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Office of the DirectorDefense Research and Engineering

National Security Workforce Challenges: National Security Workforce Challenges: Current InitiativesCurrent Initiatives

National Security Workforce Challenges: National Security Workforce Challenges: Current InitiativesCurrent Initiatives

Presented by

Dr. Bill BerryDr. Bill BerryActing Deputy Under Secretary of Defense

(Laboratories and Basic Sciences)

15 January 2005

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A National Issue

• “An Emerging and Critical Problem of the Science and Engineering Workforce”1

– 12 Major studies (1999-2004) make essentially the same point – A few studies did not consider security clearance needs and rely on

relaxation of immigration rules

• Growing need for U.S. citizens in national security activities

1. National Science Board Companion Paper to “National Science and Engineering Indicators 2004”, National Science Foundation, April 2004

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U.S. College and University Graduates, 1966-2001

Degrees, all fields

S&E Degrees (excluding Engr Tech and Health/Med Sci)

U.S. Production of S&E Graduates*

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Bac

cala

ure

ates

(M

illio

ns)

1994 2001

*Source: Data provided by the NSF, September 2003

Academic year ending in . . .

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U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001)

-2000

3000

8000

13000

18000

23000Science Disciplines

Aliens with Temporary Visas

U.S. Citizens + Permanent Resident Aliens

U.S. Citizen + Perm8 Yr. Delta

-27.2%-9.9%

-25.3%

+14.1%

Ph

ysic

s

Ch

emis

try

Mat

h/A

pp

lied

Co

mp

ute

r S

ci.

Physics

Chemistry

Math/Applied

Computer Sciences

Physics

Chemistry

Math/Applied

Computer Sciences

1994 / 2001

Ph

ysic

s

Ch

emis

try

Mat

h/A

pp

lied

Co

mp

ute

r S

ci.

Table I-2

*Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001

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U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001)

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000Engineering Disciplines

U.S. Citizens + Perm.Resident Aliens

U.S. Citizen + Perm8 Yr. Delta

Aliens with Temporary Visas

-26.2%

-18.9%

-21.7%

-33.0%

-32.1%

-29.7%

-24.7%

-49.1%Aer

osp

ace

Ch

emic

al

Ele

ctri

cal

En

gin

eeri

ng

Sci

ence

s

Ind

ust

rial

/M

fg.

Mec

han

ical

Met

allu

rgy/

Mat

eria

ls

Nu

clea

r

Aer

osp

ace

Ch

emic

al

Ele

ctri

cal

En

gin

eeri

ng

Sci

ence

sIn

du

stri

al/

Mfg

.

Mec

han

ical

Met

allu

rgy/

Mat

eria

ls

Nu

clea

r

Aerospace

Chemical

Electrical

Engineering Science

Industrial/Manufacturing

Mechanical

Metallurgical/Materials

Nuclear

Aerospace

Chemical

Electrical

Engineering Science

Industrial/Manufacturing

Mechanical

Metallurgical/Materials

Nuclear

1994 / 2001

Table III

*Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001

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DoD Scientists & Engineers (S&E)

• “Attrition” in DoD labs: ~13,000 Science, Math, Engineering and Technology (SMET) departures projected within 10 years

• The number of clearable students pursuing defense-related critical skills degrees is small and declining

• Projected U.S. demand for S&E’s will be up 10% by 2010 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2001)– DoD will have tough competition for best S&Es– Linguist needs in Science & Technology (S&T) also beneficial

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Source: Pre-release - OPM data for NSF pub, Table B-14. Federal scientists and engineers, by agency and major occupational group: 1999-2002

1999 2000 2001 2002 Total S&Es 44.2% 43.5% 43.1% 43.4% All sci 26.1% 25.4% 25.6% 26.9% Comp/Math sci 45.5% 43.9% 44.0% 45.3% Life sci 11.4% 11.2% 11.0% 10.9% Physical sci 26.7% 26.2% 26.1% 26.2% Social sci 20.4% 20.4% 19.7% 19.6% All eng 66.7% 66.4% 66.2% 66.7% Aerospace 44.7% 43.6% 43.0% 42.8% Chemical 62.3% 63.6% 65.7% 67.6% Civil 61.8% 61.3% 60.6% 60.1% EE&Comp 79.3% 79.1% 78.5% 79.1% Industrial 81.1% 80.2% 79.4% 79.4% Mechanical 88.2% 88.2% 88.4% 89.2% Other eng 54.6% 55.1% 55.5% 55.9%

