Only the Strong Survive:Only the Strong Survive:Realpolitik & the Age of UnificationRealpolitik & the Age of Unification

The Great Decision of the time will notThe Great Decision of the time will notbe resolved by speeches and majoritybe resolved by speeches and majoritydecisions…but by blood and iron.decisions…but by blood and iron.

- - Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck 1815-18981815-1898

The Vacation that The Vacation that Changed HistoryChanged History

Bad Ems, 1870 Bad Ems, 1870

Wilhelm IWilhelm I

BenedettiBenedetti

Ems DispatchEms Dispatch

Too many HohenzollernsToo many Hohenzollerns

The eve of the Franco-Prussian War, 1870The eve of the Franco-Prussian War, 1870

The Chancellor and the The Chancellor and the EmperorEmperor

The legacy of ’48The legacy of ’48

BismarckBismarck

NapoleonNapoleon

Age of CompetitionAge of Competition

Among/within states…Among/within states…RealpolitikRealpolitik

Between classes…Between classes…Marxist theoryMarxist theory

Within nature…Within nature…Darwinian modelDarwinian model

Limits of…Limits of…

Universalism (Renaissance)Universalism (Renaissance)the Enlightenment – rationalismthe Enlightenment – rationalismLiberalismLiberalism

Extension of…Extension of…

NationalismNationalismRomanticism - irrationalismRomanticism - irrationalism

I. Ideology and Political I. Ideology and Political Re-AlignmentRe-Alignment

National power, mass politicsNational power, mass politics

A. Napoleon complexA. Napoleon complex

1.1. July Monarchy July Monarchy 1830 – 18481830 – 1848

- Louise-Philippe- Louise-Philippe

2.2. Banquet Revolution of 1848Banquet Revolution of 1848- Ideology and famine- Ideology and famine

- moderates (constitutional reforms)- moderates (constitutional reforms)

- radicals (universal suffrage; social programs)- radicals (universal suffrage; social programs)

Second RepublicSecond Republic

3. The Alliance folds3. The Alliance folds

- Louis Blanc & the Luxembourg Commission- Louis Blanc & the Luxembourg Commission

- The June Days- The June Days

Louis-NapoleonLouis-Napoleon(Napoleon III) (Napoleon III)

4. The Second Empire4. The Second Empire 1852-18701852-1870

- urban renewal- urban renewal

- Imperial expansion- Imperial expansion

““mass” politicsmass” politics

B. Crisis in AmericaB. Crisis in America

1. Manifest Destiny1. Manifest Destiny- Romanticism v. Conspiracy- Romanticism v. Conspiracy

2. Mexican-American War2. Mexican-American War 1846-481846-48

- Wilmot Proviso 1846- Wilmot Proviso 1846

James K. PolkJames K. Polk

C. What did they want?C. What did they want?

1. Liberal 1. Liberal - states are a projection of individual rights- states are a projection of individual rights

2. Romantic2. Romantic - states are the projection of a “nation”- states are the projection of a “nation”

3. Conservative3. Conservative - new states should reflect established social order- new states should reflect established social order

4. 4. RealpolitikRealpolitik

Power, not ideology, should govern Power, not ideology, should govern states, diplomacystates, diplomacy-Protect geopolitical interestsProtect geopolitical interests- Protect domestic power- Protect domestic power

“ “political power flows from the barrel of a gun” political power flows from the barrel of a gun” - Mao Zedong- Mao Zedong

II. The Crimean War II. The Crimean War Limits of the “Concert of Europe”Limits of the “Concert of Europe”

A. The Great GameA. The Great Game

1. Russian expansion1. Russian expansion- Suez Canal (1857)- Suez Canal (1857)- Nicholas & Napoleon- Nicholas & Napoleon

B. Power vacuumB. Power vacuum

1. Trouble in the East1. Trouble in the East

- - SiberiaSiberia

- Sepoy Mutiny “British - Sepoy Mutiny “British RajRaj””

2. Central Europe2. Central Europe

III. The Unification of III. The Unification of GermanyGermany

The Man Who Would Not The Man Who Would Not Be KaiserBe Kaiser

Frederick Wilhelm IV of PrussiaFrederick Wilhelm IV of Prussia

Revolution of 1848Revolution of 1848Liberal Nationalism Liberal Nationalism

““Crown from the Gutter”Crown from the Gutter”

A. Romantic A. Romantic nationalismnationalism

1. Land and life1. Land and life - Johann von Herder - Johann von Herder VolkstumVolkstum

- geography, environment shape national character- geography, environment shape national character- “races”- “races”

2. Unification, path to greatness2. Unification, path to greatness- Young Italy, - Young Italy, RisorgimentoRisorgimento

The Nation/RaceThe Nation/Race

v. Liberal Nationalismv. Liberal Nationalism

Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini

B. The ’48ersB. The ’48ers

1.1. Frankfurt failFrankfurt fail

2.2. ZeitgeistZeitgeist

3.3. ZollvereinZollverein

B. Otto von BismarckB. Otto von Bismarck1. The reluctant nationalist1. The reluctant nationalist

- - JunkerJunker- Prussian absolutism- Prussian absolutism

C. Greater or Lesser C. Greater or Lesser GermanyGermany

1.1. ““Where is the German Fatherland?”Where is the German Fatherland?” - Hapsburgs- Hapsburgs

