The Age of The Age of RealpolitikRealpolitik1848-18711848-1871

Chapter 25-1Chapter 25-1

Post 1850 NationalismPost 1850 Nationalism

Failed Revolutions of 1848:Failed Revolutions of 1848: GermanyGermany ItalyItaly Austria (Hapsburg Empire)Austria (Hapsburg Empire) FranceFrance

GermanyGermany

Liberals and Nationalists failed to get the Liberals and Nationalists failed to get the support of Prussian King Frederick support of Prussian King Frederick William Iv for a unified Germany under a William Iv for a unified Germany under a Constitutional monarchy at the Frankfort Constitutional monarchy at the Frankfort ParliamentParliament

Frederick William IV refused to accept Frederick William IV refused to accept the “crown from the gutter” and offered the “crown from the gutter” and offered his own (Divine Rightish) constitution his own (Divine Rightish) constitution insteadinstead

Germany continuedGermany continued

Austria would accept a plan for Austria would accept a plan for German unity only if Prussia took an German unity only if Prussia took an oath of loyalty to the German Bund oath of loyalty to the German Bund (with Austria the head of the Diet)(with Austria the head of the Diet)

Humiliation of Olmutz: Prussia was Humiliation of Olmutz: Prussia was forced to put her ambitions aside forced to put her ambitions aside (for now)(for now)

ItalyItaly Austrian forces were driven out of Austrian forces were driven out of

Northern ItalyNorthern Italy French forces were driven out of French forces were driven out of

Southern Italy and SicilySouthern Italy and Sicily Mazzini, protected by Garibaldi and his Mazzini, protected by Garibaldi and his

army, proclaimed the Roman Republic in army, proclaimed the Roman Republic in 18491849

But Italian revolutionaries could not work But Italian revolutionaries could not work together & rural population not on board together & rural population not on board Austria and France regained lost landAustria and France regained lost land

Austria (Hapsburg Austria (Hapsburg Empire)Empire)

Louis Kossuth led Hungarian forces Louis Kossuth led Hungarian forces to the gates of Viennato the gates of Vienna

But Austrian army (aided by Russian But Austrian army (aided by Russian troops and Slavs within the empire) troops and Slavs within the empire) defeated the Magars and regained defeated the Magars and regained controlcontrol

FranceFrance

The Bourgeoisie King, Louis The Bourgeoisie King, Louis Philippe, was overthrown for failing Philippe, was overthrown for failing to expand the franchise to the to expand the franchise to the working class during the February working class during the February RevolutionRevolution

The June Days Revolution pitted the The June Days Revolution pitted the middle class against the working middle class against the working classclass

France France continuedcontinued

Conservatives, supported by the Conservatives, supported by the army, restored orderarmy, restored order

Louis NapoleonLouis Napoleon (a conservative) was (a conservative) was elected president of the Second elected president of the Second Republic overwhelminglyRepublic overwhelmingly

Realpolitik after 1848Realpolitik after 1848

Clearly, strong idealism did not meet Clearly, strong idealism did not meet with success in accomplishing liberal with success in accomplishing liberal and nationalistic goalsand nationalistic goals

After 1850 Realism replaced After 1850 Realism replaced RomanticismRomanticism

Realpolitik was the political outgrowth Realpolitik was the political outgrowth of Realismof Realism

Goals will be achieved in a step-by-step, Goals will be achieved in a step-by-step, practical, Machiavellian-like manner practical, Machiavellian-like manner

Results:Results:

Italian UnificationItalian Unification German UnificationGerman Unification Hungarian AutonomyHungarian Autonomy

In France, Louis Napoleon will have In France, Louis Napoleon will have to cater to loiberals to hang on to to cater to loiberals to hang on to powerpower

The Failure of the Concert The Failure of the Concert of Europeof Europe

The Great Powers failed to work The Great Powers failed to work together in the revolutions of 1848together in the revolutions of 1848

This undermined their credibilityThis undermined their credibility

Between 1848 and 1878 Peace in Between 1848 and 1878 Peace in Europe will be interrupted by the Europe will be interrupted by the Crimean War and by the Russo-Crimean War and by the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878Turkish war of 1877-1878

Causes of the Crimean Causes of the Crimean WarWar

A dispute between Russian Christians A dispute between Russian Christians and French Christians over priveliges and French Christians over priveliges in the Holy Land (Palistine) which was in the Holy Land (Palistine) which was part of the Ottoman Empirepart of the Ottoman Empire

In 1852 the Turks agreed to Napoleon In 1852 the Turks agreed to Napoleon III’s demand that the Turks provide III’s demand that the Turks provide protection for Roman Catholic religious protection for Roman Catholic religious orders visiting Palestineorders visiting Palestine