DoD S&Es as % of Total Fed S&Es

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DoD Civilian S&E’s

Current 50+ % ≥ 50

< BS 7586 2449 32.3%

BS 54673 15390 28.1%

MS 22515 9701 43.1%

Ph.D. 5777 3262 56.5%

Total 90551 30802 34.0%

All DoD Civilians in S&E Occupational Series

Source: DMDC Data for April, 2004

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S&E Workforce Current Efforts Across DoD

Pre-college (K-12)

• Materials World Modules (Ray Pawlicki – Army)

• STARBASE – (Ernie Gonzales – OSD-RA)

• eCybermission – ( Kelly Stratchko – Army)

Undergraduate

─ Awards to Stimulate & Support Undergraduate Research Education (ASSURE) (with NSF; Koto White – AFOSR)

─ Research Assistantships in microelectronics (with Semiconductor Industries Association) (Dan Radack – DARPA)

─ Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation (SMART)

(K. Thompson – DoD/Koto White - AFOSR)

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Current S&E Workforce Efforts Across DoD

Graduate

• National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowships (NDSEG)

• Naval Research – Science and Technology for Americas Readiness (N-STAR – with NSF, Bob Kavetsky – Navy)

• SMART (Keith Thompson/Koto White – AFOSR)

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SMART Program Components

Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation

Congress Appropriated -- $2.5M FY 05• Undergraduate/Graduate – US Citizens• Critical Skills areas• Institution independent• 2 years support – to achieve degree

– Tuition, fees, books, lab expenses, room & board

• Satisfactory academic performance• Work payback required

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DoD Outreach Initiatives

•‘Taking the Pentagon to the People’ Outreach Initiative•Technical Assistance Workshops•Leadership Symposiums•Student Expositions & Luncheons•Exhibitions

•Other DoD Sponsored events at Science & Engineer related conferences (WoC, Black Engineer, MAES, LULAC)

•Partnerships & Task Forces •Student Luncheons & Orientations•Symposiums•H.S. & College Student Information & Recruitment Booths

•DoD Laboratories & Centers of Excellence in Research

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DoD Outreach Initiatives

•Student & Faculty Employment Programs•Student & Faculty Internships & Fellowships

•Paid & Volunteer •External Appointing Authorities/Programs (i.e. Outstanding Scholar, PMF)•Student Temporary Experience Program (STEP)•Student Career Experience Program (SCEP)•Summer Employment Programs•Workforce Recruitment Program for Students with Disabilities (WRP)•Disabled Veteran Employment Program•On-Site Campus Visits

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Diversity in Context

US employment population in 2003

• Total Workforce 137,736 (K)

• 10.1% of total are SME Workforce (approx)

• 46.8% of total are Women• 17.1% of total are Minority

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat9.pdf

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat10.pdf

Information and Technology for Better Decision MakingMD DC

15 January 2005

Army34%

Navy45%

AirForce17%

Other DoD4%

What Were Sep 2004 Civilian S&T End Strengths?

Distribution* by DoD Component

Army 25,745 33.4%

Navy 34,868 45.2%

Air Force 13,420 17.4%

Other DoD 3,033 3.9%

77,066 S&T CIVILIANS ASSIGNED TO DoD

* May not add to 100.0% due to rounding

S&T WORKFORCE REPRESENTS 12% OF ALL DoD CIVILIANS

Information and Technology for Better Decision MakingMD DC

16 January 2005

39.734.1 34.2

54.8

39.5 36.5

53.6

32.330.236.9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Army Navy Air Force Other DoD Total

