Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates

Do Now: Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45 Differentiate between monomers and

polymers

Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Inorganic versus Organic compounds

6

CCarbon

Section 2-1

An Element in the Periodic Table

H1

Hydrogen+

Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Functions

– Readily available source of energy

– Energy storage

– Strong building materials

Carbohydrates

Structure

– Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

– Hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2:1 ratio

– Can have a linear or a ring structure

Starch

Glucose

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread

Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like Glucose

Iodine tests for Polysaccharides like starch

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of lipids. Do Now:Read “Lipids” pages 46 and 47Give the functions of lipids

Lipids have several functions: Long term energy storage Make up cell membranes Work as steroids

Structure of Lipids

Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids

Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen

Greater than 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids 

Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid    

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of proteins.

Do Now:Read “Proteins” on pages 47 and 48Give ALL of the functions of proteins

Protein Functions

•Enzymes

•Hormones

•Makes up muscle tissue

•Transport materials

Protein Structure•Made up of amino acids

– Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined together

– But there are only 20 different amino acids– The order you place them determine what

protein you make

Protein Structure cont…•Contain the elements:

– Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

An Amino Acid

Building a protein from amino acids

OH

DESMOSOMES

DESMOSOMESDESMOSOMES

OH

CH2

C

N

H

C

H O

H OH OH

Peptidebond

OH

OH

OH

H H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H H

H

N

N N

N N

SH Side chains

SH

OO

O O O

H2O

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2

C C C C C C

C CC C

Peptidebond

Amino end(N-terminus)

Backbone

(a)

Figure 5.18 (b) Carboxyl end(C-terminus)

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of nucleic acids.

Do Now:Read “Nucleic Acids” on page 47 Give the function of nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids are contain genetic information that is passed on to the next generation.

There are two types:– DNA– RNA

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids are made up of blocks called nucleotides

Nucleotides have A:– Phosphate group– Sugar– Nitrogenous Base

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

Figure 16.3 The structure of a DNA stand

Figure 16.5 The double helix

TRANSCRIPTION RNA is transcribedfrom a DNA template.

DNA

RNApolymerase

RNAtranscript

RNA PROCESSING In eukaryotes, theRNA transcript (pre-mRNA) is spliced andmodified to producemRNA, which movesfrom the nucleus to thecytoplasm.

Exon

Poly-A

RNA transcript(pre-mRNA)

Intron

NUCLEUSCap

FORMATION OFINITIATION COMPLEX

After leaving thenucleus, mRNA attachesto the ribosome.

CYTOPLASM

mRNA

Poly-A

Growingpolypeptide

Ribosomalsubunits

Cap

Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase

AminoacidtRNA

AMINO ACID ACTIVATION

Each amino acidattaches to its proper tRNAwith the help of a specificenzyme and ATP.

Activatedamino acid

TRANSLATION A succession of tRNAsadd their amino acids tothe polypeptide chainas the mRNA is movedthrough the ribosomeone codon at a time.(When completed, thepolypeptide is releasedfrom the ribosome.)

Anticodon

A CC

A A AUG GUU UA U G

UACE A

Ribosome

1

Poly-A

5

5

3

Codon

2

3 4

5

Figure 16.6 Base pairing in DNA

Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of enzymes.

Do Now:Read “Enzyme Action” on pages 52-53 What do we call the area where the substrate fits?

Enzymes•Catalysts can speed up or slow down a reaction

•Organic catalysts are called enzymes.

Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic?

Enzymes•Enzymes are a type of protein.

What do we call the small units that we put together to make proteins?Where would you place enzymes on your concept map?

•An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster

•The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be reused again and again.

Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse enzymes?

EnzymesEnzymes work on molecules called substrates

The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active site

Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site

Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific enzyme

Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific?

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

Substrates

Products

Enzyme

Enzyme-substratecomplex

1 Substrates enter active site; enzymechanges shape so its active siteembraces the substrates (induced fit).

2 Substrates held inactive site by weakinteractions, such ashydrogen bonds andionic bonds.

3 Active site (and R groups ofits amino acids) can lower EA

and speed up a reaction by• acting as a template for substrate orientation,• stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state,• providing a favorable microenvironment,• participating directly in the catalytic reaction.

4 Substrates are Converted intoProducts.

5 Products areReleased.

6 Active siteIs available fortwo new substrateMole.

Figure 8.17

What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs?

•Temperature

•pH

•These two factors affect enzymes because they change its shape

•The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore