OIML Bulletin, April 2010...technique 5 A test procedure for the performance of infrared ear...

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BULLETINVOLUME LI • NUMBER 2

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B U L L E T I NVO L U M E LI • NU M B E R 2

AP R I L 2010

OIML PRESIDIUM

AND PRESIDENTIAL COUNCIL

PRESIDENT

Alan E. Johnston (CA N A D A)

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Stuart Carstens (SO U T H AF R I C A)Grahame Harvey (AU S T R A L I A)

MEMBERS

Pu Changcheng (CH I N A)Roman Schwartz (GE R M A N Y)

Yukinobu Miki (JA PA N)Cees van Mullem (TH E NE T H E R L A N D S)Lev K. Issaev (RU S S I A N FE D E R AT I O N)Charles D. Ehrl ich (UN I T E D STAT E S)

Jean-François Magaña (DIRECTOR OF BIML)

� t e c h n i q u e

5 A test procedure for the performance of infrared ear thermometersT. Fukuzaki and K. Neda

16 The mass measurement and uncertainty evaluation of standard weights Adriana Vâlcu, George Florian Popa and Sterica Baicu

� e v o l u t i o n s

23 Implementation of the European Directive on Measuring Instruments in UkraineOleh Velychko and Tetyana Gordiyenko

30 Public perception of metrology in the Republic of CubaYsabel Reyes Ponce and Alejandra Regla Hernández Leonard

35 Road safety and metrology: What’s the binomial?Maria do Céu Ferreira and António Cruz

� u p d a t e

41 Report: ISO/CASCO WG 32 - First meeting – Régine Gaucher

42 CIML Round Table on Metrological Control (Mombasa, Kenya) – Manfred Kochsiek

44 Review: The history of metrology - New book published – Hartmut Apel

45 OIML Systems: Basic and MAA Certificates registered by the BIML, 2009.12–2010.02

49 List of OIML Issuing Authorities (by Country)

52 New CIML Members, Calendar of OIML meetings, Committee Drafts received

ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT -See article, page 35

Photo courtesy of IPQ, Portugal: Guarda Nacional Republicana

OIML BULLETINVOLUME LI • NUMBER 2

APRIL 2010

� Contents

� t e c h n i q u e

5 Procédure d’essais pour la performance des thermomètres auriculaires à infrarougeT. Fukuzaki et K. Neda

16 Mesurage de la masse et évaluation de l’incertitude des poids étalonsAdriana Vâlcu, George Florian Popa et Sterica Baicu

� é v o l u t i o n s

23 Mise en oeuvre de la Directive sur les Instruments de Mesure (MID) Européenne en UkraineOleh Velychko et Tetyana Gordiyenko

30 Perception publique de la métrologie en République de CubaYsabel Reyes Ponce et Alejandra Regla Hernández Leonard

35 Sécurité routière et métrologie: Quel binôme ?Maria do Céu Ferreira et António Cruz

� i n f o r m a t i o n s

41 Rapport: ISO/CASCO WG 32 - Première Réunion – Régine Gaucher

42 Table Ronde CIML sur le Contrôle Métrologique (Mombasa, Kenya) – Manfred Kochsiek

44 Revue: L’histoire de la métrologie - Publication d’un nouveau livre – Hartmut Apel

45 Systèmes OIML: Certificats de Base et MAA enregistrés par le BIML, 2009.12–2010.02

49 Liste des Autorités de Délivrance de l’OIML (par Pays)

52 Nouveaux Membres du CIML, Agenda des réunions OIML, Projets de Comité reçus

� SommaireBULLETIN

OIMLVOLUME LI • NUMÉRO 2

AVRIL 2010

� Editorial

www.oiml.org revisited

Information technology across the planet has nowprogressed to the stage where we wonder how we evermanaged without it! Gone are the days of interminable

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1) We redesigned our web site menu structure, taking intoaccount the queries we receive, to ensure that theinformation most asked for is most readily available,with the aim of reducing the time people have to spendhunting around for the publication or information theywant before giving up (or sending us a fax…).

2) We published new public web pages giving details of theMemoranda of Understanding the OIML has with otherorganizations, and information for prospective new membercounties explaining what the OIML can offer them.

3) In February we uploaded a comprehensive new Reportspage (http://www.oiml.org/download/reports.html)where 15 new PDF documents can be instantly down-loaded to provide a full picture of the situation regardingMembership, Publications, the Certificate System,TC/SC structures and projects, and statistics on thenumber of MAA Issuing Participants and MAACertificates.

4) Lastly, we created a page to keep Members informed ofrecent notifications, under Article 10.6 of the WTO TBTAgreement, by WTO Member States of changes totechnical legislation related to metrology or which mayhave implications for legal metrology.

CIML Members and OIML Corresponding Membershave access to the Members’ area, where all circulars, e-mailings, notifications of contributions and online votesare available; they are now seeing the importance of castingtheir vote in the direct online approvals and preliminaryballots of draft publications.

As we endeavor to speed up the technical work processesin preparation for the advent of the new Directives forTechnical Work, we feel sure that Members will continue toparticipate to the greatest extent possible.

In concluding, again we always welcome and valuecomments about our web site itself, and about theWorkGroups sub-sites which we have created and expandedfor the use of the Technical Committees and Subcommittees. �

CHRIS PULHAM

EDITOR/WEBMASTER, BIML

Abstract

The development of infrared (IR) ear thermometersstarted in the 1990s. Since around 1997 these instru-ments have been widely used not only in medicalinstitutes but also in the home because they are quickand safe to operate and do not create a risk for theenvironment since mercury and glass are not used.

On the other hand, this more widespread usage hasgiven rise to an increasing number of consumercomplaints relating to the performance quality of IR earthermometers as measuring instruments.

Therefore, since 1998 industry has been conductingan actual condition survey on these instruments. Basedon the results of the research, the report JIS T 4207:2005(JIS T 4207) was published in 2005. On the basis of this,two characteristic measurement performance tests werecarried out: “Temperature indication characteristics”and “Temperature drifts”, using IR ear thermometerssold on the Japanese market in 2009.

The result of the assessment showed that only oneout of the five types of IR ear thermometers actually metthe standard; this type went on sale after JIS T 4207 waspublished.

In addition, it was recognized that the blackbodysystem which the National Institute of AdvancedIndustrial Science and Technology (AIST) developedand designed could be fully utilized for conformityassessment. We evaluated the performance qualityduring the actual measurement of human body temp-erature and as a result, the dispersion of the measure-ment was found to be greater than the measurementerror. We assume that the main causes for thisdispersion in an actual measurement could arise fromusage difficulties and the complexity of the method ofoperation – for example the shape or location ofmeasurement buttons.

Consequently, it was confirmed that we shouldanalyze the performance quality of IR ear thermometersas measuring instruments for professional use, andestablish criteria for their conformity assessment.

1 Introduction

Human body temperature measurement is widelycarried out both at medical institutes and also at homeas a health indicator. It is therefore necessary for clinicalthermometers to have high accuracy and in response tothis need the OIML published Recommendations forMercury-in-glass clinical thermometers (OIMLR 7:1979), Clinical electrical thermometers forcontinuous measurement (OIML R 114:1995) andClinical electrical thermometers with maximum device(OIML R 115:1995) [1]. The measurement law in eachcountry, under which the quality of measuringinstruments is maintained, is based on the technicalrequirements of these Recommendations.

In early 2003, the outbreak of Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Asia drew publicattention. To prevent the spread of SARS, immigrationcontrol was strengthened at all the SARS-infected areaairports. Many travelers were screened to establishwhether their body temperature was 38 °C or greaterusing IR ear thermometers and thermographs whichwere able to measure temperature in a very short periodof time. Especially in China and Taiwan, many peopletook their temperature daily using IR ear thermometers– in fact, people became quite interested in taking theirtemperature and IR ear thermometers had a strongimpact on society because of the SARS epidemic.

Body temperature measurement in Japan goes backto the 1920s. Initially mercury-in-glass clinical thermo-meters were used, then in the 1970s electricalthermometers with thermistors came into use not onlyin medical institutes but also in the home. However,these clinical thermometers had two issues:

(1) measurement takes 5 minutes or longer; and(2) there is a safety and environmental risk of using

glass and mercury.

As a solution to these issues, IR ear thermometers,which could measure thermal radiation in an ear canaland realize a non-contact and fast response (i.e. within1 s), were developed in the 1990s. In the early stages,their price was high in comparison with conventionalclinical thermometers and their size was as large as adesktop computer! For this reason, they were generallyonly employed in hospitals, mainly in neonatal wards.

Afterwards, the rapid development of infraredtechnologies allowed better performance, miniaturiza-tion, and notably a reduction in cost. Thus, IR earthermometers, which were once used only in themedical profession, spread into domestic use because oftheir convenience and lower cost.

The production quantity of clinical thermometers inJapan from 1995 to 2007 is illustrated chronologically in

THERMOMETERS

A test procedure for theperformance of infrared earthermometersT. FUKUZAKI AND K. NEDA, National Metrology Institute of Japan / AIST,Tsukuba, Japan

5

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O I M L B U L L E T I N V O L U M E L I • N U M B E R 2 • A P R I L 2 0 1 0

6

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The committee highlighted the following technicalissues:

(1) establishment of a working standard;(2) development of a transfer blackbody;(3) design of the blackbody for testing;(4) the need for a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) for

IR ear thermometers.

To tackle these challenges, a “JIS preparationcommittee” for IR ear thermometers was established in2000, which included consumers and metrologicalexperts. They prepared a JIS draft laying down require-ments for the structure of the product and standards forconformity assessment. At the same time, NMIJ was incharge of (1) above and has carried out research usingits existing facilities since 1999. Moreover, a three-yearplan was drawn up in 2000 in terms of (2) and (3); NMIJhas developed calibration and testing facilities, anddesigned a blackbody for the evaluation tests required inthe JIS draft for the future legal regulation. Conse-quently, “Infrared ear thermometers JIS T 4207:2005”was published on 25 March, 2005, based on the result ofthe above-mentioned research [4].

2.2 The trend towards international standards

In the USA, the American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) set up E1965-98: “Standard Specifica-tion for Infrared Thermometers for IntermittentDetermination of Patient Temperature” in 1998 [2]. Thisstandard was one of the earliest in the world for IR earthermometers.

In Europe, contemporary with E1965-98, theEuropean Committee for Standardization (CEN) drewup EN12470 “Clinical thermometers – Part 5:Performance of infrared ear thermometers”, which wasimplemented in 2003 [3].

The first ISO-IEC kick-off meeting of a joint workinggroup was held in Berlin in December 2005 and gaverise to active international standardization, includingconsideration of the revision of the relevant OIMLRecommendations. For the latest information,ISO/FDIS 80601-2-56 “Medical electrical equipment –Particular requirements for basic safety and essentialperformance of clinical thermometers for bodytemperature measurement” was published on October 1,2009 [9]. The technical standard regarding the measure-ment of IR ear thermometers has basically sametechnical requirements as JIS T 4207.

2.3 Traceability

Most IR ear thermometers use simple optics andobserve the infrared emission within wide viewing

Figure 1 [7][8]. The vertical scale shows the sum total ofdomestic production, imported products, and overseasproduction by Japanese companies.

In terms of legislation, IR ear thermometers aresubject to control in Japan by the PharmaceuticalAffairs Act. This Act, passed in 2005, includes regulationto ensure the reliability of the measured values, whilethe Act issued prior to 2005 focused on safety.Furthermore, the Measurement Act amended in 1993listed only clinical electrical thermometers withmaximum device as specific measuring instrumentsrequiring legal control, because the production and saleof IR ear thermometers were limited to medical use onlyat that time. However, as shown in Figure 1, thesesituations gave rise to the necessity to develop standardsand test facilities for legal control of IR earthermometers and to validate the test methods used.Therefore, since 1998 NMIJ has carried out verificationof the performance quality of IR ear thermometers, incooperation with industry and academic experts.

2 Traceability and technical requirements for IR ear thermometers

2.1 Correspondence in Japan for a solution to technical issues

In 1998, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industryorganized a technical committee for IR ear thermo-meters, whose secretariat was set up in the JapanMeasuring Instruments Federation (JMIF). Theyconducted a survey on the usage tendencies andtechnical requirements in the USA and in EU countriesalong with market studies, analyses and performanceevaluations of commercial types.

Figure 1 Transition of the production of clinical thermometers in Japan

7

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2.4 Technical requirements

JIS T 4207 has used the US standard E1965-98:“Standard Specification for Infrared Thermometers forIntermittent Determination of Patient Temperature”since 1998 and the European standard EN12470“Clinical thermometers - Part5 : Performance of infraredear thermometers” as references. The existing Japanesestandard on clinical electrical thermometers withmaximum devices was also referred to for consistencybetween them.

Furthermore, there is now a universal obligation toprovide information on usage for consumers and pointsrelating to safety, since usage problems often occur withthe increased domestic use.

3 Performance of IR ear thermometers

3.1 Technical requirements

The technical requirements are as follows:

(1) Temperature indication characteristic;(2) Probe cover characteristics;(3) Temperature drift;(4) Storage characteristics;(5) Long-term stability;(6) Mechanical shock resistance;(7) Cleaning/disinfection characteristics;(8) Line voltage variations;(9) Electrostatic discharges; (10) Radiated electromagnetic fields;(11) Radiated interference electric field strength.

Test results of (1) and (3) are discussed in the followingsection, because they are distinctive characteristic of IRear thermometers from the point of view of infraredradiation thermometric instruments. Actual measure-

angles. A maximum permissible error of ± 0.2 °C istypically required for the temperature measurementrange from 35 °C to 42 °C. Since an IR ear thermometeris an infrared radiation thermometer specially designedfor clinical use, the temperature scales of thethermometers should be calibrated with a blackbodyradiator with small uncertainties. In the temperaturerange from 35 °C up to 42 °C in which the clinicalthermometers must work without fail, the platinumresistance thermometer (PRT) calibrated at fixed pointscan realize the temperature scale with a typicaluncertainty of less than 10 mK traceable to ITS-90. Inthe case of “clinical thermometers, mercury-in-glass,with maximum device” or “clinical electrical thermo-meters with maximum device”, the thermometers can becalibrated by direct comparison with the standard PRTsensor using a thermostatic stirred water bath with highstability and uniformity. On the other hand, IR earthermometers cannot be compared directly with thestandard PRT sensor itself. The blackbody radiatormediates between the two kinds of sensors. Taking intoaccount the maximum permissible error of ± 0.2 °Crequired for clinical thermometers, an uncertaintymuch smaller than 50 mK is needed for the standardblackbody system [5].

Based on the above-mentioned situation, NMIJstarted the calibration service for a blackbody system ofIR ear thermometers in the temperature range from32 °C to 42 °C in 2001. In the same year, comparison ofblackbody systems was carried out in Japan by transferblackbody among domestic manufacturers experiment-ally. Japanese manufacturers’ blackbodies are found tobe traceable to national measurement standards and in2003 a comparison of the NMIJ, NPL, and PTB black-body cavities for IR ear thermometers was performedfor the first time [6].

The NMIJ and the PTB transported their standardblackbodies to the NPL and the radiance temperaturesof the blackbodies were directly compared simul-taneously using high-resolution IR ear thermometers ascomparators. The results of the comparison show thatradiance temperatures realized by the NMIJ, NPL, andPTB blackbody cavities agree within ± 0.01 °C, wellwithin their uncertainty levels of around 0.04 °C in thetemperature range from 35 °C to 42 °C. In addition, theresults demonstrate comparable quality of the black-body cavities recommended in the JIS and ENstandards. As a next step, NMIJ and the relevant calibra-tion service bodies have been discussing the possibilityof whether the blackbody system of IR ear thermo-meters could be calibrated by the Japanese CalibrationService System (JCSS).

Germany has already utilized the service traceable tothe national standards through the calibration labor-atories accredited by the German Calibration Service(DKD). Figure 2 Traceability in Japan

8

t e c h n i q u e


calculation. The horizontal cavity made of copper isfully immersed in the temperature-controlled stirredwater bath of special design, the volume of which isabout 20 liters. The temperature of the water close to thebottom of the cavity is measured by a calibrated PRTsensor. The temperature uniformity around the cavity isbetter than 5 mK. As shown in Table 1, an expandeduncertainty of around 30 mK has been evaluated in thetemperature range from 35 °C to 42 °C in which the IRear thermometer has to be calibrated.

