O3 and fine particle pollution in China and regional air quality modeling

Yuanhang ZhangCollege of Environmental Sciences

Peking UniversityBeijing 100871, China

Outline

O3 in regions and high mountains

PM2.5 in regions

Trends in Beijing and Hong Kong (PRD)

Regional & global modeling

Li Jiang

E_Mei Mt

Hai Nan

Wu Dang Mt

Wu Yi Mt Zhou Shan

PKU_BOGES

Mt. Everest

Beijing-Tianjing

City Clusters (Mega City)City Clusters (Mega City) Mega, large, middle, small cities/towns: connected through intensely economic activities Formed due to fast urbanization City-Clusters in eastern coast areas

Pearl River Delta

Yangtze River Delta

10.4

50.7

98.3

157.8

200

0

50

100

150

200

250

1980 1990 1995 2000 2003

Vehicle in Beijing

Mt. Waliguan

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

2000-3-30 2000-4-29 2000-5-29 2000-6-28 2000-7-28 2000-8-27 2000-9-26 2000-10-26

O3,

mg/

m3

Min Tomb

Urban center

Olympic Village

O3 pollution in Beijing

Spatial distribution of O3 in Beijing area (June 21-July 3, 2000June 21-July 3, 2000 ））

8 hrs meanMaximun

O3 in PKU campus

April, July and August

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.1

0

4.1

1

4.1

2

4.1

3

4.1

4

4.1

5

4.1

6

4.2

2

4.2

3

4.2

4

4.2

5

4.2

6

4.2

7

4.2

8

4.2

9

4.3

0

data

O3,

NO

, N

O2,

O3+

NO

2,

ppb

O3(PPB) NO(PPB) NO2(PPB) O3+NO2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

7.1

0

7.1

1

7.1

2

7.1

3

7.1

6

7.1

7

7.1

8

7.2

0

7.2

1

7.2

3

7.2

5

7.2

6

7.2

7

7.2

8

7.3

0

7.3

1

data

O3

, NO

, NO

2, O

3+

NO

2, p

pb

O3 NO NO2 SO2 O3+NO2

0

50

100

150

200

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

1-0

data

O3

, N

O, N

O2

, O

3+

NO

2, p

pb

O3(PPB) NO(PPB) NO2(PPB) SO2 O3+NO2

Gaseous pollutants in Xinken (Rural area of Guangzhou)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

PM2.

5(ug

/m3)

0

50

100

150

200

10-02 10-04 10-06 10-08 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16 10-18 10-20 10-22 10-24 10-26 10-28 10-30 11-01 11-03 11-05

日期

O3,

NO

y(pp

b)

O3(ppb)NOy(ppb)

0

50

100

150

200

SO2,

NO

(ppb

)

0

1

2

3

4

CO

(ppm

)

NO(ppb)SO2(ppb)CO(ppm)

Aircraft

PRD regional O3 pollution

0

50

100

150

200

10 11 12 13 14 15日期

O3(ppb)

0

100

200

300

400

NO(ppb)

O3(ppb) NO(ppb)

0

50

100

150

200

10 11 12 13 14 15日期

NO,O3(ppb)

O3(ppb) NO(ppb)

0

50

100

150

200

10 11 12 13 14 15

日期

NO,NO2,O3(ppb)

O3(ppb) NO2(ppb) NO(ppb)

0

50

100

150

200

10 11 12 13 14 15

日期

NO,NO2,O3(ppb)

O3(ppb) NO2(ppb) NO(ppb)

0

50

100

150

200

10 11 12 13 14 15日期

NO,NO2,O3(ppb)

NO(ppb) NO2(ppb) O3(ppb)

High O3 Conc.

0

50

100

150

200

10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15

O3 NO NO2

0

50

100

150

200

10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15

O3 NO NO2

0

50

100

150

200

10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15

ppb

NO NO2 O3

O3 concentation in Yangtze Delta

99-9-22 99-9-23 99-9-24 99-9-25 99-9-26 99-9-27 99-9-28 99-9-290

40

80

O3(

CS)

DATE

0

40

80

O3(

SS)

0

40

80

O3(

LA)

0

40

80

O3(

JH)

0

40

80

O3(

JX)

JiaXin

JianHu

LinAn

SheShan

ChangShu

O3 in Mt. Everest

O3 Rich Air

Katabatic Wind

O3 Rich Air

Katabatic Wind

(From T.

Zhu)

O3 in Waliguan:Gaw station

From CAMS

From Prof. Akimoto

From Prof. Akimoto

0

2040

60

80100

120

1994-1995

2000 2001 2004 2002-2003

2002-2003

2001 1997-1999

2001

Beijing PRD HK FHHT Qingdao

PM2.

5, u

g/m

3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

7 11 7 11 7 12 7 12 8 11 8 11

BJ_U BJ_S GZ_U GZ_S SH_U SH_S

PM2.

5, u

g/m

3

PM2.5 concentrations in several regions and cities of China

2003,8

E_Mei Mt.

54 ug/m3

Wuyi Mt.

