Ofﬁce Hours: Today 10:00–11:00AM

Office Hours:Today 10:00–11:00AM

Wednesday, October 26, 11

Human Evolution


Human Evolutionfrom the Perspective

of a Non-Human Primate


Outline

Where in the Tree of Life do humans fit?

Humans are strange apes

Review highlights of fossil record

Out-of-Africa hypothesis


Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata

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Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata

Universal Genetic Code

Eukaryotic Cell

9 + 2 Flagellum

Blastula stage

Phyrangeal gillslit, notochord

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Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota

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Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota

Vertebrae

Jaws

Ossified bones

Muscularized fins

Limbs

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Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria

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Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria

Egg with aminiotic fluid andmembrane

Dentary-squamosal jaw,hair

Vivipary

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Murphy et al. (2001)

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Humans are apes:

Absence of a tail

More erect posture

Relatively larger brains

Greater flexibility in hips and ankles

Lots of molecular evidence


Humans: 23 pair of chromosomesChimps & Gorillas: 24 pairs of chromosomes


C-H G-H C-G

Noncoding intergenic 1.24% 1.62% 1.63%

Intronic 0.93 1.23 1.21

Pseudogenes 1.64 1.87 2.14

X chromosome 1.16 1.47 1.50

Y chromosome 1.68 2.33 2.78

Coding Sequences:

Synonymous 1.11 1.48 1.64

Nonsynonymous 0.80 0.93 0.90

Amino acid 1.34 1.58 1.65


Humans are strange apes

Bipedal

Large brains

Less body hair

Less sexual dimorphism

Technology


Bipedalism → Large Brains → Less Sexual DimorphismBipedalism → Less Sexual Dimorphism → Large BrainsLarge Brains → Bipedalism → Less Sexual DimorphismLarge Brains → Less Sexual Dimorphism → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Large Brains → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Bipedalism → Large Brains


Hominids


?


mya = millions of years ago, kya = thousands of years agoWednesday, October 26, 11

Planet of the apes: Barcelona to Yunnan, Namibiato Hungary; real species diversity. No hominids.8–15+ mya



Last common ancestor with chimpanzee;Hominid clade (Ardipithecus) established.6+ mya




Adaptation to heavily masticated diets;Australopithecus established.4.3 mya





Homo clade established; Oldowan technology andlarge mammal butchery.2.7 mya






First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya






First expansion from Africa>1.8 mya600 kya Neanderthal clade established







Anatomically modern Homo sapiens160 kya600 kya Neanderthal clade established








Neanderthals go extinct30 kya








Neanderthals go extinct30 kya

Western Hemisphere colonized; Darwin visitsGalapagos; Homo sapiens threatens global diversity...After that...


Ardipithecus


Evidence thatArdi walked bipedally

Shape of upper pelvis: The shape and muscle attachments are more like latter hominids, and not like the chimp.

Shape of lateral foot: Metatarsals 2 and 3 are “propulsive” because the hallux are divergent. The “ATV” foot.

Shortened cranial base, which is usually associated with bipedality, though not necessary for it. Ardi’s is even shorter


Australopithecus afarensis(AKA, “Lucy”)


Australopithecus afarensisFound in 1974About 3 mya


Laetoli footprints (about 3.6 mya)


On to the genus Homo...


Homo traitsLarger brain (>500 cc)

Smaller and flatter face

Smaller teeth and jaws

Greater height

Longer legs

Less sexual dimorphism


Homo ergaster1.7-1.5 myaKenya


Homo habilis1.9 myaKenya


Homo rudolfensis1.8-1.9 myaKenyaContemporaneous with H. habilis


Homo erectus1.7-0.25 mya


Bipedalism → Large Brains → Less Sexual DimorphismBipedalism → Less Sexual Dimorphism → Large BrainsLarge Brains → Bipedalism → Less Sexual DimorphismLarge Brains → Less Sexual Dimorphism → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Large Brains → BipedalismLess Sexual Dimorphism → Bipedalism → Large Brains


Two Models for the Origin of Modern Humans

1. Multi-regional hypothesis

2. Out-of-Africa hypothesis


Africa Asia Europe OceaniaToday

Multi-regional hypothesis



Multi-regional hypothesis

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens



Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

160 kya


VIGILANT, L., M. STONEKING, H. HARPENDING, K. HAWKES, AND A. C. WILSON. 1991. African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 253:1503–1507.

Allan Wilson (1935–1991)UC Berkeley Professor from 1961–1991


“Mitochondrial Eve”


Genetic TreeWednesday, October 26, 11

Language TreeWednesday, October 26, 11

Cognates

English isGerman istFrench estLatin estGreek esti

Sanskrit astiPersian ast


Fit language tree to gene treeWednesday, October 26, 11

The Geographic Distribution of NeanderthalsThe Geographic Distribution of Neanderthals


Is there evidence of geneflow between Neanderthals and

modern humans?

Svante Pääbo Rasmus Niesen Monty Slatkin

A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal GenomeRichard E. Green, Johannes Krause, Adrian W. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, Heng Li, Weiwei Zhai, Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz, Nancy F. Hansen, Eric Y. Durand, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Can Alkan, Kay Prüfer, Matthias Meyer, Hernán A. Burbano, Jeffrey M. Good, Rigo Schultz, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Anne Butthof, Barbara Höber, Barbara Höffner, Madlen Siegemund, Antje Weihmann, Chad Nusbaum, Eric S. Lander, Carsten Russ, Nathaniel Novod, Jason Affourtit, Michael Egholm, Christine Verna, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajkovic, eljko Kucan, Ivan Guic, Vladimir B. Doronichev, Liubov V. Golovanova, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, Antonio Rosas, Ralf W. Schmitz, Philip L. F. Johnson, Evan E. Eichler, Daniel Falush, Ewan Birney, James C. Mullikin, Montgomery Slatkin, Rasmus Nielsen, Janet Kelso, Michael Lachmann, David Reich, Svante Pääbo


Final Thoughts


You can choose any major and still be a candidate for

medical school


Pre-med: Preparatory courses are mostly lower division, yet it is wise to take at least 1-2 upper division quantitative/analytical biology courses. Examples of the "upper division quantitative, analytical" courses are: genetics, ecology, physiology, cell/developmental bio, neurobiology, etc. (and would not include Human Anatomy, for instance). Most students at Cal take:

Chem 1A, Chem 3A/L, Chem 3B/LOne year of Calculus (either 16A-B or 1A-B)Bio 1B, Bio1A/LPhysics 8A, 8BMCB102 or MCB c100ASome kind of upper division quantitative/analytical. A course in Statistics (Stats 2, 20, 21, 25 or 131A are all OK at Cal) is recommended, as some med schools require it.

Research experience (lab, field, on- or off-campus) is very helpful, and community service or teaching/leading is also critical for your communication skills. Speaking multiple languages is highly recommended.


Knock on the professor’s door


Greet the professor


Talk to theprofessor


...still talking tothe professor...


Meet the nicepeople in the lab


Work in the lab ... it’s fun!


Don’t get kicked out of thelab for being a bad gorilla


Go Bears!


Go Bears!

and thanks Beth, Lauren, & Leila


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