The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also...

28
The Building blocks of life Macromolecules 1

Transcript of The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also...

Page 1: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

The Building blocks of life

Macromolecules

1

Page 2: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

copyright cmassengale 2

Page 3: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Organic Compounds• Compounds that contain CARBON

are called organic.

• Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3

Page 4: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

LIFE ON EARTH IS CARBON-BASED

• Carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.

• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or N.

• Example: CH4(methane)

4

Page 5: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Macromolecules

• Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building blocks”

called MONOMERS.• Examples:

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5

Page 6: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Question:How Are

Macromolecules Formed?

6

Page 7: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis

• Also called “condensation reaction”

• Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”.

7

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O

Page 8: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Question:How are

Macromolecules separated or digested?

8

Page 9: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Answer: Hydrolysis

• Separates monomers by “adding water”

9

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O

Page 10: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

CarbohydratesFunction: main energy resources.

In plants called cellulose gives structural support to the cell

wall.

10

Page 11: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Carbohydrates

• Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.

• Examples:A. monosaccharideB. disaccharideC. polysaccharide

11

Page 12: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Carbohydrates

Disaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose)

–Lactose (glucose+galactose)

–Maltose (glucose+glucose)

12

glucoseglucose

Page 13: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)

13

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

cellulose

Page 14: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Lipids• General term for compounds which are not

soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember: “stores the most energy”• Examples: 1. Fats

2. Phospholipids3. Oils4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides

14

Page 15: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Lipids

Six functions of lipids:1. Long term energy storage2. Protection against heat loss (insulation).In plant leaves called wax3. Protection against physical shock4. Protection against water loss5. Chemical messengers (hormones)6. Major component of membranes

(phospholipids)

15

Page 16: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Lipids

Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3

fatty acids.

16

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

Page 17: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Fatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids:

1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)

2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

17

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3saturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

unsaturated

Page 18: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

ProteinsAmino acids (20 different kinds)bonded together by peptide bonds(polypeptides).

Page 19: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Proteins (Polypeptides)

• Six functions of proteins:1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin3. Regulatory: hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

19

Page 20: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Proteins (Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein structure based on the variable groups contained in the different amino acids :A. Primary StructureB. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure

20

Page 21: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Primary Structure

Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)

21

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Page 22: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Secondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleatsheld together by hydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:

22

Alpha Helix

Beta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen Bonds

Page 23: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Quaternary Structure• Composed of 2 or more “subunits”• Globular in shape• Form in Aqueous environments• Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)

23

subunits

Page 24: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Nucleic Acidsstore and transmit genetic

information.

24

Page 25: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Nucleic acids

• Two types:a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-

double helix)b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single

strand)• Nucleic acids are composed of long

chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

25

Page 26: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Nucleic acids• Nucleotides include:

phosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)guanine (G)

26

Page 27: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

Nucleotide

27

O

O=P-O

O

Phosphate

Group

NNitrogenous base

(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar

(deoxyribose)

Page 28: The Building blocks of life Macromolecules · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. •Examples:

DNA - double helix

28

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A


Macromolecules copyright cmassengale1. Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organic Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic.

Macromolecules copyright cmassengale1. Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organic Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic.

1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic.

1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic.

Chapter 12 Nucleic Acids. A. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules composed of subunits called nucleotides polymers made of monomers Nucleotides:“building blocks”

Chapter 12 Nucleic Acids. A. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules composed of subunits called nucleotides polymers made of monomers Nucleotides:“building blocks”

Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules 4 major classes.

Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules 4 major classes.

Macromolecules - mrholz.weebly.commrholz.weebly.com/uploads/8/6/.../3._macromolecules... · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller

Macromolecules - mrholz.weebly.commrholz.weebly.com/uploads/8/6/.../3._macromolecules... · Macromolecules •Large organic molecules. •Also called POLYMERS. •Made up of smaller

Macromolecules The building blocks of life…. Macromolecules Cells are composed of several types of biological macromolecules. These function as energy-storage.

Macromolecules The building blocks of life…. Macromolecules Cells are composed of several types of biological macromolecules. These function as energy-storage.

DNA is made up of subunit building blocks called nucleotides

DNA is made up of subunit building blocks called nucleotides

Macromolecules: Building blocks of life

Macromolecules: Building blocks of life

Macromolecules: Building blocks of life November 12, 2009.

Macromolecules: Building blocks of life November 12, 2009.

MACROMOLECULES Large molecules found in living (& once living) organisms Made up of more simple building blocks.

MACROMOLECULES Large molecules found in living (& once living) organisms Made up of more simple building blocks.

Biochemistry powerpoint level.ppt...Building Blocks of Life To build macromolecules, smaller units (subunits) called monomers are put together. Many single units, called monomers,

Biochemistry powerpoint level.ppt...Building Blocks of Life To build macromolecules, smaller units (subunits) called monomers are put together. Many single units, called monomers,

+ Macromolecules Short Chemistry Review and Macromolecules.

+ Macromolecules Short Chemistry Review and Macromolecules.

Concept 5.1: Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers • A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

Concept 5.1: Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers • A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

Macromolecules Biology CP. Macromolecules Are BIG molecules! Building blocks of cells Small monomers combine to form a polymer All contain C, H, O.

Macromolecules Biology CP. Macromolecules Are BIG molecules! Building blocks of cells Small monomers combine to form a polymer All contain C, H, O.

Jean M.J. Frechet- Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Macromolecules: From Building Blocks to Functional Assemblies in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Jean M.J. Frechet- Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Macromolecules: From Building Blocks to Functional Assemblies in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

1 Bio-Macromolecules 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules.

1 Bio-Macromolecules 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules.

“polymer” – Greek word “polys” = many and “meros” = parts Polymers – macromolecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers.

“polymer” – Greek word “polys” = many and “meros” = parts Polymers – macromolecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers.

AP Biology 2007-2008 CH. 5 Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life.

AP Biology 2007-2008 CH. 5 Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life.

1 Macromolecules. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules.

1 Macromolecules. 2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules.

Small organic molecules are the building blocks of biological macromolecules … Building blocksLarger units Fatty acids Fats/lipids/Membranes SugarsPolysaccharides.

Small organic molecules are the building blocks of biological macromolecules … Building blocksLarger units Fatty acids Fats/lipids/Membranes SugarsPolysaccharides.