Objectives Chapter 12 Meteorologybildnerscience.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/6/7/31675473/... · 2.Short...

10/9/2016

Chapter 12 MeteorologyChap 12 Meteorology 1

Chapter 12

Meteorology

10/9/2016 Chap 12 Meteorology 1

Objectives

1. I can compare & contrast weather and climate.

2. I can analyze how imbalances in the heating of Earth’s surface create weather. This means I can:

A. Describe the angle and effect of solar radiation hitting different areas of the earth.

B. Explain why the temperature of the various regions of the earth remain relatively constant.

3. I can describe air masses; their source regions and how they form. This means I can:

A. Define air mass.

B. Tell the relative temperature, humidity and source location of mP, mT, cP, and cT air masses.

C. Understand which air masses are usually associated with regions of the U.S.

D. Describe air mass modification as a given air mass moves across a given location.


Objectives, Continued

4. I can identify the four main types of fronts. This means I can:

A. Identify types of fronts and direction of front movement based

on map symbols.

B. Identify the type of front based on temperature differences

between the two colliding masses.

C. Identify the type of front based on which the temperature of the

air mass which is “on the move”.

D. Contrast the speed of air rising, type of clouds formed, severity

and length of precipitation usually associated with each.

5. I can compare and contrast high and low pressure systems. This

means I can:

A. Describe the usual weather or cloud cover with each.

B. Contrast them according to air rising/sinking, moving in/out of

the center, and direction of rotation.10/9/2016 Chap 12 Meteorology 3

Objectives, Continued

6. I can analyze a basic surface weather chart. This means I

can:

A. Determine the wind direction and relative speed based

on isobar spacing and numbers.

B. Describe the weather at a specific city using the station

model symbols when given a key.

C. Use the following additional miscellaneous terms:

isopleths, isotherm.


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http://interactivenotebooks.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/5/7/4957781/674908.jpg?394

Weather vs. Climate

1. Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena

2. Weather is the current, short term state of the atmosphere

3. Climate is the long-term variation in weather for a particular

area (Averaged over 30 years)


Solar Radiation: Sun’s Angle & Earth’s Tilt

1. The sun heats earth’s surface (radiation)

2. The tropics have direct & straight on concentrated & intense

rays making the tropics warmer

3. The poles have indirect and less intense rays

A. The poles receive the same amount of energy as the

equator, but the energy is more spread out & it is cooler


4. Why does the earth not get too hot at the

equator?

A. Air currents and ocean convection currents

constantly move the heat energy around


http://clasfaculty.ucdenver.edu/callen/1202/Climate/

GenCirculation/air_circulation.gif

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/files/earth103/module06/ocean_currents.jpg

Air Mass

1. An Air MassAir MassAir MassAir Mass is a large body of air that takes on the characteristics of the area over which it forms

2.2.2.2. Source RegionSource RegionSource RegionSource Region is the region over which the air mass forms

Air Mass Classification Air Mass Classification Air Mass Classification Air Mass Classification Classification is designated with 2 letters (See Fig 12-3 p.303)

3.3.3.3. HumidityHumidityHumidityHumidity is represented by a lower-case letter

• Maritime (m) is humid

• Continental (c) is dry


www.uwsp.com

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Air Mass,

Continued

4.4.4.4. TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature is represented by a capital letter:

• Tropical (T) is warm

• Polar (P) is cold

5.5.5.5. Arctic air Arctic air Arctic air Arctic air masses (A) represented by a single capital letter. Similar to cP but much colder

6.6.6.6. ExampleExampleExampleExample:

• What would a cT air mass be like? _________

• Source region? _______


www.uwsp.com

Air Mass Modification

1. Air masses move, change, become modified and more like the areas they move over

2.2.2.2. Example: Example: Example: Example: Air masses can lose moisture and take on aridcharacteristics if they move away from the body of water they formed over

ANALOGY: ANALOGY: ANALOGY: ANALOGY: Where is source of the Mississippi River? How does it change as it moves from it’s source to where it ends?