As described in 3.1, we utilized the working black-body system. Because we had to be able to carry it to aclimatic chamber to test it (as in 3.4.2 “Temperatureindication characteristics in changing environmentalconditions”) it was necessary to design it so that it wassmall.

To make it compact, the cooling coil connected withan external chiller was replaced by a Peltier coolerelement, mounted on the rear side of the bath. Theblackbody system usually operates in the temperaturerange from 30 °C to 50 °C. The horizontal cavity is fullyimmersed in the specially designed temperature-controlled stirred water bath, the volume of which isabout 15 L. Therefore the temperature uniformityaround the cavity was better than 10 mK, and thestability was within ± 0.01 °C in an hour.

The working blackbody system needs to be traceableto the NMIJ standard blackbody system at radiancetemperature. The calibration method is to compare the

ment of human body temperature by IR ear thermo-meters was tested as well. Furthermore, we looked at thelong term stability using IR ear thermometers sold in1999 [1]. The results presented in Figures 10 and 11 aregiven by IR ear thermometers on the Japanese marketbefore 1999, when JIS T 4207 had not been publishedand traceability in the radiance temperature had notbeen established.

For conformity assessment of IR ear thermometersthis time, we utilized the blackbody systems whichbelong to the manufacturer’s group shown in Figure 2(hereafter called the working blackbody system) andexamined the performance quality of IR ear thermo-meters and the validity of the blackbody system. Inaddition, we introduced the results of actual humanbody temperature measurement by IR ear thermo-meters.

3.2 Standard blackbody system

NMIJ has developed a standard blackbody systemtraceable to the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) in radiance temperature at the infraredwavelength region for calibration of IR ear thermo-meters. The blackbody system consists of “blackbodycavity”, “thermostatic device”, and “standard referencethermometers (including indicator and bridge)”. Thedetails of the blackbody are described in [5].

Figure 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of thestandard NMIJ blackbody. The blackbody can beoperated normally in the temperature range from 30 °C to50 °C. Figure 3 (1) shows the shape of the cavity, which isidentical to that recommended in the JIS annex [4].

The effective emissivity of the cavity is estimated asbeing higher than 0.9995 for up to a 90° view angle ofthe IR ear thermometer based on the Monte Carlo

Figure 3 Cross-sectional view graph of the NMIJ blackbody for infrared ear thermometers. (1) blackbody cavity, (2) reference PRT sensor, (3) heater, (4) cooling coil, and (5) stirrer

Table 1 Uncertainty budget of radiance temperature of the NMIJ IR earthermometer blackbody system [5]

32 42 °C

Reference temp. Type B 0.005 K

Reference temp. Type A 0.005 K

Tcavity :heat loss < 0.001 K

Temissivity :isothermal (� = 90°, Tambient = 23°C) 0.008 0.016 K

Temissivity :non�isothermal 0.002 K

Temissivity :ambient temp. (Tambient = 23 ± 2°C) 0.002 K

uc :total (k = 1) 0.011 0.018 K

U :expanded (k = 2) 0.022 0.036 K

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3.3 Measurement procedure

The measurement procedure for a blackbody is based on7.1.3 in JIS T 4207. Additional measurement conditionsare as follows:

(1) We prepared the five types of IR ear thermometers(2 units per type).

(2) Repeated measurement cycle was 3 minutes.

(3) Measurements at 35.5 °C, 37.0 °C, and 41.5 °C wererepeatedly performed three times a day at eachtemperature point for four days.

(4) When we measured the radiance temperature of theblackbody, the IR ear thermometer was moved byhand so that the tip of the probe was almost set tothe center of the cavity opening.

(5) We handled the IR ear thermometers with a set ofdouble gloves during the measurement to decreasethe drift of the output signal of the IR ear thermo-meter due to warming in the hand.

3.4 Performance results of infrared ear thermometersin the Japanese market in 2009

3.4.1 Temperature indication characteristics at 23 °C ± 3 °C and 50 % R.H.

The test was performed under the following conditions:

(1) Ambient temperature: 23 °C ± 3 °C;

(2) Blackbody temperatures: 35.5 °C, 37 °C and 41.5 °C;

(3) Measurement at each temperature point specified in(2) successively three times by each IR ear thermo-meter.

As shown in Figure 5, all thermometers of each typehad a good repeatability. However, more than half ofthem had errors over 0.2 °C from the blackbodytemperature. It should be pointed out that the type gindicated 1 °C higher than the reference temperaturebecause of the corrective mode on the biometric para-meters, which is equivalent to the effective emissivitycorrection of human ear canals. After changing themode of the type g from the corrective mode to thecalibration mode, the errors became smaller as shown inFigure 6.

radiance temperature of the standard NMIJ blackbodywith the comparative blackbody system, using IR earthermometers with high resolution (0.01 °C), and takingdeviation values of temperature readings. Table 2 showsthe calibration result from the calibration certificatenumber 093025. In addition, the (2) reference PRTsensor under JCSS calibration has an expandeduncertainty of 35 mK (k = 2) in its indium point and20 mK (k = 2) in its water triple point.

Table 2 shows that the expanded uncertainty of theworking blackbody system is small enough forconformity assessment of IR ear thermometers with amaximum permissible error of ± 0.2 °C. The deviationvalues are residual errors in the radiance temperature tothe reference temperature of the test blackbody. Theuncertainty values are calculated from uncertainties ofthe standard blackbody and the radiance comparisonmeasurement. The expanded uncertainties areestimated for the coverage factor, k = 2.

Figure 4 The NMIJ blackbody

Calibration temperature Deviation (K) Expanded

point (°C) uncertainty (K)

35.5 –0.02 0.06

37.0 –0.02 0.06

41.5 –0.02 0.06

Table 2 Calibration results of the working blackbody system

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Figure 5 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity. The bars indicatethe mean error of two thermometer readings of each ofthe five different types of thermometer. The error barsare the standard deviation of the mean of twelvemeasurements accumulated by using each of the two [8],where * represents the error on the indicator of the type g at 41.5 °C.

Figure 6 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity, in the case thattype g thermometers are changed to the calibrationmode. The bars indicate the mean error of two IR earthermometer readings of each type. The error bars arethe standard deviation of the mean of twelve measure-ments accumulated by using each of the two [8].

Right: �

Figure 7 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity. The plots indicatethe error of the IR ear thermometer readings of each ofthe five different types (types f to j, top to bottom).

3.4.2 Temperature indication characteristics by changing environmental conditions

Environmental conditions are as follows:

(1) Ambient temperature: 17 °C, Relative humidity: 40 %;(2) Ambient temperature: 17 °C, Relative humidity: 73 %; (3) Ambient temperature: 34 °C, Relative humidity: 40 %; (4) Ambient temperature: 34 °C, Relative humidity: 73 %.

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(5) Repeat the above procedure for a climatic chambertemperature of (10 ± 0.5) °C below the actualambient temperature.

The importance of the conformity assessment oftemperature drift is rather the repeatability of theindicated temperature of IR ear thermometers thantheir absolute temperature. Therefore, in JIS T 4207 thedifference between the indicated temperature and thereference value is ± 0.2 °C. The reference value of eachof the five IR ear thermometers is as follows:

Figure 8 shows changes in the temperature readingsof the five types of IR ear thermometers (f, g, h, i and j)as a function of the time elapsed after taking the IR earthermometer out of the climatic chamber at ambienttemperature 34 °C. For the first 5 minutes after theremoval, the readings of four out of the five types of IRear thermometers showed a temperature lower than thatof the blackbody cavity. The only type whose differencebetween the indicated temperatures and the referencevalue was within ± 0.2 °C was type i, although thetemperature readings seemed to be affected slightly bychanges in environmental conditions.

Prior to the measurement, the thermometers,blackbody, and reference PRT sensor were stabilized ateach condition (1), (2), (3), and (4) for a minimum of30 minutes, or longer if so specified by the manu-facturer. The inside dimensions of the climatic chamberwere 1970 mm × 2100 mm × 1970 mm.

In addition, while monitoring the reference PRTsensor, we placed the temperature measurement systemoutside of the thermostatic bath since it can not be setunder high temperature and humidity. The stability ofthe blackbody system was within ± 0.01 °C in an hour.Therefore we found the working blackbody system hadadequate stability under such an environment.

As shown in Figure 7, more than half of themrevealed errors of over 0.2 °C compared to the blackbodytemperature. Moreover, we found a tendency that thoseIR ear thermometers with a difference from the black-body temperature had more variation of indicatedvalues and showed lower values than the blackbodytemperature at ambient temperature 34 °C than at 17 °C.In other words, the variation in the indicated valuesseems to be smaller at ambient temperature 17 °C. Onthe other hand, it was found that the change in relativehumidity to 70 % did not significantly affect thereadings of IR ear thermometers.

3.4.3 Temperature drift

This test was performed to check the stability of IR earthermometers by changing the ambient temperatureand humidity. The following is the testing procedure,according to the EN standard, and referred to in JIS T 4207:

(1) Working blackbody system is set at ambienttemperature: 23 ± 5 °C, relative humidity: 50 ± 20 %,and the blackbody temperature is kept at 37 ± 0.5 °C.

(2) After stabilizing the blackbody, take three initialreadings in the blackbody at room temperature,calculate the average and use the result as areference value.

(3) Store the IR ear thermometer inside a climaticchamber, in which the temperature is controlled at(10 ± 0.5) °C above the actual ambient temperatureand relative humidity within the range from 30 % to70 %.

(4) After stabilizing the thermometer for a minimum of30 min, or longer if so specified by the manufac-turer, remove it from the chamber and take readingsagainst the blackbody just after removal, and thentake readings again in 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min,5 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min repeatedly.During the repeated measurements the ear thermo-meter is left on a table at room temperature.

Table 3 Reference values

Figure 8 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity. The plots indicatethe error of each of the five different types of IR earthermometer readings. Temperature points in theclimatic chamber were set at 34 °C.

Type Reference value

f –0.1 °Cg 1.0 °Ch 0.0 °Ci –0.1 °Cj –0.2 °C

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Figure 9 shows changes in temperature readings ofthe five types of IR ear thermometers (f, g, h, i and j) asa function of the time elapsed after taking them out ofthe climatic chamber at an ambient temperature of13 °C. The types whose difference between the indicatedtemperatures and the reference value was within± 0.2 °C were type f and type i. For the first 5 minutesafter the removal, the readings of four out of the fivetypes showed a temperature higher than that of theblackbody cavity.

When the ambient temperature was higher than23 °C as described in 3.4.2, it was confirmed that thechange in the temperature readings of the IR earthermometer was large. Since it indicated a sign erroruntil about five minutes had passed, type f was unable tomeasure the blackbody cavity.

3.5 Long-term stability of IR ear thermometersmanufactured in 1999

We performed a test to check the long-term stability forabout ten years using IR ear thermometers manufac-tured in 1999. These thermometers were kept in asimple box with desiccants at an ambient temperatureof 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity. These thermo-meters were measured in accordance with the pro-cedures shown in 3.3 in 1999, 2003 and 2009.

As shown in Figures 10 and 11, the temperaturereadings of almost all of the seven types were lower thanthat of the blackbody cavity, but almost all thethermometers of each type had good long-term stability.As for the change after 10 years, nothing was identifiedby appearance; however, we found some thermometerswere unable to be switched on and had a readingdispersion of between 1 °C and 3 °C. The changeoccurred in two out of the seven types, although three ofeach of the two types were not faulty. Some hadproblems after 3 years, others after 10 years. Thefailures were likely caused by the varying quality of theelectrical circuits. Additionally, we found batteryexhaustion in two out of the five types in which we hadfound no problems, but these two started workingnormally after replacing the battery.

4 Results of body temperature

We measured the body temperature measured by the IRear thermometers sold on the Japanese market in 2009.

Figure 9 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity. The plots indicatethe error of each of the five different types of IR earthermometer readings. Temperature points in theclimatic chamber were set at 13 °C.

Figure 10 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity at 37 °C. The barsindicate the mean error of three thermometer readingsof each of seven different types of IR ear thermometers.The error bars are the standard deviation of the meanof thirty measurements accumulated by tenmeasurements using each of the three.

Figure 11 Difference between the indicated temperature and thetemperature of the blackbody cavity at 37 °C. When theL type and N type are changed to the calibration mode,the bars indicate the mean error of the readings ofthree ear thermometers of each type. The error bars arethe standard deviation of the mean of thirty measure-ments accumulated by ten measurements using each ofthe three.

4.1 Measurement procedure

(1) We measured the body temperature in the testingroom according to 3.4.

(2) Three people acted as test subjects.

(3) Firstly, they measured their body temperatureholding the electric thermometers under their armfor 10 minutes or longer until the temperaturestabilized.

(4) Then, they did same measurement using IR earthermometers, three times for each type ofthermometer. The measurements were performed atfive-minute intervals or longer if so specified by themanufacturer.

(5) Finally, they again measured the body temperatureholding the electric thermometer under their armfor 10 minutes or longer until the temperaturestabilized.

(6) Whenever the body temperature was measured, theprobe cover on the IR ear thermometer was changedto a new one.

(7) In the case of IR ear thermometers without a probecover, we cleaned the probe each time before themeasurement was made.

(8) The interval between the measurement of (3) and (5)was about 40 minutes.

4.2 Results of measuring the body temperature

The results of the IR ear thermometer readings forhuman body temperature measurement are shownopposite in the order in which they were measured.

Figure 12 shows that the change in temperaturebetween two measurements by the under arm electricclinical thermometer was 0.2 °C or 0.3 °C for40 minutes. On the other hand, the temperature range ofeach test subject was 0.5 °C on average in the repeatedmeasurement by the IR ear thermometers at 15-minuteintervals. Furthermore, the highest temperature rangewas 1.3 °C. We did not identify the characteristic

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Right: �

Figure 12 The plots indicate the body temperature measured by a clinical electrical thermometer and by IR earthermometers (types f, g, h, i, and j). The order of the horizontal axis begins with the reading of the under arm clinical electrical thermometer. Next, thethree readings of the IR ear thermometers and thereading of the under arm clinical electricalthermometer follow [8].

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principle of the IR ear thermometers. Since theindicated temperatures are determined by the differencebetween the environmental temperature and that of theblackbody, they are more likely to be affected if thedifference is small. In the case of ambient temperatureat 34 °C and the blackbody at 35 °C, it is difficult for IRear thermometers to decide on the actual indicatedtemperature.

Based on the above results, we verified thatcalibration in brightness temperature and conformityassessment could be conducted for the blackbodysystem with the technologies NMIJ has designed in thepast. In particular, one significant result was that weconfirmed the high stability of the blackbody systemunder high temperature and humidity.

As a next step, one important task to accomplish isthe administration of the blackbody system to ensurereliability of the indication values of IR earthermometers. One concrete means of doing this is tocarry out thorough periodical calibration for theblackbody system and to adequately control the ambienttemperature and humidity during both the usage andstorage of the blackbody system so as not to cause severedeterioration or modify the inside of the blackbodycavity. JIS T 4207 does not include reference to theoperation method of the blackbody system, though itdoes to national traceability. A future task would be todiscuss including the blackbody control method systemin JIS T 4207.

During the assessment, from the standpoint ofmeasuring human body temperature, we found morevarieties in usage than in performance quality. Threefactors could be broadly identified:

(1) Difficult usage due to the structure (such as the formof the IR ear thermometer or the location of themeasurement buttons).

(2) Difficult operating method.(3) Major differences in the operating method across

the different companies.

In comparison with conventional thermometerssuch as “clinical thermometers, mercury-in-glass, withmaximum device” or “clinical electrical thermometerswith maximum device”, IR ear thermometers have avariety of usages in each type.

Responding to the current condition, JIS T 4207includes the requirement for information such as adescription in the instruction manual, which shouldfacilitate use. Users are required to learn the applicationin accordance with each type. If major differences suchas (3) cause variations in the measurement result, thendiscussion of the reasons for this will be necessary whenJIS T 4207 is revised in the future.

features of the temperature range by each manufacturer,nor by each test subject. The thermometers ofmanufactures h and i had a wide temperature range inbody temperature measurement, although they hadgood results in measuring in the blackbody cavity [8]according to Figures 5 and 6.

