URINARY SYSTEM A&P...APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM’S...
Transcript of URINARY SYSTEM A&P...APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM’S...
URINARY SYSTEM A&PBERRYHILL AND CASHION
HS1, DHO 7.12
2017-2018
URINARY SYSTEM
•AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM
•REMOVES WASTES & EXCESS WATER
•MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE
•HELPS MAINTAIN BODY’S HOMEOSTASIS
URINARY SYSTEM
PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:
2 KIDNEYS
2 URETERS
1 BLADDER
1 URETHRA
KIDNEYS
• BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS
• FOUND ON EITHER SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• LOCATED IN RETROPERITONEAL SPACE
• RETROPERITONEAL SPACE=AREA BEHIND UPPER PART OF
ABD CAVITY; SEPARATED FROM ABD CAVITY BY
PERITONEAL MEMBRANE
KIDNEYS
• PROTECTED BY RIBS & FAT CUSHION
•HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• EACH KIDNEY IS ENCLOSED IN MASS OF FATTY
TISSUE=ADIPOSE CAPSULE
• EACH KIDNEY IS COVERED BY A TOUGH, FIBROUS
TISSUE=RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
A GOOD EXAMPLE IS WHEN A PERSON DRINKS A LARGE
AMOUNT OF WATER AND URINARY OUTPUT INCREASES
KIDNEYS
DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS: CORTEX & MEDULLA
CORTEX=
•OUTER SECTION
•CONTAINS MOST OF THE NEPHRONS (NEPHRONS AID IN
PRODUCTION OF URINE)
KIDNEYS
MEDULLA=
• INNER SECTION
•CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES
(COLLECTING TUBULES CARRY URINE FROM NEPHRONS
THROUGH THE KIDNEY)
KIDNEYS
• EACH KIDNEY HAS A HILUM
•HILUM=NOTCHED OR INDENTED AREA
• THE URETER, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, & LYMPH VESSELS
ENTER & LEAVE THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE HILUM
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
SO, LET’S THINK THIS THROUGH….YOU HAVE TO PRODUCE
THE URINE FIRST AND THEN SEND THE URINE OUT OF THE
KIDNEY.
IN WHAT ORDER DOES FLUID PASS THROUGH THE KIDNEY
AND ITS LAYERS ON THE WAY TO THE URETER?
THE ANSWER IS…CORTEX TO THE MEDULLA TO THE HILUM
KIDNEYS
•NEPHRONS=MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS OF THE
KIDNEY
• THERE ARE MORE THAN 1 MILLION NEPHRONS PER
KIDNEY
KIDNEYS
EACH NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A:
GLOMERULUS
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
COLLECTING DUCT (TUBULE)
KIDNEYS
• THE RENAL ARTERY CARRIES BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY
•BRANCHES OF THE RENAL ARTERY PASS THROUGH THE
MEDULLA TO THE CORTEX
• THIS IS WHERE BLOOD ENTERS THE 1ST PART OF THE
NEPHRON, THE GLOMERULUS
•GLOMERULUS=CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES
THIS IS THE START OF THE PROCESS OF
FILTRATION!!!
KIDNEYS
•AS BLOOD PASSES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS, THE
GLOMERULUS FILTERS OUT:
WATER
MINERAL SALTS
GLUCOSE
METABOLIC PRODUCTS
IMPORTANT!!!
RBCS AND PROTEINS ARE NOT FILTERED OUT!!!
KIDNEYS
• FILTERED BLOOD LEAVES THE GLOMERULUS & MOVES TO
THE RENAL VEIN WHICH CARRIES IT AWAY FROM THE
KIDNEY
• THE SUBSTANCES FILTERED OUT BY THE GLOMERULUS
ENTER THE NEXT SECTION OF THE NEPHRON,
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
KIDNEYS
• BOWMAN’S CAPSULE=C-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT
SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS
• IT IS THE START OF THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE
• BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PICKS UP THE FILTERED MATERIALS
& PASSES THEM INTO THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE
KIDNEYS
•AS THE FILTERED MATERIAL PASSES THROUGH THE TUBULE,
SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE REABSORBED
AND RETURNED TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES
• THOSE SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE:
MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, VITAMINS, AND
MINERAL SALTS
KIDNEYS
• REMAINING IN THE TUBULE (AND NOT NEEDED BY THE
BODY AND NOT REABSORBED) ARE:
EXCESS GLUCOSE AND MINERAL SALTS
SOME WATER
WASTES (UREA, URIC ACID, AND CREATININE)
• THESE EXCESS SUBSTANCES ARE A CONCENTRATED
LIQUID=URINE
KIDNEYS
•URINE ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS (TUBULES) LOCATED
IN THE MEDULLA
• THE COLLECTING DUCTS EMPTY INTO THE RENAL PELVIS
(RENAL BASIN),
• RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS THE
1ST SECTION OF THE URETER
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• DURING THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION IN THE NEPHRON, MOST OF
THE WATER, GLUCOSE, AND VITAMINS ARE:
A. STORED IN THE BLADDER
B. EXCRETED THROUGH THE URETERS
C. REABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD
D. CONCENTRATED IN THE URINE
AND THE ANSWER IS…C
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• WHAT WOULD YOU FIND INSIDE THE GLOMERULUS?
BLOOD
• WHAT C-SHAPED STRUCTURE IN THE NEPHRON SURROUNDS THE
GLOMERULUS?
