Olof Leimar, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Biology and game theory Where are we now...
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Olof Leimar, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University
Biology and game theoryWhere are we now and how did we come here?
A biologist’s perspective
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The Logic of Animal Conflict
Maynard Smith & Price (1973)
Mule deer males fighting Arabian oryx males fighting
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“reducing intra-specific damage”
Julian Huxley (1966). Ritualization of behaviour in animals and man.
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The logic of asymmetric contests
Maynard Smith & Parker (1976)
Papilio zelicaon male Hilltopping P. zelicaon male
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“The resident always wins”Davies (1978). Territorial defence in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria)
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Typical habitat for speckled wood butterflies
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Does the resident always win?
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Does the resident always win?
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The role of motivation
Christer Wiklund
Bergman, Olofsson & Wiklund (2010) Contest outcome in a territorial butterfly
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Polymorphism and morph determination
Papilio dardanus
model mimicPapilio dardanus
model
model
mimic
mimic
Papilio dardanus
Batesian mimicry
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Polymorphism
The Dobzhansky - Cain & Sheppard - Fisher polymorphism debate
Dobzhansky (1951) Genetics and the origin of species
Genetic polymorphism as such is frequently adaptive Theo. Dobzhansky
Cain & Sheppard (1954) The theory of adaptive polymorphism
"This interesting theory may be correct, but it is not clear what is meant by one population being more highly adapted than another to a particular environment"
Arthur Cain
A precursor of the group selection debate
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Fisher concluded the debate
Dobzhansky is right, but the idea traces back to "a little-known book of nearly a hundred years ago, called The Origin of Species"
Fisher regarded polymorphism as an adaptive strategy
"one way of making this intelligible is by the analogyof games of skill, or to speak somewhat more pretentiously, of the Theory of Games"
Fisher (1958) Polymorphism and natural selection
"I would not have alluded to this storm in a tea-cup, but for the circumstance that I mean to put forward some ideas on this problem of the possible adaptive value of polymorphisms"
The “Darwin joke”
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Phenotype determination
Schwander & Leimar (unpubl.)
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Phenotype determination
Schwander & Leimar (unpubl.)
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Sex determinationBulmer & Bull (1982). Models of polygenic sex determination and sex ratio control
Ouachita map turtle Baby
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Sex determination
Van Dooren & Leimar (2003). The evolution of environmental and genetic sex determination in fluctuating environments.
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Mechanisms of sex determination
Quinn et al. (2007). Temperature sex reversal implies sex gene dosage in a reptile.
Central bearded dragon lizard
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Climate-driven population divergence in sex-determining systems
Pen et al. (2007)
Snow skink
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Five rules for the evolution of cooperation
Nowak (2006)
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From a biologist’s perspective some things are missing
• Biological markets
• Sanctions and partner choice
• By-product benefits
• Pseudoreciprocity
• Common interest
Leimar & Hammerstein (2010). Cooperation for direct fitness benefits.
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Sanctions in legume rhizobium mutualism
Bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen inside root nodules of leguminous plants
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What if the bacteria do not fix nitrogen?
Experiments suggest that the plant then re-allocates its resources (Kiers et al. 2003)
Recent work claims that the role of sanctionsis small (Marco et al. 2009)
CommentSanctions are best understood as a by-product of an action that is of direct interest to the actor
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Cleaning mutualism: by-product benefits
There are immediate benefits (food and removal of ectoparasites) for the partners
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Ant-lycaenid mutualism: pseudoreciprocity
Lycaenid larvae invest in sweet secretion – ants forage and protect their food resource
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Mycorrhizae: exchange of organic carbon and mineral nutrients between plants and fungi
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Could it work like human trading and exchange?
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Mutual investments in by-product benefits
Leimar & Connor (2003) Bever et al (2009)
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Evolution of common interest
Contributing factors
• Cost of changing partners, resulting in partner fidelity
• Increased dependence on partners
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Acacia plant housing mutualistic ants Extrafloral nectar is offered
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The extrafloral nectar
• contains glucose and fructose
• is virtually void of sucrose
Ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex
• have lost the capacity to digest sucrose
• depend on this nectar (Kautz et al. 2009)
Possible evolution of increased dependence as a by-product of the advantage of being less attractive to non-mutualistic ants
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