As the results of Figure 12 show, a temperature in earmeasurement by the IR ear thermometer showed thesame reading as the under arm one by the clinicalelectrical thermometer or lower.

The following three issues were observed in the testsubject during the body temperature measurement:

(1) Difficult usage caused by the structure, such as theform of the IR ear thermometer or the location ofthe measurement buttons.

(2) Difficult operation method of the IR ear thermo-meters.

(3) Significant differences in the operation methodsbetween the respective companies.

5 Conclusion

The result in chapter 4 showed that only type i satisfiedthe temperature indication characteristics and driftrequirements according to the metrological technicalstandards of JIS T 4207. We are of the opinion that JIST 4207 could have contributed to the improvement oftechnology in metrology. Furthermore, we consider thatthe revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 2005also had an effect on the development of IR earthermometers.

In general, prior to 2005 the Pharmaceutical AffairsAct had an approval system by the Ministry of Healthand Welfare and there was no obligation to designproducts based on technical standards, since JIS T 4207did not exist. Since 2005 the system has changed andapproval must be obtained from the approvedcertification body designated by the state; design mustbe based on the requirements of JIS T 4207. The changein legislation has introduced differences in productquality.

NMIJ has provided a standard service for blackbodyIR ear thermometers since 2001; it is likely that thisservice has reduced measurement errors, since theerrors of indication are within ± 0.2 °C in more than halfthe types at 37 °C as at 2009, according to Figs. 5 and 6.

Regarding ambient conditions, changes in theenvironmental temperature increased the variation inthe temperature indication of the thermometers,whereas changes in relative humidity did not reallyaffect it. The main reason for this is thought to be the

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge and extend theirheartfelt gratitude to the following persons who havegiven insightful comments and suggestions: Mr. ToruKojima, Director of the Metrology Training Center,Metrology Management Center, Dr. Juntaro Ishii,Researcher at the Temperature and Humidity Division,and Mr. Hiroo Ikegami, Researcher at the MeasurementStandard System Division. �

References

[1] OIML R 114 and R 115 (clinical electricalthermometers), OIML 1995

[2] ASTM designation: E1965-98, “StandardSpecification for Infrared Thermometers forIntermittent Determination of PatientTemperature”, ASTM committee E20.08, 1998

[3] BS EN 12470-5:2003 “Clinical thermometers -Performance of infra-red ear thermometers (withmaximum device), CEN TC 205, 2003

[4] JIS T 4207:2005, “Infrared ear thermometers”,Japanese Standards Association, 2005

[5] Ishii J., Fukuzaki T., Kojima T., and Ono A.,“Calibration of infrared ear thermometers”,Proceedings of TEMPMEKO 2001, vol.2, 2002, pp. 729–734

[6] J. Ishii, T. Fukuzaki, H. C. McEvoy, R. Simpson, G. Machin, J. Hartmann, B. Gutschwager, and J. Hollandt, “A comparison of blackbody cavitiesfor infrared ear thermometers of NMIJ, NPL, and PTB”, Proceedings of the 9th InternationalSymposium on Temperature and ThermalMeasurements in Industry and Science(TEMPMEKO 2004), pp. 1093–1098

[7] T. Fukuzaki, J. Ishii and T. Kojima, “Quality systemfor measurement of infrared ear thermometers inJapan”, Proceedings of the 12th InternationalMetrology Congress

[8] Japan Measuring Instruments Federation: Reporton the condition of the production and use ofmeasuring instruments 2008

[9] ISO/FDIS 80601-2-56, Medical electrical equipment– Part 2-56: Particular requirements for basic safetyand essential performance of clinical thermometersfor body temperature measurement, 2009-10-01

The Authors

T. Fukuzaki K. Neda

An interlaboratory comparison between INMand sixteen regional laboratories

Abstract

To ascertain the level of competence of Romaniancalibration laboratories, an interlaboratory comparisonof seven standard weights was performed between theNational Institute of Metrology (acting as a pilotlaboratory) and sixteen metrology laboratoriesthroughout Romania.

The best measurement capability of each laboratorywas tested in calibrating seven standard weights. Thecomparisons were carried out between April 2007 andDecember 2008 and the transfer standards used (whichbelonged to the INM) had nominal values of 10 kg, 1 kg,500 g, 200 g, 100 g, 20 g and 100 mg. The density and thevolume of each weight were furnished by the INM.

Each laboratory’s results are presented for eachweight, together with the declared uncertainty and thenormalized errors (En values), with respect to the INM.

1 Introduction

The transfer standards used were carefully selected bythe pilot laboratory, LP, and the comparison scheme wasselected to minimize the influence of any instability intheir mass.

The seventeen participants in the comparison(including the INM) were: Piatra Neamt, Vaslui,Suceava, Ploiesti, Pitesti, Târgoviste, Craiova, Slatina,Drobeta Turnu Severin, Târgu Jiu, Resita, Baia Mare,Satu Mare, Zalau, Bistrita and Bucharest.

In line with general intercomparison practice [1], thelaboratories were assigned numerical codes from 1 to 17to ensure confidentiality of the results, LP having thecode “1”.

2 Circulation scheme

The artifacts were initially calibrated by LP and thencirculated among the participating laboratories in twowaves. At the end of each wave, the artifacts werereturned to LP for re-calibration, before being sent backout to the participating laboratories in the second wave. The 10 kg, 1 kg, 200 g, and 20 g transfer standardweights were made of stainless steel, the 500 g and 100 gweights were made of drawn brass, and the 100 mgweight was made of nickel silver polygonal sheet.

The density of the weights was provided by LP asfollows:

- for the 10 kg, 1 kg, 200 g, and 20 g weights:7950 kg/m3, U = 140 kg/m3

- for the 500 g and 100 g weights:8400 kg/m3, U = 170 kg/m3

- for the 100 mg weight:8600 kg/m3, U = 170 kg/m3

3 Measurement instructions

The participants carried out the calibrations without re-determining the density of the weights.

The following information about the transferstandards was given in advance to the participants:nominal masses, densities and their uncertainties, andmagnetic proprieties. Instructions were also given onhow to handle, store and transport the weights. For eachlaboratory the measurement time was two weeks, andparticipants were requested to send their results back toLP within two weeks after the end of the measurements.

No detailed calibration instructions were given to thelaboratories.

4 Reference values

The reference values were determined by the LP at thebeginning, middle and end of the interlaboratorycomparison.

For the weights of 500 g and 100 g, a large drift wasrecorded during the comparison, so it was necessary toinclude this in the calculation. Therefore, in order toarrive at a uniform calculation for all the itinerantweights, it was decided to perform the drift correctionsalso for the other weights, as shown in Table 3, whichalso contains the reference values corrected for drift in

WEIGHTS

The mass measurement and uncertainty evaluationof standard weights ADRIANA VÂLCU, GEORGE FLORIAN POPA,STERICA BAICU

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF METROLOGY, BUCHAREST, ROMANIA

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where:

En = normalized error;xlab = result of the measurement carried out by the

participating laboratory;xref = comparison reference value of LP;Uref = measurement uncertainty of LP;Ulab = measurement uncertainty reported by the

participating laboratory.

Using this formula, an acceptable measurement andreported uncertainty would result in an En, value ofbetween –1 and +1, with a desired value close to zero.The En data for each laboratory are presented in Table 2.

This computation provides supplemental informa-tion concerning the measurement capability of theparticipating laboratories.

The measurement uncertainty of LP, Uref, contains acomponent associated with the drift of the weights,during the interlaboratory comparison.

Graph 1 represents a centralization chart for thenormalized deviations En for all the laboratories and allthe weights.

Graphs 2 to 8 present the differences betweenparticipants’ results and the reference value, and theuncertainty (k = 2) for all the weights. The referencevalue is represented by a red line and the associateduncertainty by two green lines.

Graphs 2’ to 8’ give detailed views of graphs 2–8.Legend:

Reference value

Measurement uncertainty U (k = 2) of LP

Result of measurement carried out by aparticipating laboratory

IMeasurement uncertainty U (k = 2)reported by a participating laboratory

7 Discussion

� Six participating laboratories (6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16)obtained results that are compatible with those of LPfor all the weights;

� For the 10 kg weight, five participating laboratories(5, 7, 10, 14, 17) differ from the results of LP;

� For the 1 kg weight, three participating laboratories(4, 7, 8) differ from the result of LP;

� For the 500 g weight, two participating laboratories(4, 13) differ from the result of LP;

� For the 200 g weight, four participating laboratories(3, 13, 14, 17) differ from the results of LP;

accordance with the date in the first column (it wasconsidered as being a linear drift).

These values were used when analyzing the resultsand determining the normalized errors.

5 Tasks

It was the participants’ task to determine the mass of thestandards with an uncertainty corresponding to theircapability. The nominal values of the weights wereselected such that the weighing instruments and massstandards of the participants could be tested within awide range. The participants were requested to supplythe following information:

� mass and uncertainty of the seven mass standards;� traceability of the reference standards used;� physical properties of the reference standards used; � method used for calibration;� specifications of the measuring instruments used

(weighing instruments, barometers, hygrometers,thermometers);

� ambient atmospheric conditions at the time of eachmeasurement.

The participants were also requested to specify theuncertainty budget in sufficient detail.

6 Results

All the sixteen participants were requested to send a fullcalibration report with all the measurement results (seeTable 1), relevant data and uncertainty estimates to LP.

Each laboratory reported the measured mass valuethat was assigned to each of the seven artifacts, togetherwith an expanded uncertainty for each weight. For alllaboratories, the coverage factor was 2.

All data are reported on the sample as received. Theresults are presented exactly as sent in by theparticipants.

One tool that is often used in analyzing the resultsfrom interlaboratory comparisons is the normalizederror En, which takes into account both the result and itsuncertainty. The normalized error En is given as:

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replied to LP, three of which made some insignificantchanges in their calculations.

� Two participating laboratories (5, 11) took intoaccount uncertainty due to eccentricity, even thoughthe balances have a suspended load receptor;

� Eight participating laboratories (2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16,17) did not take into account the contribution due toeccentricity in their uncertainty budgets;

� Eight participating laboratories (2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15,17) did not use additional weights in the calibrationand also did not take into account the contributiondue to the difference between the standard and thetest object in their uncertainty budgets.

� Five participating laboratories (4, 5, 8, 9, 13) wronglycalculated the uncertainty associated with thereference standard, which is therefore not inaccordance with C.6.2.2 of OIML R 111;

� Two participating laboratories did not take intoaccount the air buoyancy effect in their calculation.

LP sent out the summary results in a draft report toall the participants, substituting the code number inplace of the laboratory name. Each laboratory couldtherefore see all the results but could not see whichresults referred to which laboratory.

8 Conclusions

Analyzing the results of the interlaboratory comparisonit can be seen that 17 % of the total results give rise todiscrepancies.

� For the 100 g weight, three participating laboratories(7, 13, 17) differ from the results of LP;

� For the 20 g weight, three participating laboratories(2, 3, 8) differ from the results of LP;

� For the 100 mg weight, one participating laboratory(4) differs from the results of LP;

� LP asked the participants to review their results forconfirmation. All the participating laboratories

Table 1 Deviation from nominal mass (E) and expanded uncertainty (U) for the corresponding values

Table 2 Normalized deviations En from the reference values

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Otherwise, the uncertainty of this component shouldbe increased;

� Further qualification of the personnel in calibratingand estimating uncertainty is desirable. �

References

[1] BRML: PML-5-03 “Comparari Interlaboratoare”,2002

[2] Adriana Vâlcu; Mr. George Popa; Mr. Sterica Baicu:“Determinarea masei si evaluarea incertitudiniidemasurare pentru masurile etalon”, 2006

[3] Adriana Vâlcu; Mr. George Popa; Mr. Sterica Baicu:“Determinarea masei si evaluarea incertitudiniidemasurare pentru masurile etalon”, 2008

Six of the 16 laboratories (6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16)obtained compatible results with LP. Three laboratories(2, 5, 10) had only one result with an “En” number largerthan 1 and seven laboratories (3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17) hadtwo or more results with an “En” number larger than 1.

The results obtained can be used to demonstrate theparticipating laboratories’ measurement capabilities.Those participants that obtained results outside therange [–1, +1] should analyze the reasons in order toremedy and correct them.

After analyzing the results, the following correctivemeasures are proposed:

� It is advisable that some participants review theiruncertainty analysis;

� In the case of a big difference between the standardand the test object it is advisable to use additionalweights so that this difference is as small as possible.

Graph 1 Centralized chart forthe normalized deviations Enfor all the laboratories

Table 3 Reference values corrected for drift

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Graph 2 Difference between participants’ results and the referencevalue for 10 kg

Graph 2’ Detailed view of Graph 2

Graph 3 Difference between participants’ results and the referencevalue for 1 kg


Graph 4 Difference between participants’ results and the referencevalue for 500 g


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Graph 8 Difference between participants’ results and the referencevalue for 100 mg


The Authors

Adriana Vâlcu George Florian Popa Sterica Baicu

Abstract

This article describes the modern metrological normativebases used for the implementation of the EuropeanDirective on Measuring Instruments (MID) in Ukraine.

Introduction

Mutual exchange of experience and information in legalmetrology is very important, and indeed the OIML wascreated in order to promote the global harmonization oflegal metrology procedures. The OIML has developed aworldwide technical structure that provides its Memberswith metrological guidelines for the elaboration ofnational and regional requirements concerning themanufacture and use of measuring instruments for legalmetrology applications [1].

Normative legal metrology documents are madeeffective through or on behalf of the National Service ofLegal Metrology (NSLM). Legal metrology requirementscan be laid down both by national standards and bynormative documents developed by various nationalbodies with international relations. The OIML developsmodel regulations (International Recommendations andDocuments) which provide OIML Members with aninternationally agreed-upon basis for the establishmentof national legislation on various categories of meas-uring instruments.

In January 1997 Ukraine became an OIML Corres-ponding Member and as such was able to receive Docu-ments, Recommendations and other OIML Publications,and was entitled to use them for the harmonization of itsnational normative bases on metrology. Taking intoconsideration the high degree of acceptance and the

wide application of OIML Recommendations interna-tionally, the priority task for the development of nationalnormative bases on metrology was (and still is) theharmonization of national standards with OIMLrequirements, which should be carried out taking intoaccount the priorities detailed below.

The principles of technical harmonization in Europeare specified by the decisions of the European Union(EU), but its Directives only set out certain majorconditions that are required for the provision of reliablemeasurements, whereas the relevant technical require-ments are based on OIML Recommendations andDocuments. The primary objective of harmonization inthe EU is to ensure free trade relations, which is why itis important to harmonize type approval procedures formeasuring instruments, the order of dissemination ofthe units from measurement standards to operatingmeasuring instruments, and certain other reasons.

1 Scopes of activity in legal metrology

The legislative basis of the State Metrology Service ofUkraine includes the Law of Ukraine “Metrology andMetrological Activity” No. 113/98 of 11.02.98 and theLaw of Ukraine No. 1765-IV of 15.06.2004 (hereaftercalled “the Law”). The Law on measuring units,standards and measuring instruments is the law onwhich the present-day activities of the State MetrologyService are based; its main provisions are harmonizedwith norms and rules on metrology which are generallyaccepted worldwide [2–4], and with OIML Documents(OIML D 1 Elements for a Law on Metrology inparticular).

The Law determines the legal and organizationalfundamentals for ensuring uniform measurements inUkraine, as well as regulating relations in metrologicalactivity. It aims to assist the development of science,technology and the national economy, to protect citizensand the economy of Ukraine from the potentiallynegative consequences of inaccurate measurementresults, to create favorable conditions for the develop-ment of international relationships and internationaltrade, as well as to establish the basic legal principles ofmetrological activity at national level.

The Derzhspozyvstandard of Ukraine (DSSU)exercises the state management of the activities onassurance of the uniformity of measurements inUkraine. The resolutions of the DSSU on metrologywhich are adopted within its competence are obligatoryfor ministries, departments, local authorities, enter-prises, organizations, business entities and foreignmanufacturers importing measuring instruments intoUkraine. If an international agreement with Ukraine

MID

Implementation of theEuropean Directive onMeasuring Instruments in UkraineOLEH VELYCHKO, Director of Institute of StateEnterprise “Ukrmetrteststandard”, Kyiv, Ukraine

TETYANA GORDIYENKO, Head of Department of StateEnterprise “UkrSREC”, Kyiv, Ukraine

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to barriers to the free movement of measuringinstruments. Where legal metrological control isprescribed for specified measuring instruments, onlythose complying with common performance require-ments should be used. Legal metrological control meansthe control of the measurement tasks intended for thefield of application of a measuring instrument, forreasons of public interest, public health, public safety,public order, protection of the environment, levying oftaxes and duties, protection of consumers and fairtrading.

