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2- http://www.bidabad.com [email protected] [email protected]

www.cementechnology.ir

cement technology magazine: 021-22883306, 22861343

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.



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3 100 .

. . 100 % .

. NOx . NOx

. NOx NOx .

CO2 . 45 % CO2 55 %

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6/1 . 97/0 CO2 . 9/0

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1 http://irangreenpen.org/00news/001742.shtml



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Chemical industry

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. :

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC-1992) .

1990 . EU-ETS -

Co2 .

.

1990 185 138 CO2 .1

10 CO2 . CO2 .

: 1- 2- ) (3-

: )Coal(

)Fuel oil( )Natural gas( )Petroleum cokes(

. .

)Tyres( )Municipal solid waste(

)Plastics( )Liquid waste derived fuels( ) ( Biomass fuels)

(wood waste, sewage sludge, animal meal and fat

1Jean-Marie Chandelle, The European cement Industry, voluntary Initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions, A contribution to climate change, Association Europeenne du Climate, the European cement Association, April 2003.



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12

CO2 NOx .

.

%Th

Petroleum cokes 100Tyres 25-40

Plastics & paper 50Liquid waste 40

Agricultural waste 20-30Sewage sludge 5-35

Animal meal and fat 25Irene M Smith, Co-utilisation of coal with other fuels and wastes in cement kilns, European Cement Conference Barcelona 2004

NOx .

NOX Tyres 30-50% 55% staged combustion >60% with reburnHazardous wastes >60%Plastic waste 24% in calcinerAnimal meal 58% staged combustionBut not sewage sludge

Irene M Smith, Co-utilisation of coal with other fuels and wastes in cement kilns, European Cement Conference Barcelona 2004

CO2 .

. 2

.

.

2 . Safety & Standards



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13

Jörg Fried, Rechtsanwalt & Solicitor (England & Wales), Linklaters Oppenhoff & Rädler, Berlin. European Cement Conference, Barcelona, 2004.

26 2001 1 CO2

2010 . ) 1992( ) 1997 (

1990 2008 5/7 . 86% 1997

. ) ( 18 .

CO2 CO2 .

:

1- 2- 3- )Fly ash, Slag (

1 Walloon ibid , P3.



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.

1996

CO2 2000-1990 . CO2 25% 2000-1990 CO2 10 % .

25 % CO2 .

CO2 .

. 2000 3/38 % 25 % 1990 .

2010-1990 . .

.1

1995 20 % 1987 2005 CO2 3

. CO2 . 35 % 2005

. 55 % 1950 1987

. CO2 1995 3/1 % CO2 .

. )Stepped-up(

3510 1987 2800 1999 . 8/15 % 1997 9/22 % 2003

. 1997

1 . ibid page 4.



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. 21% CO2 2012 28 % 2005 35 % 2012 .

28 % 2012-1990 . CO2 CO2

2012-1990 16 % . CO2 :

- - - ) )blended

- - ) 1.

1992

10 % 1995 1989 . 20 % 2000-1989 .

3/5 1989 4/3 1996 )35 % 96-1989 .(

18 % . 2000-1989 21%

. 15 CO2 21 % 2000 .

CO2 2000 CO2 5 % . . 25 % :3

1. 2

2001

1 . ibid page 5.3 . ibid , page 6 1 . Cement grinding 2 . Roller press system



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1 . 5/0 .

2012 10 % .

) ( .

.

CO2 2000 CO2

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1 8 % 2 15 % 2010-1990 . 2003

CO2 . CO2 2/44% 2010-1990 .

. 2002 8/47 % .

CO2 CO2 3/30 2010-

1990 .3

CO2 2010-1990 0003501 . 000213

. CO2 0005631 .

1 2001 » «2 .

43/0 15/0

1 . Provincial Authorities 1 . Motor Fuels 2 . Combustions fuels 3. ibid page 7.1 . Climate change levy 2 . Economic Instruments and Business use of Energy



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17/1 96/0 . 80 % .

1999 .

3 . .

6/25 % 2010-1990 20 %

5/12% . .

. 1.

25 1998 Aarhus1 . .

. Aarhus

1986 .

. .

.

.

3 . Umbrella agreement 1 . ibid, pages 8-9.

1



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Jean-Marie Chandelle, The European cement Industry, voluntary Initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions, A contribution to climate change, Association Europeenne du Climate, the European cement Association, April 2003.

Aarhus

.

Aarhus .

1 2003 CO2 .

. .