The Crimean War The Crimean War continuedcontinued

The Russians believed that the Turkish-The Russians believed that the Turkish-French Agreement jeopardized an French Agreement jeopardized an existing agreement that the Turks had existing agreement that the Turks had regarding protecting Greek Orthodox regarding protecting Greek Orthodox religious orders in the Holy Landreligious orders in the Holy Land

Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several Turkish-controlled occupy several Turkish-controlled provinces along the Danubeprovinces along the Danube

Crimean War Crimean War continuedcontinued

Nicholas I claimed that the Russian Nicholas I claimed that the Russian Troops would withdraw once the Troops would withdraw once the Turks guananteed rights for the Turks guananteed rights for the Orthodox ChristiansOrthodox Christians

1853 Turks declared war on Russia 1853 Turks declared war on Russia when Nicholas refused to withdraw when Nicholas refused to withdraw his troopshis troops

Crimean War Crimean War continuedcontinued

1854 Britain and France declared 1854 Britain and France declared war on Russiawar on Russia

Surprising as the Turks were not Surprising as the Turks were not ChristiansChristians

Brit and French terms for Russia Brit and French terms for Russia were called The Four Pointswere called The Four Points

The Crimean War The Crimean War continuedcontinued

The Four Points:The Four Points: Russia must renounce claims to occupied Russia must renounce claims to occupied

provinces along the Danubeprovinces along the Danube Navigation in the mouth of the Danube Navigation in the mouth of the Danube

River on the Black Sea should be River on the Black Sea should be internationalizedinternationalized

Russia must renounce its special role of Russia must renounce its special role of “protector” of the Orthodox Christians “protector” of the Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empirewithin the Ottoman Empire

Russia must withdraw troopsRussia must withdraw troops

Crimean War Crimean War continuedcontinued

1855 The Piedmont joined in the war 1855 The Piedmont joined in the war against Russiaagainst Russia

Then Austria agreed to the 4 Points Then Austria agreed to the 4 Points and gave Russia an ultimatum: and gave Russia an ultimatum: Comply or Austria would join the Comply or Austria would join the othersothers

Nicholas I diedNicholas I died

Crimean War Crimean War continuedcontinued

Alexander II (the new Czar) agreed Alexander II (the new Czar) agreed to the 4 Pointsto the 4 Points

The War: The War: Most was fought on the Crimean Most was fought on the Crimean

PeninsulaPeninsula Over 50,000 British and French troops Over 50,000 British and French troops

were there fighting against the were there fighting against the RussiansRussians

Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale 1820-19101820-1910

British nurse who became a pioneer British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursingin modern nursing

More men died of disease than More men died of disease than wounds from combatwounds from combat

Nightingales “Light Brigade” tended Nightingales “Light Brigade” tended to the troopsto the troops

However, death due to disease However, death due to disease remained highremained high

Peace of ParisPeace of Paris

Russia the biggest loser:Russia the biggest loser:

No longer in control of maritime trade No longer in control of maritime trade on lthe Danubeon lthe Danube

Had to recognize Turkish control of Had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danubethe mouth of the Danube

Had to renounce its claims to Had to renounce its claims to Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania later)later)

Peace of Paris Peace of Paris continuedcontinued

Russia renounced its role of Russia renounced its role of “protector” of the Greek Orthodox “protector” of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empireresidents of the Ottoman Empire

Russia agreed to return all occupied Russia agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottomansterritories to the Ottomans

Black Sea would be neutralBlack Sea would be neutral

Peace of Paris Peace of Paris continuedcontinued

All powers recognized and All powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and guaranteed the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empireintegrity of the Ottoman Empire

The AftermathThe Aftermath

Russia was shocked that it had fallen Russia was shocked that it had fallen so far behind in military powerso far behind in military power

Began to industrializeBegan to industrialize

Began to modernize its armyBegan to modernize its army

France: The Second French France: The Second French Republic 1848-1852Republic 1848-1852

Constitution: Unicameral legislature Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly)(National Assembly)

Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage

Strong executive: popularly electedStrong executive: popularly elected

Louis NapoleonLouis Napoleon

Voters saw him as a symbol of Voters saw him as a symbol of stability and greatnessstability and greatness

Was dedicated to law and order, Was dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism opposed to socialism and radicalism and favored the conservative classes: and favored the conservative classes: The Church The Church Property ownersProperty owners

The ArmyThe Army businessbusiness

Louis NapoleonLouis Napoleon

Lived much of his life outside of Lived much of his life outside of France so little political baggageFrance so little political baggage

His name carried much weight with His name carried much weight with the vogtersthe vogters

Needed to make concessions to the Needed to make concessions to the conservatives in return for their conservatives in return for their supportsupport

Louis Napoleons Louis Napoleons concessions to concessions to conservatives:conservatives:

Falloux Law: Control of education Falloux Law: Control of education returned to the Church in exchange for its returned to the Church in exchange for its supportsupport

