Objective 1 List the functions of the urinary system and explain how they contribute to homeostasis....

Objective 1

List the functions of the urinary system and explain how they

contribute to homeostasis.

Unit 1 - Objective 1

Functions of the Urinary System

• Filtration of the blood– Occurs in the glomerulus of the kidney

nephron

– Contributes to homeostasis by removing toxins or waste



• Reabsorption of vital nutrients, ions and water– Occurs in most parts of the kidney

nephron

– Contributes to homeostasis by conserving important materials



• Secretion of excess materials– Assists filtration in removing material

from the blood

– Contributes to homeostasis by preventing a build-up of certain materials in the body such as drugs, waste,etc.



• Activation of Vitamin D– Vitamin D made in the skin is converted

to Vitamin D3 by the kidney

– Active Vitamin D (D3) assists homeostasis by increasing calcium absorption from the digestive tract



• Release of Erythropoietin by the kidney– Erythropoietin stimulates new RBC

production

– New RBC’s assist homeostasis by insuring adequate Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport



• Release of Renin by the kidney– Renin stimulates the formation of a

powerful vasoconstrictor called Angiotensin II

– Angiotensin II assists homeostasis by causing vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure



• Release of Prostaglandins– Prostaglandins dilate kidney blood

vessels

– Dilated blood vessels contribute to homeostasis by maintaining blood flow in the kidneys



• Secretion of H (+1) and reabsorption of HCO3 (-1)– Eliminates excess hydrogen ions and

conserves buffer material such as bicarbonate

– Contributes to homeostasis by controlling acid/base conditions in body fluids


Objective 2

Given a diagram of the Urinary System, you will recognize and label the following parts: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra, internal and external sphincters.


Urinary System

Renal arteryKidney

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Renal Vein

For sphincters, see next slide

Urinary System

Internal urethral sphincterExternal Urethral Sphincter

Male Sphincters Female Sphincters

Objective 3

Given a diagram of the kidney you will label and give the functions of the following structures: renal vein, renal artery, capsule, cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal papilla, calyx, pelvis, ureter, renal column and nephron


Kidney Diagram

Capsule

Renal VeinRenal ArteryCortex

Pyramid

PapillaCalyx

Pelvis

Ureter

Column

Medulla

Nephron

Functions of Kidney Structures

Examine the kidney structures in the following slides and note the particular functions.



• The Renal Artery– Transports oxygenated blood from the

heart and aorta to the kidney for filtration



• Renal Vein– Transports filtered and deoxygenated

blood from the kidney to the posterior vena cava and then the heart



• Renal Column– A passageway located between the renal

pyramids found in the medulla and used as a space for blood vessels



• Nephron– The physiological unit of the kidney used

for filtration of blood and reabsorption and secretion of materials



• Capsule– The outer membrane that encloses,

supports and protects the kidney



• Cortex– The outer layer of the kidney that contains

most of the nephron; main site for filtration, reabsorption and secretion



• Medulla– inner core of the kidney that contains the

pyramids, columns, papillae, calyces, pelvis and parts of the nephron not located in the cortex; used for salt, water and urea absorption



• Renal Pyramids– Triangular shaped units in the medulla that

house the loops of Henle and collecting ducts of the nephron; site for the counter-current system that concentrates salt and conserves water and urea



• Renal Papilla– The tip of the renal pyramid that releases

urine into a calyx



• Calyx– A collecting sac surrounding the renal

papilla that transports urine from the papilla to the renal pelvis



• Renal Pelvis– Collects urine from all of the calyces in

the kidney



• Ureter– Transports urine from the renal pelvis to

the bladder


Objective 10

Give the cause and describe the disease process for the following: renal calculi (kidney stones); cystitis; gout; Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease); incontinence.


Disorders of the Urinary System

• Renal Calculi (kidney stones)– caused by the crystallization of calcium,

magnesium or uric acid salts that precipitate in the renal pelvis.

– If the calculi become large and travel down the ureter, they can cause excruciating pain which radiate from the flank to the anterior abdominal wall on the same side.



• Cystitis– typically caused by bacteria from the anal

region, but, can also be caused by sexually transmitted diseases and various chemical agents

– can lead to inflammation, fever, increased urgency and frequency of urination and pain



• Glomerulonephritis ( Bright’s Disease)– caused by inflammation of the glomeruli

due to an abnormal immune response (autoimmune, streptococcal antibody complexes).

– Inflammation of the glomeruli leads to faulty filtration (passage of blood cells and proteins) and possible kidney failure.



• Incontinence– caused by loss of the ability to control

voluntary micturition (releasing urine from the bladder) due to age, emotional disorders pregnancy, damage to the nervous system, stress, excessive laughing and coughing

– leads to wetting of clothing, discomfort and embarassment


Objective 11

Describe the process involved in dialysis therapy.


Dialysis Therapy

Dialysis is a process that artificially removes metabolic wastes from the blood in order to compensate for kidney (renal) failure. Kidney failure results in the rapid accumulation of nitrogen waste (urea, etc.) which leads to azotemia. Uremia and ion disturbances can also occur. This condition can cause acidosis, labored breathing, convulsions, coma and death.


Dialysis TherapyThe most common form of dialysis is hemodialysis which uses a machine to transfer patient’s blood through a semipermeable tube that is permeable only to selected substances. The dialysis machine contains an appropriate dialysis fluid that produces a diffusion gradient. This gradient allows abnormal substances to diffuse from the patient’s blood and produce a “cleaning” effect.


Dialysis TherapySome key aspects of hemodialysis are: - blood is typically transferred from an arm artery

- after dialysis, blood is typically returned to an arm vein

- to prevent clotting, blood is typically heparinized

- dialysis sessions occur about three times a week

- each dialysis session can last four to eight hours!

- long term dialysis can lead to thrombosis (fixed blood clots),

infection and death of tissue around a shunt (the blood access

site in the arm)


Objective 1 List the functions of the urinary system and explain how they contribute to homeostasis....

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