Females Make Up Two-Fifths of S&T Workforce

S&T Civilians

Total DoD Civilians

PERCENT FEMALE

Sep 2004 Distributionof DoD Civilian S&T Workforce

Information and Technology for Better Decision MakingMD DC

17 January 2005

19.5 20.3 18.123.8

19.827.3

31.7

23.328.127.4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Army Navy Air Force Other DoD Total

One-Fifth of S&T Workforce is Non-White

PERCENT NON-WHITE

Sep 2004 Distributionof DoD Civilian S&T Workforce

S&T Civilians

Total DoD Civilians

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Critical Issues Remain

Keeping students on the Path

Capture them in the DoD and National Security Workforce

Attracting the “Underrepresented Majority” (women, minorities) to S&E careers

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Backup

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Awards to Stimulate & Support Undergraduate Research Education (ASSURE)

• Joint DoD/NSF undergraduate research program based on National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site program

• Support ~20 summer research sites in DoD relevant science and engineering (~10 students/site; avg. award 3 years; 8-10 weeks)

• Army, Air Force, & Navy representatives select sites for DoD funding

• Participants must be US citizens or permanent residents

• Encourages participation of women, underrepresented minorities, & students from institutions where research opportunities are limited

• Air Force is lead service for administering this program

• FY04 ASSURE budget: $4.5M

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• Supports Army’s intent “to give back to the Nation”• Attracts an audience of children beyond math/science “stars”• Web-based adventure: team competition activities, games, puzzles with

solid learning points • Overview

• Web Based Competition – Team Effort• 6-9th Grade, 3-4 Student Teams + 1 Advisor• $500K in Prizes, ($2K-$5K/Team Member) Regional and National

eCYBERMISSIONShows Students that Math, Science and Technology can be

interesting and exciting

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STARBASE

• Primarily At-Risk kids• 20 Classroom Hour experience

at DoD bases • 45+ sites in

28 states• Engaging

Scienceand Mathematics

• Grades 5-8

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Secondary School Curriculum

Students complete a series of hands-on, inquiry-based activities in each module

Each module culminates in design challenges

Students simulate the work of scientists (through activities that foster inquiry) and engineers (through activities that emphasize design)

• Identify problem.• Propose design. • Build and test

prototype • Based on results,

redesignproduct.

• Identify question.• Propose explanation. • Create and perform

experiment • Based on results,

refine explanation

Goal: Functional productGoal: Working explanation

Design cycleInquiry cycle

EngineeringScience

MS&E: National Security and the MS&E: National Security and the WorkforceWorkforce

Northwestern University Materials World Modules (MWM)

Pedagogy integrates Inquiry and Design

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Troops to TeachersBackground

Began in 1994 as transition assistance program Financial aid for 2 years (FY 94 & 95) Provided placement assistance from FY 96 - 01 Defense Authorization Bill of 2000 moved

responsibility to Dept of Education “No Child Left Behind Act of 2001” provides financial assistance, extends program thru FY 06

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• Recruit quality teachers for schools serving low-income families

• Help relieve teacher shortages, primarily in Math, Science, & Special Ed

• Assist military personnel in moving to second careers in K-12, public school teaching

Troops to Teachers

Program Purpose

"America’s school "America’s school children need children need you’’you’’Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States

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Where “Troops” Teach

401+ (4)201 - 400 (5)101 - 200 (9)51 - 100 (9)26 - 50 (9)0 - 25 (15)

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Minority Hires Compared to All Teachers

0

20

40

60

80

100

Public SchoolTeachers

Troops toTeachers

Minority

Majority

10%

90%

58%

42%

*NEA Report - Status of the American Public School Teacher 2000-2001

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Gender Hires Compared to All Teachers

0

20

40

60

80

100

Public SchoolTeachers

Troops toTeachers

Male

Female

21%

79%

81%

19%

*NEA Report - Status of the American Public School Teacher 2000-2001

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“Troops” TeachingMath & Science

Incomplete data (~7500 “Troops” Teaching)

• ~25% (1750) of the “Troops” are teaching Math & Science (all levels)

• ~50% M&S “Troop” Teachers are Minority

• Most of them are Male