A number of measuring instruments in the field oflegal metrological control are covered by a specificDirective 2004/22/EC on measuring instruments (MID)[8], adopted in March 2004. The provisions concerningmeasuring instruments should be the same in all the EUMember States and proof of conformity acceptedthrough out the EU. Conformity assessment shouldprovide a high level of confidence in those measuringinstruments and their sub-assemblies, which shouldtherefore respect the provisions of the MID. If sub-assemblies are traded separately and independently ofan instrument, the exercise of conformity assessmentshould be undertaken independently of the instrumentconcerned. In 2009 the MID was accepted in Ukraine asthe dominant technical regulation on metrology.

In order to ease the task of establishing conformitywith the essential requirements and to enableconformity to be assessed, it is desirable to haveharmonized standards. Such harmonized standards aredrawn up by private bodies and should retain theirstatus as non-mandatory texts. To this end, theEuropean Committee for Standardization (CEN), andthe European Committee for ElectrotechnicalStandardization (CENELEC) are recognized as thecompetent bodies for the adoption of harmonizedstandards in accordance with the general guidelines oncooperation between the European Commission and theEuropean Standardization bodies.

For the purposes of the MID the following terms areused: “harmonized standard” means a technicalspecification (EN) adopted by CEN, CENELEC orjointly by both these organizations; “normativedocument” means a document containing technicalspecifications (D or R) published by the OIML.

The technical and performance specifications ofinternationally agreed normative documents may alsocomply, in part or in full, with the essential requirementslaid down by the MID. In those cases the use of theseinternationally agreed normative documents can be analternative to the use of harmonized Europeanstandards and, under specific conditions, give rise to apresumption of conformity. Conformity with theessential requirements laid down by the MID can also beprovided by specifications that are not supplied by aEuropean technical standard or an internationally

stipulates rules which differ from those in Ukraine’slegislation on metrology and metrological activity, thenthe country’s international agreement is executed inaccordance with existing laws.

Measurement results may be used provided that thecorresponding characteristics of measurement errors oruncertainty are known. Measuring instruments mustcomply with the specified operating conditions as wellas with the specified accuracy requirements. Only thosemeasuring instruments that have been successfullyverified, calibrated or metrologically certified areauthorized for production, repair, sale or hire inUkraine.

Measuring instruments intended for large-scaleproduction or for importation in batches into Ukraineare subject to state acceptance and inspection tests withthe type approval. Types of approved measuringinstruments are entered by the DSSU into the StateRegister of measuring instruments authorized for use inUkraine.

The normative base of the State Metrological Serviceof Ukraine includes national standards (DSTU),normative documents and recommendations onmetrology (MPU, MRU) which the National Standardi-zation Technical Committees of Ukraine (TC) develop inthe field of metrology:

� TC 63 “General norms and rules of the state system ofassurance of measurement uniformity”;

� TC 90 “Electrical and magnetic measuring instru-ments”;

� TC 122 “Gas, liquid and solid substance analyses”; � TC 156 “Devices for mass, force, deformation

measurements and testing of mechanical character-istic of materials”.

In Ukraine for the purposes of legal metrology, thefollowing national standards are used [5–7]:

� DSTU 3400 – basic principles, organization, andconsideration of the results of state testing (typeexamination) of measuring instruments;

� DSTU 2708 – organization of and procedures forconducting initial and periodic verification ofmeasuring instruments;

� DSTU 3215 – organization of and procedures forconducting metrological certification of measuringinstruments.

2 National standards for the implementation ofthe MID

Legal metrological control requires conformity withspecified performance requirements and should not lead

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each category of measuring instruments and, whereappropriate, sub-assemblies, there must be anappropriate procedure or a choice between differentprocedures of equivalent stringency.

The procedures adopted are as required by CouncilDecision 93/465/EEC concerning the modules for thevarious phases of the conformity assessment proceduresand the rules for the affixing and use of the “CE”marking [44], which are intended to be used in thetechnical harmonization Directives particularly in theMID. In 1993, Council Decision 93/465/EEC was utilizedin Ukraine as the terms of reference on metrology.However, derogations were made in the MID for thesemodules in order to reflect specific aspects ofmetrological control.

The conformity assessment of a measuring instru-ment with the relevant essential requirements is carriedout by the application, at the choice of the manufac-turer, of one of the conformity assessment procedureslisted in the instrument-specific Annexes of the MID.The manufacturer shall provide, where appropriate,technical documentation for specific instruments orgroups of instruments as set out in the MID. Theconformity assessment modules making up theprocedures are described in Annexes A to H1 of the MID,and shown in Table 2 for the MID and the Ukrainianterms of reference for the measuring instruments.

For the purposes of the MID, the followingconformity assessment modules are used (see Table 2):

B – type examination (state testing and type approval ofmeasuring instruments by application of nationalstandard DSTU 3400 in Ukraine);C – declaration of conformity to type based on internalproduction control (not used in Annexes MI 001–MI010).C1 – declaration of conformity to type based on internalproduction control (not used in Annexes MI 001–MI010);D – declaration of conformity to type based on qualityassurance of the production process (preceded bymodule B);D1 – declaration of conformity based on qualityassurance of the production process (withoutmodule B);E – declaration of conformity to type based on qualityassurance of final product inspection and testing(preceded by module B);E1 – declaration of conformity based on qualityassurance of final product inspection ant testing(without module B);F – declaration of conformity to type based on productverification (initial verification for production, asnecessary, periodic verification of measuring instru-

agreed normative document. The use of Europeantechnical standards or internationally agreed normativedocuments should therefore be optional.

A measuring instrument shall provide a high level ofmetrological protection in order that any party affectedcan have confidence in the result of measurement, andshall be designed and manufactured to a high level ofquality in respect of the measurement technology andsecurity of the measurement data. The requirementsthat shall be met by measuring instruments are set outbelow and are supplemented, where appropriate, byspecific instrument requirements in Annexes MI-001 toMI-010 of the MID that provide more detail on certainaspects of the general requirements.

The National Services of Legal Metrology of the EUMember States presume conformity with the essentialrequirements referred to in Annex I of the MID and inthe relevant instrument-specific Annexes MI-001–MI010 of the MID in respect of a measuring instrumentthat complies with the elements of the nationalstandards or normative documents on metrologyimplementing the European harmonized standard (EN)and International Documents (D) or Recommendations(R) of the OIML for that measuring instrument thatcorrespond to those elements of this Standard,Document or Recommendation, the references inrespect of which are published in the Official Journal ofthe European Union (C series).

Where a measuring instrument complies only in partwith the elements of the national standards ornormative documents on metrology referred to in theMID, the NSLM presume conformity with the essentialrequirements corresponding to the elements of thenational standards with which the instrument complies.The NSLM shall publish the references to the nationalstandards and normative documents on metrologyreferred to in the MID.

In 2006–2008 the titles and references of theharmonized standards and normative documents underthe MID were published in the EU CommissionCommunications in the framework of the implemen-tation of the MID [9–12] in the Official Journal of theEuropean Union. Harmonized Ukrainian nationalstandards, European harmonized standards andInternational harmonized Documents or Recommenda-tions referred to in the MID [13–43] are shown in Table 1.

3 Modules of conformity assessment ofmeasuring instruments for the MID

The state of the art in measurement technology issubject to constant evolution which may lead to changesin the needs for conformity assessments. Therefore, for

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Measuring instruments MID International Ukrainian National Commentin the MID Annex Documents, Standards

Recommendations, Standards

Water meters MI-001 OIML R 49-1...2 DSTU OIML R 49-1... 2 DraftEN 14154-1…3 DSTU EN 14154-1…3 Draft

Gas meters and volume MI-002 EN 1359 DSTU EN 1359conversion devices EN 12261 DSTU EN 12261

EN 12405-1 DSTU EN 12405EN 12480 DSTU EN 12480EN 14236 –

Active electrical energy meters MI-003 EN 50470-1...3 DSTU EN 50470-1...3 Draft

Heat meters MI-004 OIML R 75-1...2 –EN 1434-1...2 DSTU EN 1434-1...2EN 1434-4...5 DSTU EN 1434-4...5

Measuring systems for continuous MI-005 OIML R 117 DSTU OIML R 117-1 Draftand dynamic measurement of OIML D 11 DSTU OIML D 11 Draftquantities of liquids other than water (fuel dispensers for motor vehicles, etc.)

Automatic weighing instruments MI-006 OIML R 50-1 – –(automatic catch weighers, automatic OIML R 51-1 DSTU OIML R 51-1 Draftbatch weighing machines, automatic OIML R 61-1 DSTU OIML R 61-1rail weighbridges, automatic OIML R 106-1 DSTU OIML R 106-1gravimetric filling instruments, OIML R 107-1 DSTU OIML R 107-1 Draftcontinuous automatic weighing machines (belt weighers), discontinuous and continuous totalizers, etc.)

Taximeters MI-007 – –

Material measures (capacity serving MI-008 OIML R 29 –measures, etc.)

Dimensional measuring instruments MI-009 OIML R 66 DSTU OIML R 66(length measuring instruments, area OIML R 129-1 –measuring instruments, multi OIML R 136-1 DSTU OIML R 136-1 Draftdimensional measuring instruments, etc.)

Exhaust gas analyzers MI-010 OIML R 99/ISO 3930 DSTU ISO 3930 Draft

Table 1 Harmonized Ukrainian national standards, European standards and International Documents or Recommendations referred to in the MID

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Table 2 Conformity assessment modules for measuring instruments for Annexes of the MID and the Ukrainian terms of reference on measuring instruments

Measuring instruments MID Conformity assessment modules for thein the MID Annexes Annex MID (in the Ukrainian terms of reference

on measuring instruments)

Water meters MI-001 B+F/B+D/H1 (B+F/G+F/G)

Gas meters and volume conversion devices MI-002

Active electrical energy meters MI-003

Heat meters MI-004

Taximeters MI-007

Exhaust gas analyzers MI-010

Measuring systems for continuous and dynamic MI-005measurement of quantities of liquids other than water (with additional module G)

Automatic weighing instruments: MI-006- mechanical systems B+D/B+E/D1/F1/G/H1 (B+F/G+F/G)- electromechanical systems B+D/B+E/B+F/G/H1 (B+F/G+F/G)- electronic systems or systems with software B+D/B+F/G/H1 (B+F/G+F/G)

Material measures: MI-008- linear measures F1/D1/B+D/H/G (B+F/G+F/G)- capacity serving measures A1/F1/D1/E1/B+E/B+D/H

(B+F/G+F/G)

Dimensional measuring instruments: MI-009 - mechanical or electromechanical devices F1/E1/D1/B+F/B+E/B+D/H/H1/G

(B+F/G+F/G)- electronic devices or devices with software B+F/B+D/H1/G (B+F/G+F/G)

ments in application of national standard DSTU 2708 inUkraine) (preceded by module B);F1 – declaration of conformity based on productverification (without module B);G – declaration of conformity based on unit verification(state metrological certification of measuring instru-ments in application of national standard DSTU 3215 inUkraine);H – declaration of conformity based on full qualityassurance;H1 – declaration of conformity based on full qualityassurance plus design examination.

In Ukraine the following specific conformityassessment modules are used:

B – for the realization of international agreementsbetween Ukraine and other countries, and afterrecognition of the results of state testing of measuring

instruments and applicable type approval of measuringinstruments with inclusion in the State Register ofMeasuring Instruments of Ukraine in application ofnational standard DSTU 3400 [5];F – for the realization of initial verification forproduction and, as necessary, periodic verification ofmeasuring instruments in application of nationalstandard DSTU 2708 [6];G – for the realization of state metrological certificationof measuring instruments and in order to receive ametrological certificate for each measuring instrumentin application of national standard DSTU 3215 [7].

Conformity assessment procedure B+F is used forthe realization of state testing and type approval ofmeasuring instruments in application of DSTU 3400,initial verification for production (and, as necessary,periodic verification) of measuring instruments inapplication of DSTU 2708. For this conformity

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– OIML Bulletin, Vol. XLI, Number 2, April 2000,pp. 19–24

[5] DSTU 3400:2006. Metrology. State testing ofmeasuring instruments. Basic principle,organization, and consideration of results

[6] DSTU 2708:2006. Metrology. Verification ofmeasuring instruments. Organization and pro-cedures

[7] DSTU 3215-95. Metrology. Metrological certifica-tion of measuring instruments. Organization andprocedures

[8] Directive 2004/22/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council of 31 March 2004 on measuringinstruments – Official Journal of the EuropeanUnion, L 135/1. 30.4.2004

[9] Commission Communication 2006/C 269/01 in theframework of the implementation of Directive2004/22/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 31 March 2004 on measuring instru-ments – Official Journal of the European Union,C 269/1. 4.11.2006

[10] Commission Communication 2006/C 313/14 in theframework of the implementation of Directive2004/22/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 31 March 2004 on measuring instru-ments – Official Journal of the European Union,C 313/14. 20.12.2006

[11] Commission Communication 2007/C 162/13 in theframework of the implementation of Directive2004/22/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil on measuring instruments – OfficialJournal of the European Union, C 162/13. 14.7.2007

[12] Commission Communication 2008/C 29/06 in theframework of the implementation of Directive2004/22/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil on measuring instruments – OfficialJournal of the European Union, C 29/8. 1.2.2008

[13] OIML R 49-1:2006. Water meters for the meteringof cold potable water and hot water, Part 1:Metrological and technical requirements

[14] OIML R 49-2:2004. Water meters for the meteringof cold potable water and hot water, Part 2: Testmethods

[15] EN 14154-1:2005. Water meters, Part 1: Generalrequirements

[16] EN 14154-2:2005. Water meters, Part 2: Installationand conditions of use

[17] EN 14154-3:2005. Water meters, Part 3: Testmethods and equipment

[18] EN 1359:1998. Gas meters, Diaphragm gas meters[19] EN 12261:2002. Gas meters, Turbine gas meters[20] EN 12405-1:2005. Gas meters, Conversion devices,

Part 1: Volume conversion[21] EN 12480:2002. Gas meters, Rotary displacement

gas meters[22] EN 14236:2007. Ultrasonic domestic gas meters

assessment procedure, the type of measuring instru-ment must be included in the State Register ofMeasuring Instruments of Ukraine in application ofnational standard DSTU 3400, and must have averification certificate in application of nationalstandard DSTU 2708, and must have a verification markin application of national standard DSTU 3968 [45].

Conformity assessment procedure G+F is used forthe realization of state metrological certification ofmeasuring instruments in application of nationalstandard DSTU 3215, and for periodic verification inapplication of national standard DSTU 2708. For thisconformity assessment procedure each measuringinstrument must pass state metrological certificationand hence obtain a verification certificate in applicationof national standard DSTU 2708.

4 Conclusions

Below are the conclusions obtained from thisinvestigation:

1) As a basis for conformity assessment of measuringinstruments according to the MID at national level,national standards harmonized with correspondingEuropean standards, and OIML Documents andRecommendations should be used. In Ukraine thereis currently a question of harmonization of nationalstandards for some categories of measuringinstruments, certain of which are in the Annexes ofthe MID.