Example questionExample questionExample questionExample question: A cool, wet air mass that brings cloudy, rainy weather to the Pacific NW is an example of what type of air mass?

A. Continental tropical

B. Maritime polar

C. Continental polar

D. Maritime tropical


Fig 12-3 p.303 Major Air Masses Over the US


Fronts

1. A frontfrontfrontfront is a narrow region separating two air masses of different densities (temperatures).

2. 4 main types of fronts:

A. Cold fronts

B. Warm fronts

C. Stationary fronts

D. Occluded fronts

3. See Figure 12-7 p. 308 IMPORTANT (On next slide)


http://www.lawrencevilleweather.com/images/fronttypes.gif

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Fig 12-7 p308 4 Main Types of Fronts

Similarities in all the

diagrams?

Differences?


Front WebLinks

1.Good Animation of All 4 fronts

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/we

ather_fronts/

2.Short animation and explanation of Cold & Warm fronts:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huKYKykjcm0

Cold Fronts: Cold air is “on the move” & “pushing”

1. In cold fronts, cold, dense air forces warmer air up over it.

2. Very steep slope, air rising quickly

3. Wall of Cumulonimbus clouds and a narrow line of quick-moving & severe thunderstorms

4. Temperature drops after the front passes

5. Blue line with blue triangles pointing in the direction the front is moving


www.nasa.gov

Warm Fronts: Warm air “on the move” and “pushing”

1. Warmer air slowly advances over cooler air.

2. Much gentler slope as air is rising slowly

3. This causes a wide band of clouds & precipitation: Cirrus first, then stratus, etc.

4. Lighter & longer rainfall

5. Temperature rises after the front passes.

6. Red line with red semicircles pointing in the direction the warm front is moving.

10/9/2016 Chap 12 Meteorology 16www.nasa.gov

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Stationary Fronts1. Stationary fronts occur when two air masses of similar

temperature and density collide but don’t move past each other

because the temperature difference is small.

2. Not moving “stationary”. AKA “Stalled Front”. The air mass that

is slightly warmer rises and stalls over the cooler air mass.

3. Same weather for days. May have constant stratus clouds & light

to heavy rain depending on amount water vapor present.

4. Combo of cold & warm diagrams with short segments of

alternating blue triangles & red semicircles pointing in opposite

directions


www.thinkquest.com

Occluded Fronts

1. Occluded Fronts occur when a cold front PASSES a warm air mass &

hits cold air mass moving in the same direction

• Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts…so they catch up and

overtake them.

2. Forces all of the warm air up and then two cold air masses collide.

3. Varied clouds & precipitation because both warm & cold fronts

involved: Cirrus, stratus or cumulonimbus , light rain or thunderstorms

4. Purple line with purple alternating triangles and semicircles on SAME

SIDE of the line

10/9/2016 Chap 12 Meteorology 18www.metoffice.gov

http://www.lawrencevilleweather.com/images/fronttypes.gif

Occluded

Front

Development

Occluded

Front

Development

http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/FIG09_008.jpg

http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/guides/mtr/af/frnts/gifs/ofdef2.gif

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Pressure Systems

***Think of hands on your back when you are lying on the ground. ***Think of hands on your back when you are lying on the ground. ***Think of hands on your back when you are lying on the ground. ***Think of hands on your back when you are lying on the ground.

• If the hands rise off your back, do you feel pressure?

• If the hands “sink” and push onto your back, do you feel pressure?

• What happens to your ribs? (What TWO directions do they move?

– Low pressure is associated with rising air

– High pressure is associated with sinking air

– Pressure = density


High-Pressure Systems

1. In high-pressure systems, dense air falls to the earth’s surface and

spreads out.

2. Spins (rotates) clockwise in the Northern hemisphere

3. Air is “spun” outwards

4. Fair weather (few clouds) WHY?? What are the 3 requirements

needed to make clouds? Which doesn’t this have?