- - Liberal v. RomanticLiberal v. Romantic

2. Wars of Unification:2. Wars of Unification:- Denmark Schleswig-Holstein 1864- Denmark Schleswig-Holstein 1864

- Austria 1866- Austria 1866

Von Clausewitz Von Clausewitz On WarOn War 1832 1832- war as an extension of politics- war as an extension of politics

3. The Catholic Question3. The Catholic Question

North German Confederation

C. Franco-Prussian War C. Franco-Prussian War 1870-711870-71

1. Napoleon III1. Napoleon III

- Second Empire- Second Empire

2. Spanish succession2. Spanish succession - Hohenzollerns - Hohenzollerns

3. “Ems Dispatch” 3. “Ems Dispatch”

4. New European hegemony 4. New European hegemony - Railroads, timetables, industrialization- Railroads, timetables, industrialization

D. The Second Reich D. The Second Reich 1871-1871-19191919

1. Kaiser Wilhelm I1. Kaiser Wilhelm I

2. Strong central government2. Strong central government

3. Universal male suffrage and 3. Universal male suffrage and ReichstagReichstag

4. Reform, repression4. Reform, repression

E. E. Kulturkampf Kulturkampf 1870s 1870s

1. Weaken Catholic/Austrian influence1. Weaken Catholic/Austrian influence

2. Growing suspicion of anyone not 2. Growing suspicion of anyone not “racially” German“racially” German

3. Ultra-nationalism, imperialism3. Ultra-nationalism, imperialism

F. Fractured RepublicF. Fractured Republic

1. Third Republic 1. Third Republic 1870-19401870-1940- Paris Commune- Paris Commune

2. Boulanger Affair 2. Boulanger Affair 18891889

3. Dreyfus Affair 3. Dreyfus Affair 1894-19061894-1906

III. The (re)Unification of the III. The (re)Unification of the United StatesUnited States

Civil War and Reconstruction, Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-18771861-1877

A. Liberal NationalismA. Liberal Nationalism

1. Election (Revolution) of 18601. Election (Revolution) of 1860- coalition of bourgeoisie, entrepreneurial class, social - coalition of bourgeoisie, entrepreneurial class, social progressivesprogressives- vs. Southern “aristocracy”- vs. Southern “aristocracy”

2. Emancipation Proclamation2. Emancipation Proclamation Sept. 1862Sept. 1862

3.3. The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address Nov. 1863Nov. 1863- “nation” mentioned 5 times- “nation” mentioned 5 times- “all men are created equal”- “all men are created equal”- refers to - refers to DeclarationDeclaration, not to , not to ArticlesArticles

4.4. ““Union” as a shield for Union” as a shield for liberty liberty

B. ReconstructionB. ReconstructionAmerica’s 2America’s 2ndnd Revolution? Revolution?

1.1. Presidential Presidential 1863-661863-66- 13- 13thth Amendment Amendment

2. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction2. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction- Civil Rights Act of 1866- Civil Rights Act of 1866- Freedmen’s bureau- Freedmen’s bureau

3. 143. 14thth / 15 / 15thth Amendment Amendment- dual citizenship- dual citizenship- male suffrage- male suffrage

4. Needs of nationalism limit reform4. Needs of nationalism limit reform- Redemption [- Redemption [KulturkampfKulturkampf]]

- Racial Radicalism- Racial Radicalism

““Iron and blood”Iron and blood”

““All power flows from the barrel of a gun”All power flows from the barrel of a gun”

IV. Rome Reborn?IV. Rome Reborn?

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

A. The two GiuseppesA. The two Giuseppes1.1. 1830/48 – 1830/48 – RisorgimentoRisorgimento

Mazzini – republic Garibaldi – the Red ShirtsMazzini – republic Garibaldi – the Red Shirts

2. Organized grassroots resistance to 2. Organized grassroots resistance to interventionintervention

B. Kingdom of SardiniaB. Kingdom of Sardinia

1.1. Count CavourCount Cavour- strengthened monarchy- strengthened monarchy- initiated liberal reforms- initiated liberal reforms- role in Crimean War- role in Crimean War

2. Feared influence of “Young Italy”, Red 2. Feared influence of “Young Italy”, Red ShirtsShirts- Garibaldi overruns central, southern Italy- Garibaldi overruns central, southern Italy

- conflict with the Pope- conflict with the Pope

C. Unification comesC. Unification comes1.1. 1860, Cavour undercuts Garibaldi1860, Cavour undercuts Garibaldi

- radicals agree to Italian monarchy- radicals agree to Italian monarchy

2. Character of unification2. Character of unification- greater local autonomy- greater local autonomy- Italy far less industrialized- Italy far less industrialized- weak bourgeoisie- weak bourgeoisie- weak liberal tradition – Church, aristocrats- weak liberal tradition – Church, aristocrats

3. Weakness leaves door open for 3. Weakness leaves door open for extremismextremismfascism, bolshevism, anarchismfascism, bolshevism, anarchism