2) Modules for conformity assessment of measuringinstruments according to the MID at national levelshould be used. In Ukraine some specific modulesare used for conformity assessment of measuringinstruments according to the MID on the basis ofnational standards on metrology. �

References

[1] www.oiml.org: International Organization of LegalMetrology – OIML

[2] O. Velychko. Metrological activity in Ukraine –OIML Bulletin, Vol. XXXVIII, Number 3, July 1997,pp. 36–41

[3] O. N. Velichko. Metrological activity in Ukraine –Measurement Techniques, Vol. 42, No. 12,December 1999, pp. 1109–1115

[4] O. Velychko. Harmonization of the legislative actsand normative documents on metrology in Ukraine

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[35] OIML R 51-1:2006. Automatic catchweighinginstruments, Part 1: Metrological and technicalrequirements, Tests

[36] OIML R 61-1:2004. Automatic gravimetric fillinginstruments, Part 1: Metrological and technicalrequirements, Tests

[37] OIML R 106-1:1997. Automatic rail-weighbridges,Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements,Tests

[38] OIML R 107-1:1997. Discontinuous totalizingautomatic weighing instruments (totalizing hopperweighers), Part 1: Metrological and technicalrequirements, Tests

[39] OIML R 29:1979. Capacity serving measures[40] OIML R 66:1985. Length measuring instruments[41] OIML R 129:2000. Multi-dimensional measuring

instruments[42] OIML R 136-1:2004. Instruments for measuring the

areas of leathers[43] OIML R 99:2000/ISO 3930. Instruments for meas-

uring vehicle exhaust emissions (joint publication)[44] Council Decision 93/465/EEC of 22 July 1993

concerning the modules for the various phases ofthe conformity assessment procedures and therules for the affixing and use of the CE conformitymarking, which are intended to be used in thetechnical harmonization directives – OfficialJournal of the European Union, L 220. 30.08.1993

[45] DSTU 3968-2000. Metrology. Verification andcalibration marks. The rules of making, using andstoring

[23] EN 50470-1:2006. Electricity metering equipment(a.c.), Part 1: General requirements, tests and testconditions, Metering equipment (class indexes A, Band C)

[24] EN 50470-2:2006. Electricity metering equipment(a.c.), Part 2: Particular requirements, Electro-mechanical meters for active energy (class indexesA and B)

[25] EN 50470-3:2006. Electricity metering equipment(a.c.), Part 3: Particular requirements, Static metersfor active energy (class indexes A, B and C)

[26] OIML R 75-1:2002. Heat meters, Part 1: Generalrequirements

[27] OIML R 75-2:2002. Heat meters, Part 2: Typeapproval tests

[28] EN 1434-1:2007. Heat meters, Part 1: Generalrequirements

[29] EN 1434-2:2007. Heat meters, Part 2: Construc-tional requirements

[30] EN 1434-4:2007. Heat meters, Part 4: Patternapproval tests

[31] EN 1434-5:2007. Heat meters, Part 5: Initialverification tests

[32] OIML R 117:1995. Measuring systems for liquidsother than water

[33] OIML D 11:2004. General requirements forelectronic measuring instruments

[34] OIML R 50-1:1997. Continuous totalizingautomatic weighing instruments (belt weighers),Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements,Tests

Oleh Velychko, Director of Institute of State Enterprise“Ukrmetrteststandard”, Kyiv, Ukraine

Tetyana Gordiyenko, Head of Department of State Enterprise“UkrSREC”, Kyiv, Ukraine

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Abstract

In this paper, the results of research on Cuban society’scurrent perception of metrology are presented, based oncase studies conducted in seven companies in Havana.It is demonstrated that there is a real potential to have apositive impact on the Cuban people’s knowledge of thistopic by means of well-designed actions aimed directlyat meeting their previously identified training needs.The methods used and the results of this research workcontribute to studies currently being undertaken inCuba about society’s scientific culture and the publicperception of science and technology.

Introduction

A new field of knowledge that focuses on the study of the“public perception of science” and society’s “scientificculture” has been gaining ground over the last few years.

From the conceptual viewpoint, Polino C., FazioM.E., and Vaccarezza L. [1], among others, believe thateven if both terms are often believed to be synonymous,the former actually refers to the process of socialcommunication and its effects on the formation ofknowledge, attitudes and expectations in society, whilethe latter has a more complex origin and composition.In fact, when defining the term “scientific culture” weshould not only think about all the knowledge, attitudes,expectations, abilities and skills of an isolatedindividual, since we consider the term “culture” as beingessentially linked with “society”.

Whereas science and technology are part of societyin the form of institutions, systems and processes,society in turn defines the branches of science andtechnology that it is interesting to develop. Therefore, itis always interesting to discuss and appraise whetherscience, technology and society are sufficientlyintegrated into each other to help knowledge become the

content that society will subsequently put into generalpractice as an element of its members’ common sense.

To this end, a framework must be provided to studyand evaluate science’s function and performance withinsociety’s cultural and productive dynamics. All effortsshould then be channeled into the design and implemen-tation of clear-cut, well-structured policies that willmake it possible to counter any setbacks and boost thepositive outcomes.

Surveys on the perception of scientific culture areregularly carried out in the European Union, Australia,Canada, China, United States, and Japan. SomeSpanish-speaking countries (for example Argentina,Brazil, Spain and Uruguay) have carried out qualitativestudies and polls centered on people’s perception ofscience and technology. Mexico and Panama have somegovernmental experience in this kind of measurement.Cuba has just started to work in this field, using researchprotocols to assess people’s levels of perception,scientific culture and participation in science andtechnology and establish the proper indicators.

Launched in 2005 mainly by a group of researchersfrom INIMET, this work focused on society’s perceptionof metrology and the level of metrological culture inseven organizations selected according to theireconomic relevance and social purpose. Three of themare production enterprises involved in the manufactureof doors; prefabricated metallurgical units; constructionequipment; fragrances for perfume, soap and creamproduction; injectable pharmaceuticals; veterinarydrugs, and yoghurt. The other four are serviceorganizations, two of which are involved in hotelmanagement and the other two in project development.

Once a preliminary diagnosis had been carried out,specific improvement action was undertaken in order tomodify the workers’ views of, knowledge about andinterest in metrology.

For the purposes of this research, metrologicalculture was understood as the intellectual level achievedafter a learning process about measurements and unitsof measurement, measuring instruments and methodsand other related subjects, with the hopes that we wouldhelp people to both assume a more proactive attitudetowards the defense of their rights as consumers ofgoods and services and increase their overall culture.

Development

Since the dawn of civilization, measurements have beenparamount to society’s scientific-technical development.No technological production, service or researchprocess can exist today without the use of measuringequipment.

INFRASTRUCTURES

Public perception of metrology in theRepublic of CubaDR. YSABEL REYES PONCE

MSC. ALEJANDRA REGLA HERNÁNDEZ LEONARD

National Metrology Research Institute (INIMET),Republic of Cuba

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The following methods were used to develop themanual:

� interviews with key staff in charge of the functionsincluded in the scope of the diagnosis and surveysamong managers and technicians to assess their levelof awareness of the studied topics and generalknowledge about the organization and to identify theprevailing opinion about these subjects;

� analysis of the organization documentation to estab-lish metrology’s position in the flow diagram, the levelof metrological management pursuant to the processrequirements, and whether the relevant regulationswere being fulfilled;

� gather evidence on site during the metrological surveyto assess the status of the equipment, the use of legalunits of measurement and certified referencematerials, and the existing needs;

� exchange experience on site with the relevant staffabout the measuring process to identify opportunitiesand weaknesses for improvement in every work-station.

One of the tools included in the manual is ametrological survey that includes 26 variables aimed atobtaining information about the measuring and testingequipment and the reference materials: for instance,their denomination, role within the process, originalpurpose, brand, model, country, date of manufacture,metrological characteristics, technical condition, anddate of the last metrological control. In the case of thereference materials, we stated whether or not they arecertified, information about the certifying body, and theneeds for measuring and testing equipment andreference materials.

Our survey also gave us information about the unitsof measurement used to express the results in order todefine whether non-legal units were used at any time,and enabled us to make plans to implement the Interna-tional System of Units (SI).

Metrology is the scientific basis on which allmeasurement processes are developed, and plays amajor role in every country’s daily life and economicprogress, regardless of its level of development.However, this fact is hardly in keeping with the Cubansociety’s perception of metrology.

Faced with this situation, INIMET was charged withthe design of an action plan to increase the level ofmetrological culture in Havana-based enterprises, andthe resulting study included middle-sized and largecompanies involved in production (veterinary drugs,cosmetics and foods) and services (industrial design,housing and social projects, hotel management and foodsales).

The methods implemented emphasized three majorsubjects: interests, knowledge and attitudes of theassessed individuals, supplemented by subsequentinterpretations of the results achieved. The inquirystrategy covered three interrelated levels of analysis:

� degree of knowledge among selected workers aboutmetrology and the organization’s metrological obliga-tions;

� degree of knowledge among these individuals abouttheir own organization and its metrological processes;

� existing level of metrological culture based on theworkers’ perception of the role played by metrology inthe fulfillment of their goals.

The results of the work allowed, on the one hand, thepopulation sample’s perception of metrology to bediscussed and assessed, and on the other, actions to beimplemented to increase the level of metrologicalculture in the sample organizations and in Cubansociety as a whole.

Given their significance, we list below the benefitsderived from our study.

Instruction manual to make a metrologicaldiagnosis [2]

As a first step in our research we made a diagnosis of thesituation in the target enterprises. To this end a numberof reliable tools were created that provided informationabout the existing levels of metrological culture andconsumer protection. We used these tools to develop ascientific-technical methodological and organizationaldocument called “Instruction manual for the diagnosisof metrological performance” that we registered withCENDA (Cuba’s Copyright Center). This manual alsomade it possible to have all the elements we needed todesign actions for improvement in these enterprisesusing the knowledge about the status of the existingorganizational culture regarding metrology.

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� to carry out the metrological control of all measuringinstruments used in the main production or serviceprocesses and to provide internal services in theorganization;

� to pay attention to the location and performance ofthe metrological activity within the structure andorganization of the enterprise with a view to facilitat-ing its execution;

� to guarantee the traceability of measurements;� to design a program for the full implementation of the

SI units;� to recompile the register of all the measuring

instruments in the organization so as to includemetrology-related and other important data such as:measuring range, class, error, uncertainty, brandname of instruments, model, country and year ofmanufacture, date of its last calibration or verifica-tion, and technical condition;

� to obtain the tools and instruments needed to repairand control measuring instruments in a proper way;and

� to complete the organization’s documents with thoseelements that contribute to an adequate developmentof metrological management.

Although it was not part of the research, we led allthe target organizations to design an action plan to findshort-term, medium-term and long-term solutions to thefindings of their metrological work. Among the mainitems in this plan were the funding of metrologicalobligations and the revision of their organizationalstructure.

One major result of our project was the identifica-tion of training needs among the specialists from thefavored enterprises and the design of specific actions tomeet them. Once we defined the current level ofmetrological culture of these individuals we were able tointroduce the proper mechanisms to improve it.

Many Cuban organizations have undertaken aprocess to improve and certify their quality manage-ment system to the NC ISO 9001:2008 standard,“General requirements of a quality managementsystem”, in which metrology plays a significant role inthe provision of products and services of sufficientquality to be competitive in international markets.

In our experience, failure to be thorough in theexecution of metrological work has a negative impact onprocess and product quality and paves the way for poormanagement of resources and metrological violationslinked to a lack of confidence in the quality of measure-ments made in various economic areas and consumerprotection practices, to name but a few consequences.

In this regard, man is at the center of any actiondesigned to assure the proper process quality and per-formance. Therefore, the staff must have the necessary

For the interviews we identified the Director Generalof each organization as key staff, and they had thechance to express their points of view and affirm theirwillingness to correct the problems detected.

The survey, which was answered by technicians andmanagers who were directly involved in measurement,includes three types of questions addressing thefollowing objectives:

� type I, to evaluate their knowledge about these topics;� type II, to request information; and� type III, to identify the prevailing opinion about these

topics.

Types II and III questions provided the mostwidespread opinions about the required performanceestablished in the reference documents or by theorganization. Thus we found out what the surveyed staffthought about metrology, its importance in theproduction or service process, and the operation of theorganization. The purpose of this information was tocorrect any deviation.

Statistical and functional validation of the survey

In order to make sure our survey provided reliable,homogeneous information, we made a statisticalvalidation using Cronbach’s alpha, a very commonpsychometric coefficient to measure survey reliability(Oviedo and Campos-Arias (2005) [3]). Thus weevaluated an index of internal consistency with valuesranging from 0 to 1. Most authors agreed that a valuebetween 0.70 and 0.90 shows a correct degree of internalconsistency.

The assessment of all items in Type I questions gaveus a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.78, which meets thereliability requirement of the test.

For its functional validation, the survey was appliedby seven different researchers to a wide cross section ofover 100 people in the organizations. The resultsachieved confirmed the validity of the survey given thelow sensitivity to the differences between the survey-takers and the respondents.

As confirmed by both the data and the results aboutthe existing knowledge, one enterprise scored as a highlevel organization, while the others received qualifica-tions ranging from low level to very low level. None wasfound to be at a very high level. The findings of thediagnosis allowed us to identify opportunities formanagement improvement, namely:

� to provide training on metrology, metrologicalassurance and consumer protection;

Designed to be used in Cuban schools at all levels ofeducation, the booklet is also useful to professionals andcitizens in general, as it includes the SI and other unitslegally applied in Cuba and related information. It waslaunched at the 7th International Symposium“Metrology 2008”, held in Havana.

Training actions in the target organizations

Eight training workshops were organized for 252specialists from the organizations which benefited fromour research and other interested enterprises. We alsotrained their board members in subjects like metrologyand consumer protection, and upgraded the staff’s levelof metrological culture through exchanges organizedduring the fieldwork.

Introduction of a new course and redesign ofanother as part of INIMET’s training serviceprogram as of 2009

Our experience in workshop organization made itpossible to extend our training by redesigning a courseon metrological assurance introduced in INIMET’squalification program and provided to specialists fromour economy with good results. In reply to requestsfrom several organizations, a new course was added toteach how to use the instruction manual to carry out ametrological diagnosis, also with good results.

Course, tabloid and book “Metrología para laVida¨ (Metrology for Life)© for the scientificdissemination of metrology

The course Metrology for Life, offered through the TVprogram Universidad para Todos (Open University) inone-hour, nationwide broadcasts for 16 weeks, togetherwith a two-part 32-page tabloid and a book with the

qualification and skills to increase the level ofmetrological management in their organization andidentify any strength, weakness, opportunity and threatin order to plan for improvement.

Teaching aids to train human resources involvedin measurement

The following topics must be covered:

� metrology: importance and prospects;� legal metrology and the SI System;� product testing: a guarantee to consumers;� laboratory accreditation;� uncertainty of measurements, the basis of mutual

recognition and the elimination of technical barriersto trade;

� industrial metrology and mass quantity metrology;� volume measurements; and� consumer protection.

Professionals with experience in both metrology andconsumer protection were involved in the process, andthe most current documents and bibliography wereused.

Revised reprint of the information booklet“International System of Units (SI)”

This booklet was updated to the eighth edition in 2006of Le Système International d’Unités, published by theInternational Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)and the new ISO 1000 and ISO 80000 standards. All thedefinitions of the basic units and the rules for writingsymbols and quantities were revised and updated withthe help of the Metrology Division of the NationalBureau of Standards.

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occurred in the mindset of managers and trainees, allowus to assert that it is possible to make a positivedifference in society’s knowledge about the above topicsby implementing well-designed actions directly aimed atfulfilling previously identified training needs.

The methods we used in our research and techno-logical innovation project “Increasing metrologicalculture in organizations in the province City of Havana”stand as a major contribution to studies currentlyunderway in Cuba about people’s perception of scienceand technology and our society’s scientific culture. �

Acknowledgment

The authors extend their thanks to Jesús Bran Suárezfor his contribution to the English version of this paper.

Bibliography

[1] Polino C., Fazio M.E., Vaccarezza L. (2003) Medirla percepción pública de la ciencia en los paísesiberoamericanos. Aproximación a problemasconceptuales http://www.oei.es/revistactsi/numero5/articulo1.htm (consultado 2009-08-19)

[2] Reyes P.Y., Hernández L.A.R., Hernández A.A.M.,Valdés P.N., Hernández A.M., Hernández R.A.D.,López V.S. (2007). Manual de Instrucción para laejecución del Diagnóstico Metrológico.http://www.inimet.cubaindustria.cu

[3] Oviedo C.H., Campos-Arias, A. (2005).Aproximación al uso del coeficiente Alfa deCronbach. Rev. Col. Psiqui Vol. XXXIV No. 4 pp. 527–580

same title, have been an important resource todisseminate this science and improve the Cuban people’smetrological culture. This course was very popular andextremely useful to bring metrology to the fore, as ittook this science to every home and allowed thepopulation to become acquainted with the basic tools tocarry out proper measurements. Sold at a veryreasonable price at newspaper stands across the country,the tabloid includes part of the content found in thebook, namely:

� an overview of metrology;� consumer protection in Cuba: challenges and

prospects;� product testing: a guarantee for consumers;� past, present and future of the International System of

Units in the Republic of Cuba;� calibration and traceability;� an approach to the uncertainty of measurements; and� metrological assurance of the national economy.