2005 .1

. (UNFCCC)3

1. Emission Trading Directives 1. Jorg fried et al, “The European CO2 Emissions Trading Scheme,” the 4th European cement conference, Barselona, March 2004.3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Aarhus Galaxy-23.02.04-JMC 1

THE AARHUS GALAXY

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19

)Kyoto protocol( . 2003 .

2005 Co2 25 . :

46 . 2005

. .

2005 2007 . 5 2008 2012 5 2013

. ETS2 CO2

. .

. CO2 )2007-2005 ( )Green House Gases, GHGs( )2012-2008 ( .3

. .

CO2 .1 ETS CO2 . 15 .

.

: ... .

CO2 . . CO2

CO2 . CO2 31 .

.

2 Emissions Trading shceme 3 Cecile Girardin, “Ensuring compliance at the installation level under the Eu. ETS’. 4th European cement conference, Barcelona, March 2004. 1 Pe. Otto world et.al. “practicalities of emission Trading for European cement Companies, 4th European cement Conference , Barcelona, March 2004.



www.cemen

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20

. 40 2007-2005 100

2012-2008 . ETS

1 . . EU ETS

.

.

31 % 1400 . 2/4 % 1378 4/2 % 1400

. CO2 .

1. Cecile Giradin, “Ensuring compliance at the installation level under the Eu ETS, 4th European cement conference , Barcelona , March 2004.



www.cemen

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21

. 30 70

.

14 % 14 % . 81 %

. ETS CO2

. .

. CO2 )2007-2005 ( )Green House Gases, GHGs( )2012-2008 ( .

. CO2 .

ETS CO2 . 15 .

. 40 2007-2005 100 2012-2008 .

:

. .

) (

.

.




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22

http://www.ieeo.org/ieia/12bahinesazi/bahin12_1.htm

http://www.climate-change.ir/fa/concept/ Jean-Marie Chandelle, The European cement Industry, voluntary Initiatives to reduce co2 emissions, A contribution to climate change, Association Europeenne du climent, the European cement Association, April 2003. Jean Marie-chandelle, The Aarahus Galaxy and Beyond – will future Eu environmental legistation lead to de-industrialistion? 4 th European cement conference . Barcelona, Spain, March 2004. Jorg fried et. al., “The European CO2 Emissions Trading Scheme,” the 4th European cement conference, Barselona, March 2004. Otto world etal. “Practicalities of emission Trading for European cement Companies, 4th European cement Conference , Barcelona, March 2004. Cecile Girardin, “Ensuring compliance at the installation level under the Eu. ETS’. 4th Europeancement conference Barcelona , March 2004.. Cecile Giradin, “Ensuring compliance at the installation level under the Eu ETS, 4th European cement conference , Barcelona , March 2004. Irene M Smith, Co-utilisation of coal with other fuels and wastes in cement kilns, European CementConference Barcelona 2004 Jörg Fried, Linklaters Oppenhoff & Rädler, Berlin. European Cement Conference, Barcelona, 2004.Atmosphere, climate and change. Thomas E. Graedel & Paul J. Crutszen, 1997 Scientific American Library, ISSN 140-3213-5026-0. Atmosphere, weather and climate. Roger G. Barry & Richard J. Chorely, 7th edition 1998. Routledge, ISBN 0-415 16019-7. Climate change, William J. Burroughs, 2001. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56771-8. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special report on Emissions 2001.http://www.grida.no/climate Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers, http://www.ipcc.ch/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Technical Summary, http://www.ipcc.ch/ Ozone and climate change, Stephen J. Reid, 2000. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, ISBN 90-5699-233-3 (sc). Please note that there is a major error in this book - on page 158 it states "Every year, we release approximately seven billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere." We actually release seven billion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere each year, with the carbon dioxide equivalent being around 23 billion tonnes. 'Decreasing pollution,' G. Marchal, Cement and Building Materials Review 3, 2001 (AUCBM). 'Vicon - the next big thing?' Sobolev K & Podmore, C. GCL June 2001. 'Environmental technologies in the cement industry: towards zero emissions,' Maekawa, H., Aoyama, O., Kagamida, M. Proceedings of the Asian Cement Conference 2001. Building a sustainable world - a first report on our economic, social and environmental performance, 2001. Lafarge. The cement industry's role in climate change, Robert McCaffrey, Editor, GCL: Global Cement and Lime Magazine, http://www.propubs.com/



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http://www.ieeo.org/ieia/12bahinesazi/bahin12_1.htm


http://www.grida.no/climate

http://www.ipcc.ch/

http://www.ipcc.ch/

http://www.propubs.com/

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