industrial sectors

(source: R. Kothari et al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 3164-3170(source: National Waste Management Strategy of South Africa (DEA))

According to the Danish Energy Agency, calorific value of waste is on

average 10.5 MJ/kg.

This means that 4 tons of waste can substitute 1 ton of oil or 1.6 tons of

coal. 1 ton of waste can produce 2 MWh for district heating and 0.67

MWh of electricity

Waste Hierarchy

Rural area 2008

Rural area 2013

Durban landfill, 1996

Durban landfill, 2006

Innovation in organic waste valorization

Keeping biological materials

in flow for as long as possible

in support of the Circular

Economy

Recognising that there are

various technology options

from basic composting to

advanced biorefinery

Golden rules to build the sector

BIOGAS

FOCUS

CAPACITY

RDI

INCENTIVES

Don’t mix apples with pears

“Programmable Energy” is better

Build capacity to build the sector

Build projects through RDI and PPP

Incentivise in the right direction

MAPPING THE POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY

RECOVERY FROM RESIDUAL BIOMASS

AND ORGANIC SOLID WASTE IN

KWAZULU-NATAL

By: Professor Cristina Trois, Dean and Head of School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-

Natal, Howard College Campus Durban

First International Training Seminar on Energy from Biomass and Waste in Africa, Durban, South

Africa, April 24-26, 2013

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18

Theoretical Biomass Availability

in Southern Africa

Potential for Landfill

Biogas-to-Energy…

SIZE OF THE MARKET

• 278 municipalities in South Africa

• 8 metropolitan, 44 district and 226 local municipalities

• In KZN alone there are 68 permitted landfills, but

currently only 3 are engineered, have MRF/transfer

stations and have the necessary infrastructure to house

waste to energy projects

• None of the municipalities in KZN apply separated

collection or have fully established Material Recovery

Facilities for recycling

Percentage of households that uses

various fuels in South Africa

Renewable and carbon neutral power plant Reduction of Green House Gas and other emissions Contribution to landfill volume saving Reduction in odour from waste Improves air quality 24/7

Offsets purchase of energy from fossil fuels By-products can be upgraded and sold Possible reduction of municipal tax on waste and service Independency from fossil fuel Reduction of electricity loss

Increasing of local manufacturing and job creation from construction to operation

Increasing of capacity of electricity in the country Improving of health Educational and skills development

Environmental

Economic

Social

Benefits of Biomass to Energy in South Africa

Challenges and reasons for technology failure

• Lack of suitable feedstock, wrong waste characterisation,

impact/contamination of plastic packaging/plastic on accessing

quality organics

• No feed-in tariff or incentive scheme based on the real benefits of

biogas industry (not only electricity production)

• General lack of awareness (both in government and private sector)

• Lack of local experience (particularly on operational side)

• Challenges around financial viability, specifically on the small scale (<

1MW)

• Long approval processes (license, EIA, PPA, wheeling agreements, MFMA,

etc)

• Funding reluctance from banks (again for plants < 1MW)

• IPP process – complicated, costly, only above 1MW

Golden rules to build the market

BIOGAS

FOCUS

CAPACITY

RDI

INCENTIVES

Don’t mix apples with pears

“Programmable Energy” is better

Build capacity to build the sector

Build projects through RDI

Incentivise in the right direction

10-year Waste RDI Roadmap for SA

www.wasteroadmap.co.za

• Waste tyres

• Organic Waste

e.g. industrial biomass,

OFMSW, food waste

Priority Waste Streams of Roadmap

• Municipal Solid

Waste

e.g. paper and

packaging, C&D waste,

OFMSW, residual waste

• Electronic Waste

(WEEE)

e.g. all fractions, metal,

plastic, glass, etc.

• Waste Plastic

e.g. pre- and post-

consumer plastics (all)

Maximising the diversion of waste away from landfill

towards value-adding opportunities, including

prevention of waste and the optimised extraction of

value from reuse, recycling and recovery, in order to

create significant social, economic, and environmental

benefit for South Africa.