The book Metrology for Life was registered with theCuban Copyright Center.

All the above actions met their goal of making asmuch information as possible accessible to everyone sothat they can have a comprehensive view of metrologyand its applications.

Conclusions

The tools employed to make a metrological diagnosiswere designed from self-control indicators of metro-logical management directed toward customersatisfaction and consumer protection, and were usefulto obtain reliable information about people’s perceptionof metrology and their level of metrological culture.

Both the current perception of metrology in thediagnosed organizations, and the positive change that Dr. Ysabel Reyes Ponce

MSc. Alejandra ReglaHernández Leonard

Abstract

Efficient traffic enforcement requires regulations inwhich the role of metrology is very important. It isimperative for both authorities and manufacturers tohave a system of measurement traceability within theframework of conformity assessment of those instru-ments that are placed on the market. There is anincreasing interest in the role of metrological decisionsin conformity assessment, particularly where measure-ments are used as the basis for health and safety such asin road traffic.

This paper focuses on the role of the PortugueseLegal Metrology Authority in the field of road safety,emphasizing the relevance of metrological control ofcertain measuring instruments within the scope of theStrategic Plan of the National Program of Road Safetyapproved in 2009, as a way to reduce and monitoraccidents.

1 Introduction

Worldwide, around a million people die every year as aresult of road traffic accidents; ‘human catastrophe’ isthe expression often used to describe this global trafficsafety situation.

Several sectors of society are cooperating to shareand transfer their knowledge, and to gather evidencebased on strategies and countermeasures that will helpimprove the situation.

All countries are faced with the same road safetyproblems, namely excessive speed, drink driving, use(and failure) of seat belts, insufficient body protectionprovided by vehicles, accident black spots, non-compliance with driving and rest times by commercialdrivers, poor visibility, etc.

In the EU the Road Safety Action Program(2003–2010) was implemented with the goal of halvingthe number of people killed on the roads by 2010. Thefollow-up action plan covers the period 2009–2014 and amid-term review will take place in 2012 or 2013.

The National Plan for Road Accident Prevention inPortugal is chaired by the Ministry of Internal Affairs,and the starting point was the average for the period1998–2000.

2 Measuring instruments used in road safety

The contribution of metrology to road safety can beobserved in the safety of vehicles, police speed checks,alcohol and drug detection, etc.

The science of measurement has a central role in thetechnical tools to ensure that the related technologiesused are reliable (see Table 1).

For the common user, these metrological tools canbe perceived as either relevant or irrelevant, but theadvantages offered by metrology to ensure a safer lifeare omnipresent – a simple example is incorrect tirepressures which can be critical.

Efficient police enforcement requires harmonizedprocedures; confidence in the results of measurementsis an inherent element of this process. For metrology,confidence implies measurements that are traceable tothe International System of Units (SI) to a certainconfidence level. Many decisions are based on tests ormeasurements, before the instruments are placed on themarket. They must demonstrate that the metrologicalrequirements are met and if the instruments are in usefor some time they may be subject to re-verificationtests. The instrument will be rejected if it operatesoutside its metrological limits. According to the scope ofthe European Measuring Instruments Directive (MID),covered by Decree Law no. 192/2006, the free trade of anumber of categories of measuring instruments isregulated, by defining the essential requirements andcertification procedures.

The only category of instruments in the field of roadsafety that is included in the scope of the MID is thecategory exhaust gas analyzers. For the other instru-ments, the type approval and verification requirementsare based on specific national regulations (see 2.1).Special attention must be paid to all systems withsoftware incorporated, to ensure the integrity, authen-ticity and privacy of the data. Taking into account thespecific national operating conditions, EU MemberStates should improve networks to support andharmonize the type testing requirements.

The OIML plays an important role in the harmoni-zation of regulations applied to metrological control.

ROAD SAFETY

Road safety and metrology:What’s the binomial?

MARIA DO CÉU FERREIRA, ANTÓNIO CRUZ

Instituto Português da Qualidade

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OIML R Application Metrological function

R 23Tire pressure gauges Define the metrological characteristics Measure the direct influence of afor motor vehicles to which pressure gauges intended mechanical transmission and the

for the measurement of the inflation elastic deformation of a sensingpressures in motor vehicle tires element.must conform.

R 55Speedometers, mechanical Define the metrological regulations Measure the constant k of odometersodometers and chrono- for speedometers, odometers and or chronotachographs, measure thetachographs for motor chronotachographs. coefficient w of vehicles.vehicles

R 76-1 & 2Non-automatic weighing Evaluate the metrological and Measure the mass of a body by usinginstruments technical characteristics of non- the action of gravity on this body,

automatic weighing instruments using the intervention of an operator.that are subject to official metrological control.

R 91Radar equipment for the States the conditions that the micro- Measure the angle of incidence ofmeasurement of the speed wave Doppler radar must satisfy when the beam.of vehicles the results of measurements are to

be used in legal proceedings applied on roads.

R 99-1&2&3Instruments for measuring Inspection and maintenance of Measure the volume fraction of vehicle exhaust emissions in-use motor vehicles with spark one or more of the following exhaust

ignition engines. gas components: CO, CO2, O2, HC (interms of n-hexane).

R 126Evidential breath analyzers Define the performance requirements Measure accurately and display

of EBAs and the means and methods numerically the breath alcohol mass employed in testing them. concentration of persons (drivers,

workers, etc.) who may have consumed alcohol.

R 134-1& 2Automatic instruments for Evaluate the metrological and technical Measure the vehicle mass and axle weighing road vehicles requirements of automatic weighing loads and, if applicable, the axle-group in motion and measuring instruments, having a load receptor loads of a road vehicle while the axle loads and aprons, that determine the vehicle vehicle is crossing over the load

mass and axle loads. receptor of the weighing instrument.

Table 1 Application of OIML Recommendations for road safety enforcement

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3.1 Alcohol and speed control

The major causes of fatal road accidents are related todriving under the influence of alcohol or excessivespeed. IPQ plays a major role by improving thetraceability of the measurements of the instrumentsused by the police for driver controls. Furthermore,measuring instruments used for evidential purposesunder the Portuguese Highway Code, namely EBA andradar devices, must have Portuguese type approval aswell as initial verification and subsequent annualverification.

3.2 Evidential breath analyzers (EBA)

Evidential breath analyzers are instruments thatautomatically measure the mass concentration ofalcohol in exhaled breath. They can be used to measureaccurately and display numerically the breath alcoholmass concentration of persons who may have drunkalcohol. Over the years, breath testing has become awidely used method for the qualitative and quantitativedetermination of the alcohol level of persons suspectedfor driving under the influence of alcohol.

All over the world, scientists started to look for newnon-invasive methods to determine the alcohol concen-tration in the human body. Depending on the accuracy,specifically alcohol-related, cross sensitivity, long termstability, etc, a number of measuring principles are usedfor breath alcohol determination: chemical, bio-chemical (system based on oral fluids), physical(semiconductor cell - surface reaction), electro-chemical (fuel cell), infrared spectroscopy, and gaschromatography.

Breath-alcohol testing methods have changed overthe years from chemical oxidation and calorimetricprocedures to physico-chemical techniques such as gaschromatography, electrochemical oxidation andmultiple wavelength infrared spectrophotometers.However, in the field of metrological control and in thescope of Portuguese regulation, an infrared spectometryEBA was adopted.

The emphasis on police enforcement to ensure roadsafety is related to the estimation that 2 % of all journeysacross the EU take place with an illegal blood alcoholconcentration (BAC). In Portugal, the legal limit is0.5 g/L BAC, however, different EU Member States havedifferent legal BAC limits (see Fig. 1).

Regarding these different limits, the variouscountries have also established different penalties.

Many countries, such as Portugal, have developednational regulations based on OIML Recommendationswhere metrological control is mandatory for theNational Road Code.

The role of metrology is also highlighted in certainInternational Standards and European Directives. As anexample, Directive 92/55/EEC emphasizes measure-ments of motor vehicle emissions (for which technicalsupport is provided by certain International Standardssuch as ISO 11614:1999 and ISO 3930:2004). Otherexamples can be given for instruments that are directlyrelated to road safety such as chronotachographs(Directive 2006/22/EC) and speed limitation devices(Directive 2004/11/EC), both covered by Portugueselaws.

3 Metrological control in Portugal

The Portuguese Metrological System is based on DecreeLaw no. 291/90 and on a general regulation no. 962/90that regulates and describes the metrological controlrequirements for measuring instruments, comple-mented by specific orders for each category, notably aspertains to instruments related to road safety:

� Regulation no. 625/86, 25 October: Tachographs.� Law Decree no. 281/94, 11 November and Law

no. 46/2005, 23 November: speed limitation devices.� Regulation no. 797/97, 1 September: Apparatus for

measuring the opacity and determining the lightabsorption coefficient of exhaust gas.

� Regulation no. 389/98, 6 July: Tire pressure gauges formotor vehicles.

� Regulation no. 422/98, 21 July: Pressure gauges.� Regulation no. 21/2007, 5 January: Instruments for

measuring vehicle exhaust emissions.� Regulation no. 1542/07, 6 December: Radar equip-

ment for vehicles.� Regulation no. 1556/2007, 10 December: Evidential

breath analyzers (EBA).

Any measuring instruments that are not covered bythe MID have to be approved by the Portuguese Institutefor Quality (IPQ). Before the instrument is used, it isverified by a notified body to ensure its accuracy. Duringits use the instrument owner is responsible for itsmaintenance, accuracy and correct use.

IPQ works closely with regional metrology officesand collaborates with manufacturers and suppliers.

According to national regulations (see list above),only breath analyzers and radar equipment for vehiclesare verified directly by IPQ; the other instruments areverified by qualified entities after recognition andsupervision carried out by IPQ.

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In the framework of Portuguese Legislation (accord-ing to national regulation no. 1542/07 and OIML R 91),radar instruments are submitted to a metrologicalcontrol. By this approach, IPQ carries out the typeapproval and verifications of the microwave Dopplerradar [1]. Emphasizing the traceability of measure-ments, the suitability of these instruments is fullyguaranteed, allowing them to be used legally forenforcement purposes (police enforcement andHighway Code).

Speed limits are at the core of any speedmanagement policy, despite the fact that current speedlimit policies differ between EU countries. The generalspeed limit for motorways in EU Member States is inmost cases 120 or 130 km/h, for rural roads it is 80 or90 km/h and for urban roads 30 to 50 km/h (see Table 4).

According to EU Directive 92/24/EEC and its recentadaptation (2004/11/EEC), speed limits are compulsoryfor heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) of 3 500 kg and more aswell as for buses weighing 5 000 kg or more. However,some countries apply lower values for bus speed limitson different road types.

4 Technology improvement

According to EU recommendations aimed at enforcingtraffic law [9], the three priority areas for technology

An increase in the blood alcohol concentrationcauses a number of psychomotor and behavioralpatterns to change, directly increasing the risk ofaccidents (see Table 3).

It is mandatory for all EU Member Sates to carry outbreath tests and they are advised to monitor theprevalence of drink driving.

Legal metrology contributes to solving this problemthrough OIML Recommendation R 126, which definesthe performance requirements of EBAs as well as themeans and methods employed in testing them.

All evidential breath analyzers are verified by IPQaccording to this OIML Recommendation [2].

3.3 Speed control

According to information from the EU, speed is also akey contributory factor for around 30 % of fatalaccidents. Relationships have been established betweenspeed and accident risk, such as the relation between ahigher speed and the reaction time, consequences ofinjury, etc.

International Recommendations advise that radarequipment must be used to perform the measurement oftraffic speed on roads.

Figure 1 Legal alcohol limits for drivers

g/L Sanction / Fine

0.5 ≤ BAC ≤ 0.8 Suspension of driving license from one month to one year/fine of € 250 to € 1250

0.8 ≤ BAC ≤ 1.2 Suspension of driving license from two months to two years/fine of € 500 to € 2500

BAC ≥ 1.2 Imprisonment

BAC (g/L) Probability to cause an accident

0.6 2 × as high

0.8 4 × as high

1.0 6 × as high

1.3 12 × as high

Table 2 Administrative offence for drivers with excess alcohol(Portuguese Highway Code)

Table 3 Alcohol and accident risks (source: [11])

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transport (school buses) and rehabilitation programs. InPortugal the implementation of interlocks has not had asignificant impact on society. These instruments are notcovered by national metrological legislation but shouldrather be submitted to a calibration program in order toprovide the traceability of their results to SI units.Furthermore, it covers some advances in road safetytechnology such as the integration of cameras into thedevice to identify the person who provided the breathsample.

improvement are speeding, drink driving and the use ofseatbelts. Regarding drink driving, some countries haveimplemented new devices for alcohol breath testing,linked to locks connected to the vehicle [7]. This type ofdevice prevents the vehicle from being started unless thedriver has undergone a breath test. If the systemindicates a breath alcohol concentration over thethreshold level, it inhibits the vehicle from being driven.

The implementation of this alcohol ignition interlockprogram is ongoing in some countries with significantprogress being made in areas such as commercial

Table 4 Speed limits on EU roads (source: J-P Cauzard, SARTRE 3, 2005)

Country In built-up areas Outside built-up areas Motorways(km/h) (km/h) (km/h)

Austria 50 100 130

Belgium 50 90 120

Bulgaria 50 90 130

Cyprus 50 80 100

Czech Republic 50 90 130

Denmark 50 80 110 or 130

Estonia 50 90 or 100 or 110 -

France 50 90 or 110 130

Finland 50 80 or 100 100 or 120

Greece 50 90 or 110 130

Germany 50 100 130 (*)

Hungary 50 90 or 110 130

Italy 50 90 or 110 130

Ireland 50 80 or 100 120

Latvia 60 90 100

Luxembourg 50 90 130

Lithuania 50 90 110 or 130

Netherlands 50 80-100 120

Malta 50 80 100

Poland 50 90-110 130

Portugal 50 90-100 120

Slovenia 50 90 130

Spain 50 90 or 100 120

Sweden 50 70-90 110

United Kingdom 48 96 or 112 112(30 mph) (60 or 70 mph) (70 mph)

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References

[1] M.C. Ferreira, O. Pellegrino, A. Furtado, C.M.Pires: Controlo Metrológico dos alcoolímetros ecinemómetros no IPQ, proceedings of the2ª Conferência Nacional SPMET, 3–4 Outubro2007, Funchal, Madeira.

[2] M.C. Ferreira, A. Cruz: Controlo Metrológico deAlcoolímetros no Instituto Português daQualidade, proceedings of the 2ª ConferênciaNacional SPMET, 17 Novembro 2006, Lisboa,Portugal.

[3] ETSC (2006) Road accident data in the enlargedEuropean Union - Learning from each other.European Transport Safety Council, Brussels.

[4] ETSC (2003): Cost-effective EU transport safetymeasures.

[5] www.etsc.eu/PIN-publications.php.[6] In-car enforcement technologies today, the

European Transport Safety Council (ETSC).[7] M. Drevet (2004) Alcohol interlock implementa-

tion in the European Union: an in-depth qualitativefield. Proceedings of the ICADTS GlasgowConference.

[8] A methological approach to national road safetypolicies, ETSC, Brussels 2006.

[9] http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/consultation/2_3_wheelers/consultation

[10] National plan for road accident prevention, reportof the Ministry of Internal Affairs, March 2003.

[11] Rolf Breitstadt: The worker-risk factor andreliability; collection of facts for managers, Univ-Prof. Dr. Gerold Kauert, 2004.

Concerning speed, the European Commission hasproposed an action plan and a European Directive forIntelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Intelligent SpeedAdaptation (ISA) is an ITS which gives information tothe driver about speed, discourages the driver fromspeeding, or prevents the driver from exceeding thespeed limit [6].

Since the human factor is the major risk factor forroad safety, the development of new technology willneed to ensure appropriate vehicle safety and to makeintelligent human/vehicle interfaces.