10/9/2016 Chap 12 Meteorology 22www.ucsd.edu

Low-Pressure Systems1. In low-pressure systems, less dense surface air rises upwards.

Like a “straw” in pop, or really bad weather that has air rising in Iowa in spring?

2. To fill in the “hole” that then forms in the center, air from around it must move inwards

3. Rotates counterclockwise in Northern Hemisphere

4. Rising air causes clouds & precipitation

5. May form “wave cyclones”-bad weather in the mid-latitudes like us: blizzards, hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.

10/9/2016 Chap 12 Meteorology 23www.ucsd.edu

Weather

map

example

1)What types fronts shown? 2)What fronts have the most rain?

3)Type clouds likely along front from TX to MN? 4)What direction is

that front moving? 5) Along Canada border? 6) Type air mass in

Florida? 7)What kind of isopleths? 8) Where windy based on

isopleths? 9) Would Pennsylvania have clear or cloudy – explain?

10) Direction of spin by Oregon?

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Gathering Weather Data: Station Model1.1.1.1. Station modelStation modelStation modelStation model is a record of weather data for a particular

place at a particular time

2. FYI Windspeed: 1 knot = 1.15mph = 1.9 km

3. See Appendix E p.915 for weather `symbols


www.ucar.edu

Diagrams-Wind Speed & Direction


http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/maps/sfcobs/wnd.rxm

Additional Terms Used on National Weather Maps1.1.1.1. IsoplethsIsoplethsIsoplethsIsopleths are lines that connect points of equal or constant values

A.A.A.A. IsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobars are lines of equal pressure ( Use Air Freshener before next)

• Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure

• What do you think many isobars that are close together mean? (Balloon big vs. small – which has “more wind” when let go?)

Strong winds due to large pressure difference in small area

• Far apart? Little to no wind

• Isobars show the locations of high & low pressure systems

• See Fig 12-16 p.319


B.B.B.B. IsothermsIsothermsIsothermsIsotherms are lines of equal temperature

• Shows temperature gradients

• Identifies frontal systems (Fronts occur where isotherms are close together; big temp difference marking the boundary between 2 air masses)

TT #34 Weather Map


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PSL p318


GeoLab p 323 Interpreting a Weather

Map


Study Tips1. Textbook reading

A. Objectives at the beginning of this note outline and of each textbook section

B. Vocab words: italicized at the beginning of each section, and bold throughout text

C. Questions at the end of each section and at the end of the chapter

D. Summary page at end of chapter

2. Notes and worksheets from class

3. Take an on-line quiz. Go to the link on my webpage, or to the link below.

A. http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/earthscience/index.html

B. Chapter Resources

C. Unit 4

D. Chapter 12

E. On-line Study Tools

F. Select either online quiz, or interactive tutor (game )

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32

Bellwork #1 Prior Knowledge

1. What is the difference between weather & climate?

2. List some terms used by meteorologists.


33

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Bellwork #2: Review Air MAsses

1. Write the symbols for the following AND list an location where that type of air mass would form:

A. Cold & dry air mass

B. Cold & humid

C. Warm & dry

2. “It’s raining”. Is that a statement of weather or climate? Explain.


34

Bellwork #3 Section 12.1 Assessment p. 304


35

Bellwork #4: Temperature & Season Causes

1. What factors warm a particular spot on Earth?

2. What causes seasons to occur?


36

Bellwork #5 Type of Front??


37

Type of front List 3 things seen in the

diagram that support that type of front.

Top Picture

Bottom Picture

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Bellwork #6 Miscellaneous Review

1. Draw a symbol for both a high pressure and a low pressure system, including arrows showing the direction of wind at the surface.

2. Compare andandandand contrast isobars & isotherms.

3. As an air mass moves away from where it was formed, its characteristics change. What is the vocabulary term to describe this change?

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