Purpose of the Chair in WaCC

To create a national and international pole of excellence in RDI on climate impacts from and on the waste sector, with

focus on the mitigation of these impacts

Research, Development and

Innovation

FA 1:Climate impacts associated with the

generation and disposal of waste

Reporting on climate change/standards

Development of GHG emissions/indicators

FA 2: Measures and Technologies on control,

management and treatment of landfill/waste emissions

Sustainable diversion of waste from

landfills

Zero waste strategies

Insertion of context-appropriate technologies

Demonstration projectsFA 3: Impact of climate

change on the waste sector

Capacity Development

Scholarship programs at Masters, PhD and Postdoctoral

levels

Coursework master in Waste and Resources

Management

Coordination of waste and climate activities at national

and international levels

UN – IPLA and IWWG Secretariat

Purpose, Focus and Objectives of the Chair

§ Methanogenisis within 3 months

§ Cellular Method in all DSW Landfills

§ 1st Leachate Treatment plant in South Africa

§ Behaviour of landfill emissions under a subtropical climate § Development of biogas models

§ Phytopurification of Landfill leachates in constructed wetlands

§ Passive leachate treatment solutions

§ Scope of the project was to identify appropriate landfill operational strategies to reduce the long term emissions

and optimise renewable energy recovery methods

Control, Management and Treatment

Output of Stage 1: 1st Leachate Treatment Plant in SA

Output of Stage 1: Cellular Method in ALL Landfills

§ Introducing ZERO WASTE in South Africa/Africa

§ Developing Zero Waste models for developing countries

WASTE TREATMENT

STAGE 2 2000 - 2008

ZERO

WASTE

OUTPUTS

§ Innovative low cost waste treatment systems § Dome Aeration Technology

§ First CDM Project in Africa

§ Zero waste models for South African Municipalities

§ Mapping of the African continent

§ Scope of the project was to develop low cost, low energy appropriate waste and waste emissions treatment systems to achieve advanced waste minimisation, diversion from landfills and valorisation of waste as a resource in an integrated manner.

Integrated waste management – ZERO WASTE

1st CDM Landfill Biogas-to-

Energy Project in Africa

Bisasar Rd landfill - extracts

approximately 350 m3/hour,

Component 1 produces

approx. 9MWh

Mariannhill landfill -180

m3/hour is produced and

an estimated 1775 m3/hour

by 2024. Approximately 900

kWh of electricity is

generated

Output of Stage 2-1st CDM Project in Africa

W.R.O.S.E

STAGE 32008 - 2013

BIO-ENERGY MAP

OUTPUTS

Development of Zero Waste models with RSA Municipalities Collaboration with Centre for Sustainable Development at

Cambridge Development of WROSE

BIO-ENERGY Mapping Project Africa (KZN-DEDT)

UN-IPLA PROGRAMME

Bio-Energy Map for RSA (KZN)

WROSE model adopted by SANEDI/DME and DEA

Joint UN-IPLA and IWWG Secretariat for Southern Africa

Scope of the project was to develop a comprehensivetool/model to assist municipalities in the decisionmaking process for the implementation of appropriatewaste management and waste-to-energy technologies

W.R.O.S.E – Waste Resource Optimisation and

Scenario Evaluation Model

Definition of

appropriate

strategies

Quality of

Waste

Quantity of

Waste

ENVIRONMENTAL

• GHG emissions for

scenarios

• Landfill airspace

savings

Indicators

of best

solution

ECONOMIC

Costs ,

revenuesSOCIAL

Job creation

INSTITUTIONAL

Policy framework

Waste Resource Optimisation and Scenario Evaluation

W.R.O.S.E Model

Advanced WROSE Model Outputs:

35 GHG Emission

Reduction

Potential

Economic

Feasibility

Landfill Space saving

potential

Job creation

Potential

Health

Risks

Institutional

Implications

37

Comparison of Waste Streams

Biogenic45,67%

Other waste5,27%Recyclable

s49,06%

Paper & Cardboard

17,88%

Plastic19,01%

Glass6,83%

Metals5,34%

eThekwini Household

Biogenic34,38%

Other waste

30,04%

Recyclables

35,58%

Paper & Cardboard

14,75%

Plastic8,65%

Glass7,00%

Metals5,18%

UMDM Household

Biogenic35,56%

Other waste

22,45%Recyclables41,99%

Paper & Cardboard

16,11%

Plastic6,08%

Glass14,86%

Metals4,94%

eThekwini Commercial

Biogenic29,65%

Other waste

19,27%

Recyclables51,07%

Paper & Cardboard

33,08%

Plastic11,43%

Glass3,87%

Metals2,70%

UMDM Commercial

12

Comparison of Waste Streams

Biogenic45,67%

Other waste

5,27%Recyclables

49,06%

Paper &

Cardboard17,88%

Plastic

19,01%

Glass6,83%

Metals

5,34%

eThekwini Household

Biogenic34,38%

Other

waste30,04%

Recyclable

s35,58%

Paper & Cardboard

14,75%

Plastic

8,65%

Glass

7,00%

Metals5,18%

UMDM Household

Biogenic

35,56%

Other waste

22,45%Recyclables

41,99%

Paper & Cardboard

16,11%

Plastic6,08%

Glass

14,86%

Metals4,94%

eThekwini Commercial

Biogenic29,65%

Other waste

19,27%

Recyclables51,07%

Paper & Cardboard

33,08%

Plastic11,43%

Glass

3,87%Metals2,70%

UMDM Commercial

Disposal Rate

Ranges from:

Mariannhill Landfill: 28 532.1 – 34 863.14 tons

Bisasar Road Landfill: 3 049.91 – 12 485.57 tons

Buffelsdraai Landfill: 17 444.49 - 22 859.96 tons

Bisasar Road – Low disposal rate due to disbarring

of MSW

Mariannhill and Buffelsdraai – Fairly constant

disposal rate of MSW during the year

Scenario Analysis - Waste stream analysis

Assessment of Marianhill Landfill

-200000

-100000

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns

(MtC

O2

eq)

Scenario Analysis for Marianhill Landfill Site

Scenario 1

Scenario 2A

Scenario 2B

Scenario 2C

Scenario 3

Scenario 4A

Scenario 4B

Scenario 5

-40000

-20000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns

(MtC

O2

eq)

Scenario Analysis for Bisasar Road Landfill Site

Scenario 1

Scenario 2A

Scenario 2B

Scenario 2C

Scenario 3

Scenario 4A

Scenario 4B

Scenario 5

-100000

-50000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns

(MtC

O2

eq)

Scenario Analysis for Buffelsdraai Landfill Site

Scenario 1

Scenario 2A

Scenario 2B

Scenario 2C

Scenario 3

Scenario 4A

Scenario 4B

Scenario 5

Scenario Analysis Landfills Durban - GHG

• Simultaneously affected

by waste management

• Scenario 4B has the

highest waste diversion

• Scenario 4B – includes

incineration

• Scenarios 1, 2A, 2B have

no waste being diverted

from landfill 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Was

te D

ive

rsio

n a

te (

%)

Waste Diversion Rates for Waste Management Scenarios

Scenario 1 Scenario 2A Scenario 2B Scenario 2C

Scenario 3 Scenario 4A Scenario 4B Scenario 5

Scenario Analysis - Waste Diversion/LSS

Marianhill Waste Stream – Landfill airspace savings

Marianhill Economic Analysis

JOB CREATION POTENTIAL

A small dirty-MRF processing 160 to 250 tpd can employ up to 150 on a full time basis

Material Recycling Facilities (MRF)

WASTE RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION AND SCENARIO EVALUATION MODEL : SOCIO - ECONOMIC INDICATORS

WASTE QUANTITY (tons per day )

/MW OF ELECTRICITY

NO. OF JOBS

DIRECT HEALTH RISKS

INDIRECT HEALTH RISKS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN

WASTE MANAGEMENT

PROCESS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN

EIA PROCESS

SCENARIO 1: LANDFILLING 0 0.0

Respiratory Issues, , Fatigue,

Headaches, Influenza type

Symptoms

Cancer, Low Birth Weight, Birth Defects

No public participation

necessary Public participation

process required

SCENARIO 2: LANDFILL WITH GAS

RECOVERY /ELEC GEN 0 0

Wheezing, nausea,

headaches

Asthma, respiratory

issues


necessary Public participation

process required

SCENARIO 3: RECYCLING 0 0.0

Respiratory issues, influenza type symptoms,

nausea, headache, tiredness

Asthma, respiratory

issues


necessary due to separation at MRF

Public participation process required

SCENARIO 4: ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 0 0

Tiredness, headache,

nausea N/A




SCENARIO 5: ANAEROBIC

COMPOSTING 0 0

Fungal spores and bacteria

causing Breathing problems,

nauseaFatigue and headaches




SCENARIOSWASTE

STREAMSENVIRONMENTAL

LEGISLATION ENERGY LEGISLATION

FINANCIAL & ADMINISTRATIVE

REGULATIONLICENCE

REQUIREDSCENARIO 1:

DISPOSAL OF UNSORTED UNTREATED

MSW TO LANDFILL

General MSW

The Constitution

N/AOccupational Health and Safety Act 1993

The Environmental Conservation Act

N/A Municipal Systems Act 2000

National Environmental Management Act

N/AMunicipal Structures

Act

National Environmental Management Waste Act

N/A

Municipal Finance Management Act

Atmospheric Emissions

Licence

National Environmental Management: Air

Quality Act

N/A

Supply Chain Management

Waste Licence ( For Storage,

Treatment, Disposal and Processing of

waste)

Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act

N/A

Asset Management

National Integrated Coastal Management

Act

N/AGenerally Recognised

Accounting Practices 17 & 19

Institutional Indicators

Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste

Partnership: UKZN-DTI

0.5 MW (12 MWh) AD Plant on Howard College Campus – to process 40-60 tons of macerated food waste and food processing waste per day

Emissions reduction = approx. 18 000 tons of CO2

eq. per annum

Digestate/compost material = approx. 95 tons per month

Partnership: DubeTrade Port-UKZN-THRIP (Dti)

0.5 MW (12 MWh) AD Plant in the AgriZone – to process 35-40 tons of macerated food waste and food processing waste per day

Emissions reduction = approx. 15 000 tons of CO2

eq. per annum

Digestate/compost material = approx. 95 tons per month

Waste-to-energy in rural SA

UKZN-LOTTERY PROJECT for 20 small AD plants (Mdwedwe Municipality as part of Ilembe District Municipality)

Objective: improve living standards in rural households through integrated waste, water and energy sustainable technology solutions

Integrating rainwater harvesting, livestock fodder production and biogas generation and energy efficient retrofitting in rural areas of South Africa

Changing the way we think about waste…

unlocks opportunities for innovation

• A new project on the valorisation of saw dust to obtain a

variety of high-value marketable chemicals

• New value chains for high value products –

– Xylose for conversion to Xylitol (artificial sweetener)

– Pine oil

– Nanocrystalline cellulose fibres

Traditional,

low value

Innovative,

high value


• A new project on the valorisation of chicken feather waste to

obtain a variety of high-value marketable products

• New value chains for high value products –

– Keratin powder (protein) (tissue-engineering scaffolds,

health care)

– Biocomposites, textiles, electronics, cosmetics


Traditional,

low value

Innovative,

high value

• A new project on the innovative use of paper-mill sludge and fibres

from waste tyres as performance enhances of green concrete

• Paper sludge destined for incineration or landfill, used as a partial

replacement of cement created ‘tough concrete’

– Large increase in tensile strength (+28%)

– Significant increase in flexural strength (+11%)

– Insignificant change in compression strength (+3%)


Traditional,

low value

Innovative,

high value

Beneficiation of forestry biomass waste streams

[Prof B Sithole, CSIR NRE, Durban]

Valorisation of waste chicken feathers

[Prof B Sithole, CSIR NRE, Durban]

Grant funded research projects

Sustainable utilization and conversion of post-harvest

agricultural waste residues into value added materials

[Dr M John, CSIR MSM, Port Elizabeth]

Value recovery from solid confectionary waste

[Prof S Harrison, UCT, Cape Town]

Reactor design for industrial furfural production from sugar

cane agricultural residues [Prof J Görgens, SUN,

Stellenbosch]

Biogas and volatile fatty acids biorefinery by co-digestion

of fruit juice wastes with lignocellulosic biomass

[Prof J Görgens, SUN, Stellenbosch]

Grant funded research projects

Production of novel cellulose nanocomposites from

organic waste

[Dr A Chimphango, SUN, Stellenbosch]