Minimized the influence of the Legislative Minimized the influence of the Legislative AssemblyAssembly

Supported policies favorable to the ArmySupported policies favorable to the Army Disenfranchised many poor peopleDisenfranchised many poor people Closed down labor unionsClosed down labor unions Jailed many socialist or democratic leadersJailed many socialist or democratic leaders

The Legislative Assembly The Legislative Assembly was Unhappywas Unhappy

Legislative Assembly did not grant Legislative Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon payment of his large Louis Napoleon payment of his large personal debtpersonal debt

Nor did they give him an allowance Nor did they give him an allowance for his second termfor his second term

So…he plotted a coup to become So…he plotted a coup to become emperoremperor

The Second EmpireThe Second Empire

Louis Napoleon arranged for a coup Louis Napoleon arranged for a coup and took control in 1852and took control in 1852

This time he will court the LiberalsThis time he will court the Liberals Restored universal male suffrage in Restored universal male suffrage in

1852 1852 92% of the people voted to make his 92% of the people voted to make his

President for the next 10 yearsPresident for the next 10 years 1853 98% voted to make him hereditary 1853 98% voted to make him hereditary

EmperorEmperor

The Second EmpireThe Second Empire

France was the only country in France was the only country in Europe to have universal male Europe to have universal male suffragesuffrage

Back to conservatism:Back to conservatism: Strengthened and centralized powerStrengthened and centralized power Wealthy businessmen became the new Wealthy businessmen became the new

imperial aristocracyimperial aristocracy Censorship of the pressCensorship of the press Government sponsored “official Government sponsored “official

candidates” in electionscandidates” in elections

Then 1859-1870 Then 1859-1870 LiberalismLiberalism

His rule will be a model for other His rule will be a model for other political leaders in Europepolitical leaders in Europe

Will demonstrate how government Will demonstrate how government could use authoritarian nationalism could use authoritarian nationalism to foster cooperation between to foster cooperation between conservative and popular forcesconservative and popular forces

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms

Redeveloped Paris (von Haussmann) and Redeveloped Paris (von Haussmann) and rebuilt infrastructure: roads, canals, rebuilt infrastructure: roads, canals, railroadsrailroads

Movement toward free trade:Movement toward free trade: French exports doubled between 1853 and 1864French exports doubled between 1853 and 1864 Signed a liberal trade agreement with Britain in Signed a liberal trade agreement with Britain in

18601860

The first time that any modern state played such The first time that any modern state played such a direct role in stimulating the economya direct role in stimulating the economy

More Economic ReformsMore Economic Reforms

Banking: Credit Moblier funded Banking: Credit Moblier funded industrial and infrastructural growthindustrial and infrastructural growth

France’s metallurgical industry grew France’s metallurgical industry grew big timebig time

French investors financed projects in French investors financed projects in Russia, Spain, ItalyRussia, Spain, Italy

Lesseps Co. completed the Suez Canal Lesseps Co. completed the Suez Canal in 1869in 1869

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms

Extended the power of the Legislative Extended the power of the Legislative AssemblyAssembly Members were elected by universal male Members were elected by universal male

suffrage every 6 yearssuffrage every 6 years Opposition candidates had greater freedomOpposition candidates had greater freedom

Returned control of secondary education Returned control of secondary education to the state (took control away from the to the state (took control away from the Church)Church)

In response Pope Pius IX issued the In response Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors condemning LiberalismSyllabus of Errors condemning Liberalism

Political Reforms Political Reforms continuedcontinued

1864 Permitted trade Unions and 1864 Permitted trade Unions and allowed them to strikeallowed them to strike

Eased censorshipEased censorship Amnesty to political prisonersAmnesty to political prisoners Supported better housingSupported better housing Supported credit unionsSupported credit unions Regulated pawn shopsRegulated pawn shops

Foreign Policy was Foreign Policy was Napoleon III’s downfallNapoleon III’s downfall

Sent French Troops to rescue and restore Sent French Troops to rescue and restore Pope Pius IX when he was driven out in Pope Pius IX when he was driven out in 18481848 Was supported by conservatives Was supported by conservatives Was condemned by liberalsWas condemned by liberals

Involvement in Crimean WarInvolvement in Crimean War Angered Republicans and LiberalsAngered Republicans and Liberals

Imperialism in Africa also a divisive factorImperialism in Africa also a divisive factor Liberals condemned and conservatives Liberals condemned and conservatives

supportedsupported

Foreign Policy Foreign Policy continuedcontinued

Many of Napoleon III’s liberal Many of Napoleon III’s liberal reforms were designed to draw reforms were designed to draw attention away from divisive foreign attention away from divisive foreign policypolicy

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) and Napoleon III’s capture will and Napoleon III’s capture will result in the end of the Second result in the end of the Second EmpireEmpire