54 ug/m3

PM2.5 in fives stations in PRD

Average during Oct 7-Nov 4, 2004

75.764.3

118.0

95.4 100.4

0

50

100

150

从化 惠州 省站 万顷沙 新垦

PM2.5/PM10

CH 0.87

HZ 0.70

WQS 0.69

UB* 0.78

Aircraft 0.86

10月 9日

Chemical Chemical speciation of PMspeciation of PM2.5 2.5

Sites Year OC EC SO42- NO3

- NH4+ Mass

1994-1995 15.2 5.2 6.5 91.0

2000 28.0 3.0 16.7 9.8 6.1 95.5 Beijing

2001 26.0 2.8 12.7 5.9 3.9 84.2

Huhehaot 2001 30.3 2.8 8.5 2.9 2.0 83.7

2001 19.2 2.1 12.0 6.4 4.4 69.3 Qingdao

1997-1999 16.0 6.9 7.9 49.6

Pearl River Delta 2000_11 19.2 1.7 14.4 2.3 2.4 84.3

Li_an 1999_11 27.7 2.8 15.8 6.7 7.1 73.1

Changsu 1999_11 40.5 3.0 20.0 11.3 9.4 111.9 Yangtze

Delta

Sheshan 1999_11 33.2 2.0 16.2 9.3 6.6 83.8

Waliguan* 1994-1995 0.05-0.6

Main chemical compositions of PM2.5 in several locations, ug/m3

(Some data from joint project of PKU and Georgia Tech)SOSO44

2-2- + NO + NO33-- + NH + NH44

++ + OC: 60-70% + OC: 60-70%

Organic30%

Trace2%

Crustal20%Ammonium

6%

Sulfate17%

Chloride2%

EC3%

Nitrate10%

Unknow10%

Beijing: 95.5 ug/m3

PRD, 42.4 ug/m3

Ammonium7%

Sulfate25%

unknown15%

Nitrate4%

EC6%

OC31%Trace

3%

Crustal9%

Variation of light scattering and absorption coefficient in Guangzhou

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10

10-12

10-14

10-16

10-18

10-20

10-22

10-24

10-26

10-28

10-30

11-1 11-3 11-5

消光系数，

Mm

-1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

SS

A

bsca babs w0

300

61

0.83

Collaboration with MPI and IFT, Germany

Climate effects of aerosol pollution

Radiative forcing is negative:–25 Wm–2 TOA –100 Wm–2 BOA

25% integral daylight decrease of BOA solar flux

37% decrease of NO2 photolysis rate

SSA （ 0.87 ） GZ 0.83

Beijing 0.79

Lin-An 0.82

Guangzhou

Collaboration with MPI and IFT, Germany

Relationship between light absorption and OC/EC in Guangzhou

y = 8.5444x + 20.753

R2 = 0.9526

y = 5.2379x - 35.63

R2 = 0.6842

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

EC or OC (gC/m3)

bab

s (

Mm

-1)

EC

OC

two par fit for Babs

Linear (EC)

Linear (OC)

babs = 9.79 + 0.758*OC + 7.70*ECR2 = 0.958

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3530

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

EC vs ap (1day data set, N=21)

y=20.60x-2.89 (R2=0.887)

Abs

orp

tion

Coe

ffici

ent M

m-1

Element Carbon / Organic Carbon in PM2.5 ( g/m3)

OC vs ap (1day data set, N=21)

y=3.52x-4.74 (R2=0.808)

Multiple linear fitting:

ap = 16.08[EC] + 0.72[OC] -2.97

(R2=0.888)

Urban

from MPI

Xinken

EC ： 70 － 80％

OC ： 20 － 30％

Oxidative capacity in an increasing trend in Hong Kong

O3+NO or O3:

1ppb/yr

NO2+O3

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

NO

2+O

3(pp

b)

CW TaiPo TsuenWan Tap Mun Tung Chung

O3

0

20

40

60

80

O3(

ppb)

NO2

0

20

40

60

80

NO

2(pp

b)

O3 ( : 21.9%)台北市區 濃度季節變化 十年線性增加率

0

10

20

30

40

50

PPb

NO2 ( : -26.4%)台北市區 濃度季節變化 十年線性減少率

0

10

20

30

40

50

PPb

(O3+NO2) ( : -2.8 %)台北市區 濃度季節變化 十年線性減少率

01020304050607080

1994  春

1994  夏

1994  秋

1994  冬

1995  春

1995  夏

1995  秋

1995  冬

1996  春

1996  夏

1996  秋

1996  冬

1997  春

1997  夏

1997  秋

1997  冬

1998  春

1998  夏

1998  秋

1998  冬

1999  春

1999  夏

1999  秋

1999  冬

2000  春

2000  夏

2000  秋

2000  冬

2001  春

2001  夏

2001  秋

2001  冬

2002  春

2002  夏

2002  秋

2002  冬

2003 春

2003  夏

2003  秋

2003  冬

2004  春

PPb

NO2

O3+NO2

O3

11 yearTrend ofO3 inTaipei(Shaw Liu)

Changes of AOD in Beijing2001 2002 2003 2004

Spring

Summer

Autumn

WinterFrom Li et al.

Changes of AOD in PRD

Gray Haze Day 85 98 144 From Li et al.

Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia

Participants:– China– Korea– Japan

Focus:– Concentrations of S, N, O3 and PM– Wet and dry depositions– Source and receptor relationship for sulfur

In the second phase

Monthly average of SO2, NOx, O3, sulfate, March 2002 case

SO2 NOx

SO42-

O3

Source and receptor relationship for sulfur, March 2002 case, %

Receptor

China Korea Japan

China 93.34 1.75 4.91

Korea 2.18 66.46 31.35 Source

Japan 0.00 0.02 0.98

Receptor

China Korea Japan

China 99.6 28.6 32.2

Korea 0.4 69.2 13.1 Source

Japan 2.2 54.7

Source budget Receptor budget

Very draft results

Wang, Z.F of IAP

GEATM development

In operation

SO2, SO42-, Dust, BC,

Hg, etc.

SO2Simulation

SO2 Stateline data

Global Environmental Atmospheric Transport Model

IMPACT,Chuang et al. 2002

GEATM

GEATM

Wang Z. F.

IMPACT

Chuang et al. 2002

Net flux in each grid

In-flow Out-flow

Summary

O3 and fine particle concentration in China was high

Trend?

O3 and AOD, in increasing

PM2.5?

Regional & global modeling