Strategic Partnerships

• Partnerships are key to the implementation of the Roadmap

• Regional and international research partnerships remain limited (2017)

• An opportunity to establish and strengthen local, regional and

international partnerships in solid waste R&D

© Department of Science and Technology

GARDEN

REFUSE

STAGE 4

2013 – 2019

And beyond

MINING WASTE

AND BEREA RED

SAND

ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

ENERGY CROPS

ALGAE

Innovative use of garden refuse, pine bark and compost as carbon source for the bio-denitrification of high strength leachates/effluents

Innovative use of biogenic waste/food waste for the bio-denitrifcation of landfill leachate in anoxic beds

Innovative use of South African sands and Mining waste for the treatment of ground water in Permeable Reactive Barriers

BIO-ROTOR for metal extraction, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate removal using Berea Red Sand and Red Mud

Garden Waste, Agri-waste, Food waste, Energy crops for landfills, Bagasse from sugar cane

Scope of the project is to develop innovative ways for the valorisationof waste as a resource, beyond the conventional techniques ofrecycling, waste-to-energy, composting and anaerobic digestion

Rehabilitation of landfills/capping using energy crops

Treatment of leachate using algae/energy crops

Experimenting with algae/energy for energy crops

Hybrid reactors

Present and future research

Students involvedSameera Kissoon(MScEng)

Kruschen Govender(Postdoc)

ProjectsAdvancement of the WROSE model with the inclusion of socio-economic and institutional indicators

Industrial Symbiosis and zerowaste strategies

Collaborators / fundersDurban Solid Waste

SANEDI (RECORD)Durban Chemical ClusterUSE-ITWarwick Junction Informal Markets (Durban)Prof. Rawatlal (UKZN)Dr Ntlibi Matete (UKZN)Cranfield University (UK)

FA1: WROSE, Zero Waste, Diversion of waste from Landfill,

Resource recovery, Integrated waste management systemsfor climate change stabilisation wedges

Students involvedDr Nore Mahdjoub(Senior Researcher)

Brett Reimers (MScEng)

Dr W. Woodenberg(Postdoc)

ProjectsPhotocatalitic leaching of metals from high strength leachates

Assessment of activated and non-activated natural iron-based sand for the treatment of nitrate from synthetic wastewater

Phytopurification of leachate in constructed wetlands

Energy crops for the biodenitrification of leachate

Collaborators / fundersDurban Solid WasteCranfield University (UK)Plant Pathology UNIT (UKZN)

FA2: Design of appropriate and innovative treatment

methods for leachate

Students involvedDr Elena Friedrich(Lecturer)

Nathaniel Sawyerr(PhD)

Surabhi Sivastrava(PhD)

Dr Marc KalinaSenior Researcher

ProjectsQuantification of GHG from waste and LCA

Bioenergy production from AD of Cassava

Fat and scum as biofuel

BioEnergy in Rural areasLOTTO funded Project

Collaborators / fundersDurban Solid WasteSANEDINational LOTTERYPlant Pathology UNIT (UKZN)Prof. Tilahun Sewoun (UKZN)Dr Alaika Kassim (UKZN)Phalane Lebotsa (UKZN)PRG Prof. Buckley (UKZN)

FA3: Sustained carbon emissions reduction in Africa – Biogas

modeling, GHG quantification, reporting

Students involvedFrazer Smith(PhD)

Prian Reddy(MScEng)

Sean Moodley(MScEng)

Keyuran Govender(MScEng)

ProjectsAlternative building materials

Sustainable smart mobility within the Aerotropolis

Investigation into the Feasibility of Using Paper-mill Sludge as a Partial Replacement for Cement

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Applied to Asphalt Mixtures Containing Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

Blends

Collaborators / fundersDurban Solid WasteUSE-IT Dr Moses Kiliswa (UKZN)University of Trento (Italy)University of Cagliari (Italy)Prof. Mauro Coni (Cagliari)

FA4: African Cities of the Future – Green

Concrete/Materials and Infrastructure

Thank you!

Prof. Cristina Trois

University of KwaZulu-Natal

Howard College Campus

Tel: +27-31-260-3055

Email: [email protected]

Opportunities and challenges in transitioning South Africa ...mile.org.za/symposium2019/SubTheme...

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