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
URETERS
•2 MUSCULAR TUBES
•10-12 INCHES LONG
•RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED 1ST SECTION OF URETER
•ONE URETER EXTENDS FROM THE RENAL PELVIS OF EACH
KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER
URETERS
• PERISTALSIS MOVES URINE THROUGH URETER FROM
KIDNEY TO BLADDER
(GEE, THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME WE HAVE HEARD OF
PERISTALSIS-WHERE ARE THE OTHER INSTANCES OF
PERISTALSIS THAT WE HAVE STUDIED?)
BLADDER
•HOLLOW, MUSCULAR SAC
• FOUND BEHIND SYMPHYSIS PUBIS
• LOCATED AT MIDLINE OF PELVIC CAVITY
• RECEIVES URINE FROM URETERS
•STORES URINE UNTIL IT IS VOIDED
•VOID=URINATE=MICTURATE
BLADDER
• LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE
•MUCOUS MEMBRANE HAS RUGAE (FOLDS)
•RUGAE DISAPPEAR AS BLADDER EXPANDS TO FILL WITH
URINE
•BLADDER WALLS ARE MADE OF TRIPLE LAYER OF
VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE
BLADDER
•CIRCULAR SPHINCTER MUSCLE CONTROLS THE BLADDER
OPENING TO PREVENT EMPTYING
•RECEPTORS IN BLADDER SEND OUT A REFLEX ACTION
WHICH OPENS THE MUSCLE
•URGE TO VOID OCCURS WHEN BLADDER HAS 250ML
BUT IT CAN HOLD MUCH MORE
BLADDER
• INFANTS CANNOT CONTROL THE REFLEX ACTION
•AS CHILDREN GROW, THEY LEARN TO CONTROL THE
REFLEX
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE
“SOMEONE PEEING”?
THE ANSWER IS…TO VOID, TO URINATE, TO MICTURATE
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• IN WHAT PART OF THE URINARY SYSTEM DOES PERISTALSIS
OCCUR?
URETER
• IF YOU COULD SEE THE INSIDE OF AN EMPTY BLADDER,
WHAT WOULD YOU SEE?
RUGAE
URETHRA
• TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM BLADDER TO OUTSIDE
OF BODY
•URINARY MEATUS=EXTERNAL OPENING OF URETHRA
URETHRA
FEMALE URETHRA:
1.5 INCHES LONG
OPENS IN FRONT OF VAGINA
CARRIES ONLY URINE
URETHRA
MALE URETHRA:
8 INCHES LONG
PASSES THROUGH THE PROSTATE GLAND
EXISTS THE PENIS
CARRIES BOTH URINE & SEMEN (NOT AT THE SAME
TIME)
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• THE URETHRA IN THE MALE SERVES TO BODY SYSTEMS, WHAT ARE
THEY?
URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE
• WHAT IS THE LAST STRUCTURE URINE PASSES BEFORE LEAVING THE
BODY?
URINARY MEATUS
URINE
• LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT OF URINARY SYSTEM
•APROX 95% WATER
•CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTE PRODUCTS:
UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, MINERAL SALTS,
PIGMENTS
URINE
• EXCESS USEFUL PRODUCTS (LIKE SUGAR) CAN ALSO BE
FOUND IN URINE
•WHEN USEFUL PRODUCTS ARE IN URINE, IT USUALLY
INDICATES DISEASE!!
URINE
•KIDNEYS FILTER ABOUT 150 QUARTS OF LIQUID DAILY
•ABOUT 1,500-2,000 ML (1.5-2 QUARTS) OF URINE ARE
PRODUCED DAILY
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• WHAT IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL COMPONENT OF URINE?
A. BACTERIA
B. SUGAR
C. URIC ACID
D. RED BLOOD CELLS
AND THE ANSWER IS…C
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
OK, LET’S TAKE IT ONE STEP FURTHER….WHAT SHOULD YOU
THINK IF USEFUL PRODUCTS LIKE SUGAR OR PROTEIN ARE
FOUND IN URINE?
DISEASE!!
DO YOU KNOW OF A DISEASE THAT INVOLVES SUGAR IN
THE URINE?
DIABETES
URINATION TERMS
TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT URINATION:
POLYURIA=EXCESSIVE URINATION
OLIGURIA=BELOW NORMAL AMOUNT OF URINE
ANURIA=ABSENCE OF URINATION
HEMATURA=BLOOD IN URINE
PYURIA=PUS IN URINE
URINATION TERMS
NOCTURIA=URINATION AT NIGHT
DYSURIA=PAINFUL URINATION
RETENTION=INABILITY TO EMPTY BLADDER
INCONTINENCE=INVOLUNTARY URINATION
PROTEINURIA=PROTEIN IN URINE
ALBUMINURIA=ALBUMIN (A BLOOD PROTEIN) IN URINE
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• WHICH URINARY TERM WOULD YOU APPLY TO THIS
SITUATION?
PATRICE IS NOT ILL BUT DRANK A LARGE AMOUNT OF
ICE TEA. YOU WOULD EXPECT HER TO HAVE….?
THE ANSWER IS…POLYURIA
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FALLS AND STRIKES HIS LOWER
ABDOMEN ON A HARD OBJECT. WHAT MIGHT HE
EXPERIENCE AS A RESULT? WHICH MEDICAL TERM WOULD
YOU APPLY TO THIS SITUATION?
THE ANSWER IS…HEMATURIA