The European Action Plan suggests a number oftargeted measures and a proposal for a Directive layingdown the framework for their implementation. Thepurpose is to ensure better use of the new active safetysystems and advanced driver assistance systems withproven benefits in terms of in-vehicle safety for thevehicle occupants and other road users (includingvulnerable road users). The Action Plan covers theperiod 2009–2014 and a mid-term review will take placein 2012–2013.

5 Conclusions

As the science of measurement, metrology is present ineach of our lives, serving the community as a whole inmany ways.

In order to improve solutions to detect the risks to(or caused by) drivers, metrology should be seriouslyengaged where the risk factors are correctly identified,such as alcohol and drug consumption and speeding.

The same approach could be adopted for thereduction of risks caused by environmental conditions.In addition, the direct involvement of metrology mayprevent or decrease the driver’s errors of judgment,focused on the technology of the on-board computerand automatic cruise control. However, for an efficientenforcement of the binomial metrology/road safety,confidence must be omnipresent, where confidence inthis context means the global acceptance of the results.For that, a mutual recognition agreement should bemandatory for the technical aspects and prosecutionprocess, with a global application at the level of theEuropean legal framework.

The relevant organizations should put more effortinto improving the engagement of metrology in roadsafety research projects and other joint commissions.

That is the binomial which plays a fundamental rolein technology optimization and certainly, the futuremust go in that direction. � Maria do Céu Ferreira António Cruz

[email protected] [email protected]

Instituto Português da QualidadeRua António Gião, 2829-513 Caparica, Portugal

The Authors

This article is also being published in the April 2010 edition ofthe International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering.

Introduction

The OIML is an A liaison in ISO/CASCO and maytherefore participate in ISO/CASCO technical work;notably, it may submit comments at the various stages ofthe development of ISO Standards.

ISO/CASCO Working Group 32 is responsible for therevision of ISO/IEC Guide 67:2004 Conformity assess-ment – Fundamentals of product certification. Productcertification is linked to OIML technical work inparticular in the following areas:

� OIML TC 3, which is responsible for metrologicalcontrol;

� OIML TC 3/SC 5, which is responsible for the OIMLCertificate System and the Mutual AcceptanceArrangement (which are certification schemes in thesense of ISO Standards and Guides); and

� OIML TC 6, which is setting up a certification schemefor prepackages.

Consequently, similarly for ISO/CASCO WG 29(which is responsible for the revision of ISO/IECGuide 65:1996 General requirements for bodiesoperating product certification systems) the OIML hasbecome a member of WG 32, in particular to adviseISO/CASCO on the specificities which may exist inregulatory certification.

It is important to note that the certification body(e.g. the National Type Approval Body) is not always thescheme owner. The National Type Approval Body maybe designated by the government and the governmentitself is the certification scheme owner. This issue hasbeen emphasized and is now clearly defined in ISODrafts 17065 (revision of Guide 65) and 17067 (revisionof Guide 67).

Meeting

ISO/CASCO WG 32 held its first meeting in Geneva on1–3 February 2010. The objective was to clarify theterms of reference of the project approved byISO/CASCO to consider the revision of ISO/IECGuide 67 and to draw up the contents of the draftStandard, the aim of which is to provide guidance forthe understanding, development, establishment,maintenance or comparison of certification schemes forproducts, processes and services.

ISO/CASCO WG 32 is also responsible for incorpor-ating relevant material from:

� ISO/IEC Guide 23:1982 Methods of indicating conform-ity with standards for third-party certification systems;

� ISO/IEC Guide 27:1983 Guidelines for correctiveaction to be taken by a certification body in the eventof misuse of its mark of conformity;

� ISO/IEC Guide 28:2004 Conformity assessment -Guidance on a third-party certification system forproducts;

� ISO/IEC Guide 53:2005 Conformity assessment -Guidance on the use of an organization’s qualitymanagement system in product certification.

The following ISO/IEC Guide and Standard will alsobe taken into account in the future ISO/IEC 17067:

� ISO/IEC Guide 60:2004 Conformity assessment - Codeof good practice; and

� ISO/IEC 17007:2009 Conformity assessment -Guidance for drafting normative documents suitablefor use for conformity assessment.

The future ISO/IEC 17067 is intended to be used byproduct certification bodies, regulators, trade associa-tions, and industry associations in their role as schemeowners whereas requirements applicable to certificationbodies are given in the draft Standard 17065.

On the basis of the preliminary discussions duringthe meeting, a first Working Draft should be availableand circulated within ISO/CASCO WG 32 members inJune 2010 for comments by the end of August 2010.

The next meeting could be planned in October 2010to review the comments received on the first WorkingDraft.

Comments from the OIML on the ISO/IEC drafts

In the same way as for the ISO/IEC CD 17065, once it isavailable the draft will be posted on the relevant OIMLTC/SC workgroups to allow OIML TC/SC Members toprovide the BIML with comments which will serve asinputs to the comments sent to ISO/CASCO as OIMLcomments. �

LIAISON NEWS

ISO/CASCO WG 32First meeting

1–3 February 2010Geneva (Switzerland)

RÉGINE GAUCHER, BIML

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Eighty participants from 55 countries andeconomies participated in the CIML Round Tableon Metrological Control in Mombasa, held in

conjunction with the 44th CIML Meeting in October2009. The main reason for holding it was to reflectdevelopments over previous years, as summarized below:

� Total systems approach to metrological control:should measurements be regulated rather than themeasuring instruments themselves? This had alreadybeen discussed at the Seminar “Stakes and prioritiesof legal metrology for trade” - what was important,the result of the measurement or the measuringinstrument?

� Metrological control in the future: moving the centerof gravity from pre-market to post-market control,and whether the various operations could be carriedout independently (for example type evaluation andproduction evaluation);

� The delegation of certain operations to private bodiesversus keeping them in state or state run bodies;discussion of current systems of in-service metro-logical control; possibilities of accepting first partyconformity evaluations, test results and all declara-tions of conformity by manufacturers, repairers orothers; it was very important to discuss this question;

� How to maintain a satisfactory level of knowledge andcontrol over the actual overall quality of instrumentsand service; and

� The meaning of the maximum permissible errors atdifferent stages of the life of an instrument from thedesign stage, production stage, before and after thefirst installation, at inspection, in service, after repair,and the use of uncertainty evaluation in these cases.

Another reason was that a number of OIMLpublications dealing directly or indirectly with metro-logical control were being revised. Among these were:

� D 1 Elements for a law on metrology;� D 16 Principles of assurance of metrological control;� D 19 Pattern evaluation and pattern approval; and� D 20 Initial and subsequent verification of

measuring instruments and processes.

After the introduction by the moderator Prof.Manfred Kochsiek , five presentations were given:

1. Conformity assessment: a new approach (Jean-François Magaña);

2. Metrological control in developing economieswithin Africa (Stuart Carstens);

3. Metrological control today and in the future (PavelKlenovsky);

4. The European approach, the expected role of manu-facturers, notified bodies and Member States(Corinne Lagauterie); and

5. The evolution of legal metrology (Jean-FrançoisMagaña).

The presentations are available at:

http://workgroups.oiml.org/ciml-2009/round-table-on-metrological-control/

1. Conformity assessment: a new approach

Mr. Magaña pointed out that in addition to traditionaltype approval and initial verification a third newelement was necessary for the assessment of instru-ments: a procedure for conformity to type, which meantit must be ensured that a measuring instrument whichwould later be put into series production complied withthe requirements of the type approval, for example withregard to the components and material, something thatcannot be verified during initial verification.

2. Metrological control in developing economies within Africa

Mr. Carstens said he intended to cover the points fromthe perspective of the developing countries in Africa. Heexplained their concept of metrological control, totalsystems approach, the comparison of pre-market versuspost-market, state versus private competence, thedifferent MPEs and the advantages of verified pro-cedures to form the basis for the OIML MAA which

MOMBASA 2009

CIML Round Table onMetrological Control

Mombasa, Kenya28 October 2009

MANFRED KOCHSIEK, Former Vice-President of the Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt (PTB), Germany

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always been a major challenge. When he had startedworking in legal metrology some 30 years ago,authorities had had to edict regulations and to carry outall the necessary operations. In the 90s operations weretaken over by public or private laboratories. Today,authorities conferred more and more tasks toaccreditors and others. Only surveillance of measuringinstruments and defining laws and decrees shouldremain a governmental task, with the risk that thedistance between the authorities and the “others” mightbecome too big.

Summary and conclusions

Many of the participants then took the opportunity tocomment and ask questions concerning:

� Possible problems if private bodies were to take overtoo many tasks in legal metrology;

� Measuring systems are increasingly replacing singlemeasuring instruments;

� A services Recommendation or a services Directive(for Europe only);

� An approach based on uncertainty of measurementversus categories of instruments to reach an accuratemeasurement for the specific application;

� The conformity to type procedure might be necessaryin some countries; in Europe this is covered partly byModule D and the CE mark;

� Clearer distinction of terminology in the field ofmeasurement control, e.g. supervision, control,inspection (necessary for OIML Document D 9);

� Changes in legal metrology practices during the lastthirty years especially the steps towards a globalmeasurement system;

� Problems of developing countries not having thefacilities to operate a system of metrological control.

In summarizing it can be stated that there is a strongneed to include the following issues in the OIML system:

� Conformity to type;

� Need for clarification of terminology in OIMLDocument D 9;

� Market surveillance;

� Reflection of the Round Table discussions for therevision of OIML D 1, D 16, D 19 and D 20. �

would give effect to the obligations of the WTO TBTAgreement. In developing countries only two MPEs wereneeded, for verification and for in-service inspection.

3. Metrological control today and in the future

Mr. Klenovsky, responsible for OIML Document D 16 onmetrological control, examined different models:

� the German or traditional European model: verifica-tion of legally controlled measuring instruments,charged to their users, complemented by in-servicesurveillance as a form of metrological supervision

� the American model (used in some states of the US)involving subsequent verification of measuringinstruments, not charged to the user so that theoperation is paid for by the government.

Mr. Klenovsky explained the advantages anddisadvantages of both models, especially the role ofmanufacturers, government and authorized bodies. Inpassing he expressed the wish for more activeparticipation on the part of some of the P-Members ofTC 3/SC 2 concerning the finalization of the revision ofOIML D 16.

4. The European approach, the expected role of manufacturers, notified bodies and Member States

Mrs. Lagauterie first explained the European approach,especially regarding the essential requirements for theinstrument, putting into service and onto the market,and also the duties of manufacturers, notified bodiesand Member States.

She explained that WELMEC played an importantrole in terms of the development of European legalmetrology. A general agreement on metrological controlin Europe is still under discussion.

5. The evolution of legal metrology

Mr. Magaña pointed out that confidence inmeasurement results under real working conditions had

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The Portuguese Institute forQuality (IPQ), which alsoaccommodates the national

institute for metrology, has published arichly pictorial, illustrated book withthe title Weights and Measures inPortugal. The author is António Cruz,the director of the MetrologyDepartment of this Institute. Contraryto what the title implies, not only is thehistory of the development ofmetrology in Portugal described, butthis history is in fact embedded in theuniversal history of metrology. It beginswith well-founded assumptions aboutancient times and leads up to the

networks of international cooperation,as it represents itself today under thesign of globalization.

Andrew Wallard (Director of the BIPM)characterizes the history of metrologyin his Foreword as fascinating, since itis closely interwoven with the evolutionof society, with religion, with trade and- not least - with science.

Thus, metrology deals with therealization and the comparison ofstandards and measuring instruments;it is the result of the worldwide effortsof many participants.

Ernst Göbel, President of the PTB,focuses in his Foreword on theobservation that each society needsreliable measures, and that allcivilisations developed their ownsystems of units, which madeconversion necessary. In individualcases, the measures were disseminatedworldwide even without a conversion,as, e.g. the Cologne Mark - a unit ofweight, which at times reached into themost distant corners of the globe viathe trade relations of the Portuguesetrading posts and colonies overseas.

The book is written in three languages:Portuguese, English, and German, andis illustrated throughout.

The photos - many of which originatefrom the PTB - are qualitativelyexceptional and contain not onlyillustrations of measurement standardsand measuring instruments from alleras of human history, but also depictdocuments and historically importantillustrations of side issues of metrology.

The reader is introduced in a generallyunderstandable language to the historyof metrology, with a focus on the morethan 800-year history of Portugalwhich, as is common for most earlycivilisations, is driven by legalmetrology.

The book, with its 245 pages of high-gloss paper, can be ordered from theIPQ by sending a message [email protected], at a cost of40 euros including taxes, postage andhandling (the package weighs about2 kg!).

Hartmut Apel

NEW BOOK

The history of metrology

MULTILINGUAL ILLUSTRATED BOOK PUBLISHED

�� Issuing Authority

Office Fédéral de Métrologie METAS,Switzerland

R76/2006-CH1-09.01Type NewClassic MF

Mettler-Toledo AG, Im Langacher, CH-8606 Greifensee, Switzerland

45

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This list is classified by Issuing Authority

Generic number of theRecommendation (without

indication of the parts)

Year of publication

Note: If the Recommendationis published in separate parts,the year of Publication relatesto the part which defines the

requirements (in this caseR 76-1, published in 2006)

Certified type(s)

Applicant

Signifies that the Certificate isissued by the first Issuing

Authority of the OIML MemberState (in this case Switzerland)

with the ISO code “CH”

For each instrument category,certificates are numbered in

the order of their issue(renumbered annually). In this

case, the first Certificateissued in 2009 on the basis ofR 76-1:2006 and R 76-2:2007

Year of issue (in this case 2009)

The OIML Basic Certificate System

The OIML Basic Certificate System for Measuring Instruments was intro-duced in 1991 to facilitate administrative procedures and lower the costsassociated with the international trade of measuring instruments subjectto legal requirements. The System, which was initially called “OIMLCertificate System”, is now called the “OIML Basic Certificate System”.The aim is for “OIML Basic Certificates of Conformity” to be clearly dis-tinguished from “OIML MAA Certificates”.

The System provides the possibility for manufacturers to obtain an OIMLBasic Certificate and an OIML Basic Evaluation Report (called “TestReport” in the appropriate OIML Recommendations) indicating that agiven instrument type complies with the requirements of the relevantOIML International Recommendation.

An OIML Recommendation can automatically be included within theSystem as soon as all the parts - including the Evaluation Report Format -have been published. Consequently, OIML Issuing Authorities may issueOIML Certificates for the relevant category from the date on which theEvaluation Report Format was published; this date is now given in thecolumn entitled “Uploaded” on the Publications Page.

Other information on the System, particularly concerning the rules andconditions for the application, issue, and use of OIML Certificates, may befound in OIML Publication B 3 OIML Certificate System for MeasuringInstruments (Edition 2003, ex. P 1) and its Amendment (2006) which maybe downloaded from the Publications page. �

The OIML MAA

In addition to the Basic System, the OIML has developed a MutualAcceptance Arrangement (MAA) which is related to OIML TypeEvaluations. This Arrangement - and its framework - are defined in OIMLB 10-1 (Edition 2004) and its Amendment (2006), and B 10-2 (2004).

The OIML MAA is an additional tool to the OIML Basic Certificate Systemin particular to increase the existing mutual confidence through theSystem. It is still a voluntary system but with the following specificaspects:

� Increase in confidence by setting up an evaluation of the TestingLaboratories involved in type testing;

� Assistance to Member States who do not have their own test facilities;

� Possibility to take into account (in a Declaration of Mutual Confidence,or DoMC) additional national requirements (to those of the relevantOIML Recommendation).

The aim of the MAA is for the participants to accept and utilize MAAEvaluation Reports validated by an OIML MAA Certificate of Conformity.To this end, participants in the MAA are either Issuing Participants orUtilizing Participants.

For manufacturers, it avoids duplication of tests for type approval in dif-ferent countries.

Participants (Issuing and Utilizing) declare their participation by signing aDeclaration of Mutual Confidence (Signed DoMCs). �

OIML Systems

Basic and MAA Certificates registered2009.12–2010.02Information: www.oiml.org section “OIML Systems”

46

u p d a t e


INSTRUMENT CATEGORYCATÉGORIE D’INSTRUMENT

Water meters intended for the metering of cold potable water

R 49 (2006)

�� Issuing Authority / Autorité de délivrance

National Weights and Measures Laboratory (NWML),United Kingdom

R049/2006-GB1-2008.01 Rev. 1 (MAA)Family of cold-water meters utilising a common, volumetric measuring element, with a nominal capacity of 13.2 revs/litre and having a rated permanent flowrate Q3 of 6.3 m3/h.

Elster Metering Ltd., 130 Camford Way, Sundon Park, Luton LU3 3AN, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom

R049/2006-GB1-2009.01 (MAA)Family of cold-water meters utilising a common, volumetric measuring element, with a nominal capacity of 16.5 revs/litre and having a rated permanent flowrate Q3 of 2.5 m3/h (R250) or 4.0 m3/h (R400)


R049/2006-GB1-2009.01 Rev. 1 (MAA)Family of cold-water meters utilising a common, volumetric measuring element, with a nominal capacity of 16.5 revs/litre and having a rated permanent flowrate Q3 of 2.5 m3/h (R250) or 4.0 m3/h (R400)



Metrological regulation for load cells (applicable to analog and/or digital load cells)

R 60 (2000)


International Metrology Cooperation Office, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Scienceand Technology (AIST), Japan

R060/2000-JP1-2010.01 (MAA)DCC21-20T, DCC21-24T, DCC21-36T

Yamato Scale Co., Ltd., 5-22 Saenba-cho, JP-673-8688 Akashi, Japan



R060/2000-GB1-2009.08 (MAA)Digital high tension alloy steel load cell

Avery Weigh-Tronix Ltd., Foundry Lane, Smethwick, West Midlands B66 2LP, United Kingdom

R060/2000-GB1-2009.10 (MAA)Strain gauge compression load cell Type T302x


R060/2000-GB1-2009.11Stainless steel shear beam load cell

Fotiadis Panagiotis, Industrial Area Sindos, P. Box. 1217, GR-57022 Thessaloniki, Greece


NMi Certin B.V., The Netherlands

R060/2000-NL1-2008.10 Rev. 1 (MAA)A double ended shear beam load cell - Type: QSB...

Keli Electric Manufacturing (Ningbo) Co. Ltd., No. 199 Changxing Road, Jiangbei District, CN-315033 Ningbo, P.R. China

R060/2000-NL1-2009.11 Rev. 1 (MAA)Single point bending beam load cell - Type: C2X1-....

Minebea Co. Ltd., Measuring Components Business Unit, 1-1-1 Katase Fujisawa-shi, JP-251-8531 Kanagawa-ken, Japan

R060/2000-NL1-2009.12 (MAA)A shear beam load cell - Type: SBZ... and SBU...

Dini Argeo Srl, Via Della Fisica, 20, IT-41042 Spezzano di Fiorano (MO), Italy

R060/2000-NL1-2009.13 (MAA)A shear beam load cell - Type: SSH

Mettler-Toledo (Changzhou) Precision Instruments Ltd., 5, Middle HuaShan Road, Xinbei District, CN-213022 ChangZhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China

R060/2000-NL1-2009.15 (MAA)A single point load cell - Type: AMIB …. and AMIBK

Keli Electric Manufacturing (Ningbo) Co. Ltd., No. 199 Changxing Road, Jiangbei District, CN-315033 Ningbo, P.R. China


Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany

R060/2000-DE1-2008.05 Rev. 1Strain gauge single point load cell - Type: HLCA...; HLCB...;HLCF...

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH, Im Tiefen See 45, DE-64293 Darmstadt, Germany

In this Bulletin: 28 Certificates in total in the

categories covered by a DoMC, of which 19 (68 %) are MAA Certificates

47

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Nonautomatic weighing instruments

R 76-1 (1992), R 76-2 (1993)



R076/1992-JP1-2004.01 Rev. 1Non-automatic weighing instruments - Electronic Balance AUW-D/AUW/AUX/AUY series

Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, JP-604-8511 Kyoto, Japan

R076/1992-JP1-2009.02 (MAA)Non-automatic weighing instruments - Type: ITX-..., ITB-..., ATX-..., ATB-... series

Ishida Co. Ltd., 44, Sanno-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, JP-606-8392 Kyoto, Japan



R076/1992-GB1-2009.10 Rev. 1 (MAA)Angel Series, AP+ Model, non-automatic weighing instrument

CAS Corporation, #19, Ganap-ri, Gwangjuk-Myoun, Yangju-Si,KR-482-841 Gyeonggi-Do, Korea (R.)

R076/1992-GB1-2010.02 (MAA)Charder MS-4400 Baby Hoist Scale

Charder Electronic Co. Ltd., 103, Kuo Chung Road, Dah Li City,TW-Taichung Hsien 41262, Chinese Taipei

R076/1992-GB1-2010.03 (MAA)CASTON Series non-automatic weighing instruments


R076/1992-GB1-2010.04 (MAA)SW Series non-automatic weighing instruments




R076/1992-NL1-2007.38 Rev. 1Non-automatic weighing instrument - Type: DS-673(SS)

Shanghai Teraoka Electronic Co. Ltd., Tinglin IndustryDevelopmental Zone, Jinshan District, CN-201505 Shanghai, P.R. China

R076/1992-NL1-2008.22 Rev. 1Non-automatic weighing instrument - Type: ASP / ATP / AHW /AHC / QSP / QTP / QHW / QHC

Taiwan Scale Mfg. Co. Ltd., 282, Sec. 3, Hoping W. Road, TW-Taipei, Chinese Taipei



R076/1992-DE1-2002.05 Rev. 1Non-automatic electromechanical weighing instrument withoutlever system - Types: M963, M959, M958, M958x1, M957,MLC956x2, M955

Seca GmbH & Co. kg., Hammer Steindamm 9-25, DE-22089 Hamburg, Germany


Swedish National Testing and Research Institute AB,Sweden

R076/1992-SE1-2009.01Graduated, self-indicating, electronic, multi-interval non-automatic weighing instrument

Ishida Co., Ltd., 44, Sanno-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, JP-606-8392 Kyoto, Japan


DANAK The Danish Accreditation and Metrology Fund,Denmark

R076/1992-DK1-2009.05Non-automatic weighing instrument - Type: T28

Taiwan Scale Mfg. Co. Ltd., 282, Sec. 3, Hoping W. Road, TW-Taipei, Chinese Taipei


Non-automatic weighing instrumentsR 76-1 (2006), R 76-2 (2007)


Office Fédéral de Métrologie METAS, Switzerland

R076/2006-CH1-2009.01 (MAA)Non-automatic weighing instrument - Type: NewClassic MF

Mettler-Toledo AG, Im Langacher, CH-8606 Greifensee,Switzerland ��

48

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R076/2006-CH1-2009.02 (MAA)Non-automatic electromechanical weighing instrument - Type: NewClassic SG

Mettler-Toledo AG, Im Langacher, CH-8606 Greifensee,Switzerland



R076/2006-GB1-2009.04 (MAA)Weighing indicator, as part of a non-automatic weighing instrument, designated the 1080




R076/2006-DE1-2009.02Non-automatic electromechanical weighing instrument with orwithout lever system - Type: WM…

Bizerba GmbH & Co. KG, Wilhelm-Kraut-Strasse 65, DE-72336 Balingen, Germany


Automatic level gauges for measuring the level of liquid in fixed storage tanks

R 85 (1998)



R085/1998-NL1-2009.02Automatic level gauge for measuring the level of liquid in stor-age tanks, model N753X with antennas type N7530 DN 150; typeN7530 DN 200; type N7530 DN 250; type N7531 Teflon 1,5*(Rod); type N7533 DN 450 (Parabolic); type N7532 DN 150; type N7532 DN 200; type N7532 DN 250; type N7532 DN 300

Varec Inc., 5834 Peachtree Corners East, Norcross GA 30092,United States


Fuel dispensers for motor vehicles

R 117 (1995) + R 118 (1995)



R117/1995-JP1-2009.01Fuel dispenser for motor vehicles, Tatsuno SUNNY-G II series

Tatsuno Corporation, 2-12-13, Shibaura Minato-ku, JP-108-8520 Tokyo, Japan



R117/1995-NL1-2009.01 Rev. 1Fuel dispenser for motor vehicles - Type: Quantium XXXX

Tokheim Group S.A.S., Paris-Nord 2, 5 rue des Chardonnerets,BP 67040, Tremblay en France, FR-95971 Roissy Charles deGaulle Cedex, France

R117/1995-NL1-2009.02Fuel dispenser for motor vehicles - Type: Quantium XXXX

Tokheim, BP 268, FR-14013 Caen Cedex, France



R117/1995-NL1-2009.03Fuel dispenser for motor vehicles - Type: Quantium XXXX

Tokheim, BP 268, FR-14013 Caen Cedex, France



OIML Certificates,Issuing Authorities,

Categories, Recipients:

www.oiml.org

49

u p d a t e


�� AUSTRALIA

AU1 - National Measurement Institute R 49 R 50 R 51 R 60 R 76 R 85R 106 R 107 R 117/118 R 126 R 129

�� AUSTRIA

AT1 - Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen R 50 R 51 R 58 R 61 R 76 R 85R 88 R 97 R 98 R 102 R 104 R 106R 107 R 110 R 114 R 115 R 117/118

�� BELGIUM

BE1 - Metrology Division R 76 R 97 R 98

�� BRAZIL

BR1 - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e R 76Qualidade Industrial

�� BULGARIA

BG1 - State Agency for Metrology and Technical Surveillance R 76 R 98

�� CHINA

CN1 - State General Administration for Quality Supervision R 60 R 76 R 97 R 98and Inspection and Quarantine

�� CZECH REPUBLIC

CZ1 - Czech Metrology Institute R 49 R 76 R 81 R 85 R 105 R 117/118R 134

�� DENMARK

DK1 - The Danish Accreditation and Metrology Fund R 50 R 51 R 60 R 61 R 76 R 98R 105 R 106 R 107 R 117/118 R 129 R 134

DK2 - FORCE Technology, FORCE-Dantest CERT R 49

DK3 - DELTA R 50 R 51 R 60 R 61 R 76 R 106R 107 R 129 R 134

OIML CERTIFICATE SYSTEM

List of OIML IssuingAuthorities (by Country)

The list of OIML Issuing Authorities is published in each issue of the OIML Bulletin. For more details,please refer to our web site: www.oiml.org/certificates.There are no changes since the October 2009 issue of theBulletin.

50

u p d a t e


�� FINLAND

FI1 - Inspecta Oy R 50 R 51 R 60 R 61 R 76 R 85R 106 R 107 R 117/118

�� FRANCE

FR1 - Bureau de la Métrologie All activities and responsibilities were transferred to FR2 in 2003

FR2 - Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais R 31 R 49 R 50 R 51 R 58R 60 R 61 R 76 R 85 R 88R 97 R 98 R 102 R 105 R 106R 107 R 110 R 114 R 115 R 117/118R 126 R 129

�� GERMANY

DE1 - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) R 16 R 31 R 49 R 50 R 51R 58 R 60 R 61 R 76 R 85R 88 R 97 R 98 R 99 R 102R 104 R 105 R 106 R 107 R 110R 114 R 115 R 117/118 R 126 R 128R 129 R 133 R 136

�� HUNGARY

HU1 - Országos Mérésügyi Hivatal R 76

�� JAPAN

JP1 - National Metrology Institute of Japan R 60 R 76 R 115 R 117/118

�� KOREA (R.)

KR1 - Korean Agency for Technology and Standards R 76

�� THE NETHERLANDS

NL1 - NMi Certin B.V. R 21 R 31 R 49 R 50 R 51R 60 R 61 R 76 R 81 R 85R 97 R 99 R 105 R 106 R 107R 117/118 R 126 R 129 R 134

�� NEW ZEALAND

NZ1 - Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Measurement and R 76Product Safety Service

�� NORWAY

NO1 - Norwegian Metrology Service R 50 R 51 R 61 R 76 R 105R 106 R 107 R 117/118 R 129

�� POLAND

PL1 - Central Office of Measures R 76 R 98 R 102

�� ROMANIA

RO1 - Romanian Bureau of Legal Metrology R 97 R 98 R 110 R 114 R 115

51

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�� RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RU1 - Russian Research Institute for Metrological Service R 31 R 49 R 50 R 51 R 58R 60 R 61 R 76 R 85 R 88R 93 R 97 R 98 R 102 R 104R 105 R 106 R 107 R 110 R 112R 113 R 114 R 115 R 117/118 R 122R 126 R 128 R 129 R 133 R 134

�� SLOVAKIA

SK1 - Slovak Legal Metrology (Banska Bystrica) R 49 R 76 R 117/118

�� SLOVENIA

SI1 - Metrology Institute of the Republic of Slovenia R 76

�� SPAIN

ES1 - Centro Español de Metrología R 51 R 60 R 61 R 76 R 97R 98 R 126

�� SWEDEN

SE1 - Swedish National Testing and Research Institute AB R 50 R 51 R 60 R 61 R 76R 85 R 98 R 106 R 107 R 117/118

�� SWITZERLAND

CH1 - Federal Office of Metrology METAS R 16 R 31 R 49 R 50 R 51R 60 R 61 R 76 R 97 R 98R 105 R 106 R 107 R 117/118

�� UNITED KINGDOM

GB1 - National Weights and Measures Laboratory R 49 R 50 R 51 R 60 R 61R 76 R 85 R 98 R 105 R 106R 107 R 117/118 R 129 R 134

GB2 - National Physical Laboratory R 97

�� UNITED STATES

US1 - NCWM, Inc. R 60 R 76

�� VIETNAM

VN1 - Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ) R 76

52

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�� OIML Meetings

OIML TC 8/SC 7 Gas meteringMeeting scheduled for 30 June–2 July 2010 - Verispect (Delft, The Netherlands)

45th CIML Meeting21–24 September 2010 - Orlando (Florida, USA))

TC 1 TerminologyMeeting scheduled for 29–30 September 2010 - GUM (Warsaw, Poland)

TC 3/SC 5 Conformity assessmentMeeting scheduled for October 2010 (Dates and venue to be confirmed shortly)

The OIML is pleased to welcome the following new

�� CIML Members

�� Islamic Republic of Iran:Mr. Hossein Azareshi

�� Italy:Mr. Paolo Francisci

�� Turkey:Mr. Bayram Tek

www.oiml.orgStay informed

www.metrologyinfo.orgJoint BIPM-BIML Web Portal

�� Committee Drafts Received by the BIML, 2010.01 – 2010.02

None

Bulletin Subscribers:

Did you know that the OIML Bulletin is available online?

If you are a Subscriber and do not yethave your login or password, please

contact us:

[email protected]

Call for papers

� Technical articles on legal metrology related subjects

� Features on metrology in your country

� Accounts of Seminars, Meetings, Conferences

� Announcements of forthcoming events, etc.

OIML MembersRLMOs

Liaison InstitutionsManufacturers’ Associations

Consumers’ & Users’ Groups, etc.

The OIML Bulletin is a forum for the publication of techni-cal papers and diverse articles addressing metrologicaladvances in trade, health, the environment and safety - fieldsin which the credibility of measurement remains a challen-ging priority. The Editors of the Bulletin encourage the sub-mission of articles covering topics such as national, regionaland international activities in legal metrology and relatedfields, evaluation procedures, accreditation and certification,and measuring techniques and instrumentation. Authors arerequested to submit:

• a titled, typed manuscript in Word or WordPerfect eitheron disk or (preferably) by e-mail;

• the paper originals of any relevant photos, illustrations,diagrams, etc.;

• a photograph of the author(s) suitable for publicationtogether with full contact details: name, position, institu-tion, address, telephone, fax and e-mail.

Note: Electronic images should be minimum 150 dpi, preferably 300 dpi.

Technical articles selected for publication will be remunera-ted at the rate of 23 € per printed page, provided that theyhave not already been published in other journals. TheEditors reserve the right to edit contributions for style, spaceand linguistic reasons and author approval is always obtai-ned prior to publication. The Editors decline responsibility forany claims made in articles, which are the sole responsibilityof the authors concerned. Please send submissions to:

The Editor, OIML BulletinBIML, 11 Rue Turgot, F-75009 Paris, France

([email protected])

Road safety and traffic enforcement

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APRIL 2010

Quarterly Journal


CIML meets in Mombasa, Kenya

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OIML BULLETIN

VOLUME LI • NUMBER 1

JANUARY 2010

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Legal metrology in the field of oenology

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OIML BULLETIN

VOLUME L • NUMBER 4

OCTOBER 2009

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Master meter used for the verification of bottom loading road tankers in Naples

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JULY 2009

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